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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Heterogeneous ice nucleation measurements of secondary organic aerosol generated from ozonolysis of alkenes
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2009
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 36, No. 6 ( 2009-03-26)
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 36, No. 6 ( 2009-03-26)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2008GL036957
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2009
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 7403-2
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Chemical aging and the hydrophobic-to-hydrophilic conversion of carbonaceous aerosol
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2006
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 33, No. 24 ( 2006-12-19)
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 33, No. 24 ( 2006-12-19)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2006GL027249
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021599-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 7403-2
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cloud droplet activation of secondary organic aerosol
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2007
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 112, No. D10 ( 2007-05-27)
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 112, No. D10 ( 2007-05-27)
    Abstract: Measurements of hygroscopicity and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity were conducted on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed in a smog chamber. SOA precursors included α ‐pinene, β ‐pinene, Δ 3 ‐carene, and toluene, representative of both naturally and anthropogenically emitted organic species. Measured CCN activation was comparable for all of the species studied and occurred at humidity conditions which are readily attained in the atmosphere. Further, there was little variation in hygroscopic growth between compounds. However, measured droplet activation conditions were inconsistent with hygroscopicity measured below water saturation and Köhler theory expressions based on Raoult’s law for several parameterizations for water activity. In the atmosphere, SOA may compose a large fraction of atmospheric particulate matter and will often exist internally mixed with inorganic species. Using the current results, we compare SOA to insoluble organic species to calculate CCN activation from mixed organic‐sulfate particles for a range of atmospheric conditions. We find that droplet activation behavior of mixed particles containing SOA is the same as that of mixed particles for which the organic component is nonhygroscopic, except for cases in which there are low particle concentrations, low updraft velocities, and the aerosol composition is dominated by organics.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2006JD007963
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2007
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094268-8
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094219-6
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2220777-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094197-0
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Experimental Determination of the Relationship Between Organic Aerosol Viscosity and Ice Nucleation at Upper Free Tropospheric Conditions
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 127, No. 16 ( 2022-08-27)
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 127, No. 16 ( 2022-08-27)
    Abstract: Glass transition of terpene‐derived secondary organic material ranges between 6 and 23°C. Carene‐derived aerosol did not plasticize below −10°C at 120 s residence time No heterogeneous ice nucleation was observed for secondary organic material generated from terpene and aromatic precursors The presence of ONO 2 moieties or of close structural matches between known organic ice nucleating particles and products did not promote freezing
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2169-897X , 2169-8996
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2021JD036296
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2022
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016800-7
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Fifth International Workshop on Ice Nucleation phase 2 (FIN-02): laboratory intercomparison of ice nucleation measurements
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2018
    In:  Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Vol. 11, No. 11 ( 2018-11-19), p. 6231-6257
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 11, No. 11 ( 2018-11-19), p. 6231-6257
    Abstract: Abstract. The second phase of the Fifth International Ice Nucleation Workshop (FIN-02) involved the gathering of a large number of researchers at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology's Aerosol Interactions and Dynamics of the Atmosphere (AIDA) facility to promote characterization and understanding of ice nucleation measurements made by a variety of methods used worldwide. Compared to the previous workshop in 2007, participation was doubled, reflecting a vibrant research area. Experimental methods involved sampling of aerosol particles by direct processing ice nucleation measuring systems from the same volume of air in separate experiments using different ice nucleating particle (INP) types, and collections of aerosol particle samples onto filters or into liquid for sharing amongst measurement techniques that post-process these samples. In this manner, any errors introduced by differences in generation methods when samples are shared across laboratories were mitigated. Furthermore, as much as possible, aerosol particle size distribution was controlled so that the size limitations of different methods were minimized. The results presented here use data from the workshop to assess the comparability of immersion freezing measurement methods activating INPs in bulk suspensions, methods that activate INPs in condensation and/or immersion freezing modes as single particles on a substrate, continuous flow diffusion chambers (CFDCs) directly sampling and processing particles well above water saturation to maximize immersion and subsequent freezing of aerosol particles, and expansion cloud chamber simulations in which liquid cloud droplets were first activated on aerosol particles prior to freezing. The AIDA expansion chamber measurements are expected to be the closest representation to INP activation in atmospheric cloud parcels in these comparisons, due to exposing particles freely to adiabatic cooling. The