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  • 1
    In: Pediatric Blood & Cancer, Wiley, Vol. 68, No. 4 ( 2021-04)
    Abstract: Disruption of cell‐cycle regulators is a potential therapeutic target for brain tumors in children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and describe toxicities related to palbociclib, a selective cyclin‐dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitor in pediatric patients with progressive/refractory brain tumors with intact retinoblastoma protein. Methods Palbociclib was administered orally starting at 50 mg/m 2 daily for the first 21 days of a 28‐day course. Dose escalation was according to the Rolling‐6 statistical design in less heavily (stratum I) and heavily pretreated (stratum II) patients, and MTD was determined separately for each group. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed during the first course, and pharmacodynamic studies were conducted to evaluate relationships between drug levels and toxicities. Results A total of 21 patients were enrolled on stratum I and 14 patients on stratum II. The MTD for both strata was 75 mg/m 2 . Palbociclib absorption (mean T max between 4.9 and 6.6 h) and elimination (mean half‐life between 11.3 and 19.5 h) were assessed. The most common toxicity was myelosuppression. Higher palbociclib exposure was associated with grade 3/4 neutropenia and leukopenia. Dose limiting toxicities included grade 4 neutropenia and grade 3 thrombocytopenia and dehydration. No patients had an objective response to palbociclib therapy. Conclusions Palbociclib was safely administered to children and adolescents at a dosage of 75 mg/m 2 for 21 consecutive days followed by seven days of rest in both strata. Future studies will establish its optimal utilization in pediatric patients with brain tumors.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1545-5009 , 1545-5017
    URL: Issue
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2130978-4
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  • 2
    In: Neuro-Oncology, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 22, No. Supplement_3 ( 2020-12-04), p. iii304-iii304
    Abstract: PBTC-042 was a phase I trial of palbociclib to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and describe toxicities in children. Palbociclib is an oral, selective cyclin dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor. METHODS: A rolling-6 design was utilized. Eligible patients were children ≥4 and ≤21 years-old with a progressive/refractory CNS tumor with intact retinoblastoma protein, measurable disease, and ability to swallow capsules. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed during the first course. Here, we report on the heavily pretreated stratum, which included patients who received & gt;4 prior treatment regimens (either chemotherapy or biologic agent), and/or craniospinal irradiation, and/or myeloablative chemotherapy plus stem cell rescue. Palbociclib was initiated at 50 mg/m2/day for 21 consecutive days of a 28-day course. This was one dosage level below the MTD for the less heavily pretreated stratum (75 mg/m2). RESULTS: Fourteen eligible patients were enrolled (median age 12.8 years; male 79%). Eleven patients (79%) had either ependymoma or medulloblastoma. Four eligible and evaluable patients were enrolled at 50 mg/m2 with no DLTs. This prompted a dosage increase to 75 mg/m2. Ten eligible subjects were enrolled and 7 were evaluable for DLT assessment. One of 7 evaluable patients experienced a DLT (grade 3 thrombocytopenia). This established 75 mg/m2 as the MTD for more heavily pretreated patients. Mean ± SD palbociclib apparent oral clearance was 34.6 ± 18.4 L/h/m2. CONCLUSION: The MTD for palbociclib on a 3 week on/1 week off schedule in children with brain tumors is 75 mg/m2 and does not appear to be influenced by the degree of prior therapy.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1522-8517 , 1523-5866
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2094060-9
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  • 3
    In: Neuro-Oncology, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 24, No. 9 ( 2022-09-01), p. 1598-1608
    Abstract: Cross-sectional tumor measures are traditional clinical trial endpoints; however volumetric measures may better assess tumor growth. We determined the correlation and compared the prognostic impact of cross-sectional and volumetric measures of progressive disease (PD) among patients with DIPG. Methods Imaging and clinical data were abstracted from the International DIPG Registry. Tumor volume and cross-sectional product (CP) were measured with mint Lesion™ software using manual contouring. Correlation between CP and volume (segmented and mathematical [ellipsoid] model) thresholds of PD were assessed by linear regression. Landmark analyses determined differences in survival (via log-rank) between patients classified as PD versus non-PD by CP and volumetric measurements at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 months postradiotherapy (RT). Hazard ratios (HR) for survival after these time points were calculated by Cox regression. Results A total of 312 MRIs (46 patients) were analyzed. Comparing change from the previous smallest measure, CP increase of 25% (PD) correlated with a segmented volume increase of 30% (R2 = 0.710), rather than 40% (spherical model extrapolation). CP-determined PD predicted survival at 1 month post-RT (HR = 2.77), but not other time points. Segmented volumetric-determined PD (40% threshold) predicted survival at all imaging timepoints (HRs = 2.57, 2.62, 3.35, 2.71, 16.29), and 30% volumetric PD threshold predicted survival at 1, 3, 5, and 9 month timepoints (HRs = 2.57, 2.62, 4.65, 5.54). Compared to ellipsoid volume, segmented volume demonstrated superior survival associations. Conclusions Segmented volumetric assessments of PD correlated better with survival than CP or ellipsoid volume at most time points. Semiautomated tumor volume likely represents a more accurate, prognostically-relevant measure of disease burden in DIPG.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1522-8517 , 1523-5866
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2094060-9
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  • 4
    In: Neuro-Oncology, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 22, No. 11 ( 2020-11-26), p. 1647-1657
    Abstract: This study describes imaging features of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) and correlates with overall survival (OS) and histone mutation status in the International DIPG Registry (IDIPGR). Methods Four hundred cases submitted to the IDIPGR with a local diagnosis of DIPG and baseline MRI were evaluated by consensus review of 2 neuroradiologists; 43 cases were excluded (inadequate imaging or alternative diagnoses). Agreement between reviewers, association with histone status, and univariable and multivariable analyses relative to OS were assessed. Results On univariable analysis imaging features significantly associated with worse OS included: extrapontine extension, larger size, enhancement, necrosis, diffusion restriction, and distant disease. On central review, 9.5% of patients were considered not to have DIPG. There was moderate mean agreement of MRI features between reviewers. On multivariable analysis, chemotherapy, age, and distant disease were predictors of OS. There was no difference in OS between wild-type and H3 mutated cases. The only imaging feature associated with histone status was the presence of ill-defined signal infiltrating pontine fibers. Conclusions Baseline imaging features are assessed in the IDIPGR. There was a 9.5% discordance in DIPG diagnosis between local and central review, demonstrating need for central imaging confirmation for prospective trials. Although several imaging features were significantly associated with OS (univariable), only age and distant disease were significant on multivariable analyses. There was limited association of imaging features with histone mutation status, although numbers are small and evaluation exploratory.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1522-8517 , 1523-5866
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2094060-9
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  • 5
    In: Neuro-Oncology, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 22, No. Supplement_3 ( 2020-12-04), p. iii372-iii372
    Abstract: Recent discoveries have provided valuable insight into the genomic landscape of pediatric low grade gliomas (LGGs) at diagnosis, facilitating molecularly targeted treatment. However, little is known about their temporal and therapy-related genomic heterogeneity. An adequate understanding of the evolution of pediatric LGGs’ genomic profiles over time is critically important in guiding decisions about targeted therapeutics and diagnostic biopsy at recurrence. METHODS Fluorescence in situ hybridization, mutation-specific immunohistochemistry, and exome analyses were performed on paired tumor samples from primary diagnostic and subsequent surgeries. RESULTS 101 tumor samples from 48 patients (43 with 2 specimens, 5 with 3 specimens) from 3 institutions underwent testing. BRAF fusion and BRAFV600E status were conserved in 100% and 97% of paired specimens, respectively. No loss or gain of IDH1 mutations or FGFR1, NTRK2, MYB, or MYBL1 rearrangements were detected over time. Histologic diagnosis remained the same in all tumors, with no acquired H3K27M mutations or malignant transformation. CDKN2A deletions were acquired in 7 patients (including 3 who received chemotherapy [2 with temozolomide] and 1 who received radiation), and were associated with a trend toward shorter time to progression (median: 5.5 vs. 13.0 months [p=0.08] ). CONCLUSIONS Most targetable genetic alterations in pediatric LGGs, including BRAF alterations, are conserved at recurrence and following chemotherapy or radiation. However, CDKN2A deletion acquisition was demonstrated and may define a higher risk group. Given potential for targeted therapies for tumors acquiring CDKN2A deletions, performing a biopsy at recurrence may be indicated in certain patients, especially those with rapid progression.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1522-8517 , 1523-5866
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2094060-9
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  • 6
    In: Neuro-Oncology, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 22, No. Supplement_3 ( 2020-12-04), p. iii295-iii296