different particle types used as INPs included the minerals illite NX and potassium feldspar (K-feldspar), two natural soil dusts representative of arable sandy loam (Argentina) and highly erodible sandy dryland (Tunisia) soils, respectively, and a bacterial INP (Snomax®). Considered together, the agreement among post-processed immersion freezing measurements of the numbers and fractions of particles active at different temperatures following bulk collection of particles into liquid was excellent, with possible temperature uncertainties inferred to be a key factor in determining INP uncertainties. Collection onto filters for rinsing versus directly into liquid in impingers made little difference. For methods that activated collected single particles on a substrate at a controlled humidity at or above water saturation, agreement with immersion freezing methods was good in most cases, but was biased low in a few others for reasons that have not been resolved, but could relate to water vapor competition effects. Amongst CFDC-style instruments, various factors requiring (variable) higher supersaturations to achieve equivalent immersion freezing activation dominate the uncertainty between these measurements, and for comparison with bulk immersion freezing methods. When operated above water saturation to include assessment of immersion freezing, CFDC measurements often measured at or above the upper bound of immersion freezing device measurements, but often underestimated INP concentration in comparison to an immersion freezing method that first activates all particles into liquid droplets prior to cooling (the PIMCA-PINC device, or Portable Immersion Mode Cooling chAmber–Portable Ice Nucleation Chamber), and typically slightly underestimated INP number concentrations in comparison to cloud parcel expansions in the AIDA chamber; this can be largely mitigated when it is possible to raise the relative humidity to sufficiently high values in the CFDCs, although this is not always possible operationally. Correspondence of measurements of INPs among direct sampling and post-processing systems varied depending on the INP type. Agreement was best for Snomax® particles in the temperature regime colder than −10 ∘C, where their ice nucleation activity is nearly maximized and changes very little with temperature. At temperatures warmer than −10 ∘C, Snomax® INP measurements (all via freezing of suspensions) demonstrated discrepancies consistent with previous reports of the instability of its protein aggregates that appear to make it less suitable as a calibration INP at these temperatures. For Argentinian soil dust particles, there was excellent agreement across all measurement methods; measures ranged within 1 order of magnitude for INP number concentrations, active fractions and calculated active site densities over a 25 to 30 ∘C range and 5 to 8 orders of corresponding magnitude change in number concentrations. This was also the case for all temperatures warmer than −25 ∘C in Tunisian dust experiments. In contrast, discrepancies in measurements of INP concentrations or active site densities that exceeded 2 orders of magnitude across a broad range of temperature measurements found at temperatures warmer than −25 ∘C in a previous study were replicated for illite NX. Discrepancies also exceeded 2 orders of magnitude at temperatures of −20 to −25 ∘C for potassium feldspar (K-feldspar), but these coincided with the range of temperatures at which INP concentrations increase rapidly at approximately an order of magnitude per 2 ∘C cooling for K-feldspar. These few discrepancies did not outweigh the overall positive outcomes of the workshop activity, nor the future utility of this data set or future similar efforts for resolving remaining measurement issues. Measurements of the same materials were repeatable over the time of the workshop and demonstrated strong consistency with prior studies, as reflected by agreement of data broadly with parameterizations of different specific or general (e.g., soil dust) aerosol types. The divergent measurements of the INP activity of illite NX by direct versus post-processing methods were not repeated for other particle types, and the Snomax® data demonstrated that, at least for a biological INP type, there is no expected measurement bias between bulk collection and direct immediately processed freezing methods to as warm as −10 ∘C. Since particle size ranges were limited for this workshop, it can be expected that for atmospheric populations of INPs, measurement discrepancies will appear due to the different capabilities of methods for sampling the full aerosol size distribution, or due to limitations on achieving sufficient water supersaturations to fully capture immersion freezing in direct processing instruments. Overall, this workshop presents an improved picture of present capabilities for measuring INPs than in past workshops, and provides direction toward addressing remaining measurement issues.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1867-8548
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/amt-11-6231-2018
    DOI: 10.5194/amt-11-6231-2018-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2018
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Secondary Production of Ice in Cumulus Experiment (SPICULE)
    American Meteorological Society ; 2023
    In:  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 104, No. 1 ( 2023-01), p. E51-E76
    Details
    In: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 104, No. 1 ( 2023-01), p. E51-E76
    Abstract: The secondary ice process (SIP) is a major microphysical process, which can result in rapid enhancement of ice particle concentration in the presence of preexisting ice. SPICULE was conducted to further investigate the effect of collision–coalescence on the rate of the fragmentation of freezing drop (FFD) SIP mechanism in cumulus congestus clouds. Measurements were conducted over the Great Plains and central United States from two coordinated aircraft, the NSF Gulfstream V (GV) and SPEC Learjet 35A, both equipped with state-of-the-art microphysical instrumentation and vertically pointing W- and Ka-band radars, respectively. The GV primarily targeted measurements of subcloud aerosols with subsequent sampling in warm cloud. Simultaneously, the Learjet performed multiple penetrations of the ascending cumulus congestus (CuCg) cloud top. First primary ice was typically detected at temperatures colder than −10°C, consistent with measured ice nucleating particles. Subsequent production of ice via FFD SIP was strongly related to the concentration of supercooled large drops (SLDs), with diameters from about 0.2 to a few millimeters. The concentration of SLDs is directly linked to the rate of collision–coalescence, which depends primarily on the subcloud aerosol size distribution and cloud-base temperature. SPICULE supports previous observational results showing that FFD SIP efficiency could be deduced from the product of cloud-base temperature and maximum diameter of drops measured ∼300 m above cloud base. However, new measurements with higher concentrations of aerosol and total cloud-base drop concentrations show an attenuating effect on the rate of coalescence. The SPICULE dataset provides rich material for validation of numerical schemes of collision–coalescence and SIP to improve weather prediction simulations