    Abstract: The role of diagnostic biopsy in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) remains in question. Distinguishing radiographically between DIPG and other pontine tumors with more favorable prognosis and different therapy is critically important. METHODS Cases submitted to the International DIPG registry with histopathologic data were analyzed. Central imaging review was performed by two neuro-radiologists; all cases with imaging features or histopathology suggestive of alternative diagnoses were re-reviewed. Imaging features suggestive of alternative diagnoses included non-pontine origin, & lt;50% pontine involvement (without typical DIPG pattern on follow-up), focally exophytic morphology, sharply-defined margins, or marked diffusion restriction throughout. RESULTS Among 297 patients with pathology from biopsy and/or autopsy available, 27 (9%) had histologic diagnoses not consistent with DIPG, commonly embryonal tumors (n=9) and pilocytic astrocytomas (n=11). 163 patients had diagnostic MRI available for central neuroimaging review. Among 81 patients classified as characteristic of DIPG, 80 (99%) had histopathology consistent with DIPG (diffuse midline glioma, H3K27M-mutant, glioblastoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, diffuse astrocytoma). Among 63 patients classified as likely DIPG, but with unusual imaging features, 59 (94%) had histopathology consistent with DIPG. 19 patients had imaging features suggestive of another diagnosis, including 13 with non-pontine tumor origin; the remaining 6 all had histopathology not consistent with DIPG. Association between central imaging review and histopathology was significant (p & lt;0.001). CONCLUSIONS The important role and accuracy of central neuroimaging review in diagnosing or excluding DIPG is demonstrated. In patients with pontine tumors for which DIPG is felt unlikely radiographically, biopsy may be considered to guide diagnosis and treatment.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1522-8517 , 1523-5866
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2094060-9
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  • 7
    In: Neuro-Oncology, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 22, No. Supplement_3 ( 2020-12-04), p. iii301-iii302
    Abstract: To review data from DIPG Registry patients recorded to have received a second course of radiation therapy (rRT). METHODS The International DIPG Registry was searched for patients with DIPG who were treated with a known dose of rRT. Doses of rRT, timing from initial diagnosis and primary radiation therapy (pRT), radiographic response to rRT and survival from diagnosis (OS) were evaluated. RESULTS Sixty (11.2%) of 535 Registry patients underwent rRT; dose was provided for 44 patients. Median (range) data from those 44 revealed that rRT was given at 12 (2–65) months from initial diagnosis of DIPG and at 9.6 (1–61) months from completion of pRT at a dose of 26.7 (1.8–74) Gy. After completion of rRT, MRI showed response, progression, stable disease or was not available in 19, 8, 3 and 14 patients, respectively. Median PFS and OS were 11 and 18.1 months, respectively. 475 Registry patients did not undergo rRT; their ages, duration of symptoms, and primary treatment with or without chemotherapy were not significantly different from the rRT cohort. Median PFS and OS for the non-rRT patients were 6.9 and 10 months, respectively. rRT patients were more likely to have had radiographic evidence of tumor necrosis at diagnosis than non-rRT patients. CONCLUSIONS Administration of rRT to patients with DIPG has been inconsistent with respect to timing and dose. Toxicity, response and quality of life data are incomplete, but survival appears to be lengthened with rRT. Prospective clinical trials will elucidate benefits and risks of rRT.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1522-8517 , 1523-5866
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2094060-9
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  • 8
    In: Acta Neuropathologica Communications, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 8, No. 1 ( 2020-12)
    Abstract: Recent discoveries have provided valuable insight into the genomic landscape of pediatric low-grade gliomas (LGGs) at diagnosis, facilitating molecularly targeted treatment. However, little is known about their temporal and therapy-related genomic heterogeneity. An adequate understanding of the evolution of pediatric LGGs’ genomic profiles over time is critically important in guiding decisions about targeted therapeutics and diagnostic biopsy at recurrence. Fluorescence in situ hybridization, mutation-specific immunohistochemistry, and/or targeted sequencing were performed on paired tumor samples from primary diagnostic and subsequent surgeries. Ninety-four tumor samples from 45 patients (41 with two specimens, four with three specimens) from three institutions underwent testing. Conservation of BRAF fusion, BRAF V600E mutation, and FGFR1 rearrangement status was observed in 100%, 98%, and 96% of paired specimens, respectively. No loss or gain of IDH1 mutations or NTRK2 , MYB , or MYBL1 rearrangements were detected over time. Histologic diagnosis remained the same in all tumors, with no acquired H3K27M mutations or malignant transformation. Changes in CDKN2A deletion status at recurrence occurred in 11 patients (42%), with acquisition of hemizygous CDKN2A deletion in seven and loss in four. Shorter time to progression and shorter time to subsequent surgery were observed among patients with acquired CDKN2A deletions compared to patients without acquisition of this alteration [median time to progression: 5.5 versus 16.0 months ( p  = 0.048); median time to next surgery: 17.0 months versus 29.0 months ( p  = 0.031)]. Most targetable genetic aberrations in pediatric LGGs, including BRAF alterations, are conserved at recurrence and following chemotherapy or irradiation. However, changes in CDKN2A deletion status over time were demonstrated. Acquisition of CDKN2A deletion may define a higher risk subgroup of pediatric LGGs with a poorer prognosis. Given the potential for targeted therapies for tumors harboring CDKN2A deletions, biopsy at recurrence may be indicated in certain patients, especially those with rapid progression.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2051-5960
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2715589-4
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2020
    In:  Neuro-Oncology Vol. 22, No. Supplement_3 ( 2020-12-04), p. iii289-iii289
    In: Neuro-Oncology, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 22, No. Supplement_3 ( 2020-12-04), p. iii289-iii289
    Abstract: BXQ-350 is a novel agent composed of the multifunctional, lysosomal activator protein Saposin C (SapC) and dioleoyl- phosphatidylserine (DOPS). BXQ-350 demonstrated antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo. Many tumors, including diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), and cells of tumor vasculature have aberrantly-exposed PS-rich domains on the cell surface. BXQ-350 is an anti-tumor agent in development from Bexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. that selectively targets tumor cell PS, particularly those translocated to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane in tumor cells. BXQ-350 activates and participates in various cellular processes, including apoptosis and necrosis, and may also exhibit novel mechanisms leading to cell death that require further investigation. An adult Phase I trial with BXQ-350 completed enrollment in 2019 having dosed 86 recurrent solid tumor patients, including glioblastoma, with only one serious infusion-related reaction. The highest planned dose of 2.4 mg/kg was achieved and seven patients remain on study with multiple cases demonstrating an objective response. A Phase I pediatric dose escalation trial in recurrent solid tumors, including central nervous system (CNS) tumors, also completed enrollment in 2019. The highest planned dose of 3.2 mg/kg was achieved and there have been no BXQ-350 related serious adverse events. Eight patients (7 CNS and 1 non-CNS) completed at least one cycle with one DIPG patient completing cycle five. A pediatric Phase I trial in newly diagnosed DIPG and diffuse midline glioma (DMG) is planned for 2nd quarter 2020.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1522-8517 , 1523-5866
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2094060-9
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  • 10
    In: Neuro-Oncology, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 24, No. 12 ( 2022-12-01), p. 2190-2199
    Abstract: Children ≤36 months with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) have increased long-term survival (LTS, overall survival (OS) ≥24 months). Understanding distinguishing characteristics in this population is critical to improving outcomes. Methods Patients ≤36 months at diagnosis enrolled on the International DIPG Registry (IDIPGR) with central imaging confirmation were included. Presentation, clinical course, imaging, pathology and molecular findings were analyzed. Results Among 1183 patients in IDIPGR, 40 were eligible (median age: 29 months). Median OS was 15 months. Twelve patients (30%) were LTS, 3 (7.5%) very long-term survivors ≥5 years. Among 8 untreated patients, median OS was 2 months. Patients enrolled in the registry but excluded from our study by central radiology review or tissue diagnosis had median OS of 7 months. All but 1 LTS received radiation. Among 32 treated patients, 1-, 2-, 3-, and 5-year OS rates were 68.8%, 31.2%, 15.6% and 12.5%, respectively. LTS had longer duration of presenting symptoms (P = .018). No imaging features were predictive of outcome. Tissue and genomic data were available in 18 (45%) and 10 patients, respectively. Among 9 with known H3K27M status, 6 had a mutation. Conclusions Children ≤36 months demonstrated significantly more LTS, with an improved median OS of 15 months; 92% of LTS received radiation. Median OS in untreated children was 2 months, compared to 17 months for treated children. LTS had longer duration of symptoms. Excluded patients demonstrated a lower OS, contradicting the hypothesis that children ≤36 months with DIPG show improved outcomes due to misdiagnosis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1522-8517 , 1523-5866
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2022
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