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-0007 , 1520-0477
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0209.1
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2023
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 419957-1
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Observation of playa salts as nuclei in orographic wave clouds
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2010
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research Vol. 115, No. D15 ( 2010-08-03)
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 115, No. D15 ( 2010-08-03)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2009JD013606
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2010
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016800-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161666-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161667-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2969341-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161665-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094268-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 710256-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016804-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094181-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094219-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094167-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2220777-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094197-0
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Sea Spray Chemistry and Particle Evolution study (SeaSCAPE): overview and experimental methods
    Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) ; 2022
    In:  Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts Vol. 24, No. 2 ( 2022), p. 290-315
    Details
    In: Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), Vol. 24, No. 2 ( 2022), p. 290-315
    Abstract: Marine aerosols strongly influence climate through their interactions with solar radiation and clouds. However, significant questions remain regarding the influences of biological activity and seawater chemistry on the flux, chemical composition, and climate-relevant properties of marine aerosols and gases. Wave channels, a traditional tool of physical oceanography, have been adapted for large-scale ocean-atmosphere mesocosm experiments in the laboratory. These experiments enable the study of aerosols under controlled conditions which isolate the marine system from atmospheric anthropogenic and terrestrial influences. Here, we present an overview of the 2019 Sea Spray Chemistry and Particle Evolution (SeaSCAPE) study, which was conducted in an 11 800 L wave channel which was modified to facilitate atmospheric measurements. The SeaSCAPE campaign sought to determine the influence of biological activity in seawater on the production of primary sea spray aerosols, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and secondary marine aerosols. Notably, the SeaSCAPE experiment also focused on understanding how photooxidative aging processes transform the composition of marine aerosols. In addition to a broad range of aerosol, gas, and seawater measurements, we present key results which highlight the experimental capabilities during the campaign, including the phytoplankton bloom dynamics, VOC production, and the effects of photochemical aging on aerosol production, morphology, and chemical composition. Additionally, we discuss the modifications made to the wave channel to improve aerosol production and reduce background contamination, as well as subsequent characterization experiments. The SeaSCAPE experiment provides unique insight into the connections between marine biology, atmospheric chemistry, and climate-relevant aerosol properties, and demonstrates how an ocean-atmosphere-interaction facility can be used to isolate and study reactions in the marine atmosphere in the laboratory under more controlled conditions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2050-7887 , 2050-7895
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1039/D1EM00260K
    Language: English
    Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2703791-5
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The COMBLE Campaign: A Study of Marine Boundary Layer Clouds in Arctic Cold-Air Outbreaks
    American Meteorological Society ; 2022
    In:  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 103, No. 5 ( 2022-05), p. E1371-E1389
    Details
    In: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 103, No. 5 ( 2022-05), p. E1371-E1389
    Abstract: One of the most intense air mass transformations on Earth happens when cold air flows from frozen surfaces to much warmer open water in cold-air outbreaks (CAOs), a process captured beautifully in satellite imagery. Despite the ubiquity of the CAO cloud regime over high-latitude oceans, we have a rather poor understanding of its properties, its role in energy and water cycles, and its treatment in weather and climate models. The Cold-Air Outbreaks in the Marine Boundary Layer Experiment (COMBLE) was conducted to better understand this regime and its representation in models. COMBLE aimed to examine the relations between surface fluxes, boundary layer structure, aerosol, cloud, and precipitation properties, and mesoscale circulations in marine CAOs. Processes affecting these properties largely fall in a range of scales where boundary layer processes, convection, and precipitation are tightly coupled, which makes accurate representation of the CAO cloud regime in numerical weather prediction and global climate models most challenging. COMBLE deployed an Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Mobile Facility at a coastal site in northern Scandinavia (69°N), with additional instruments on Bear Island (75°N), from December 2019 to May 2020. CAO conditions were experienced 19% (21%) of the time at the main site (on Bear Island). A comprehensive suite of continuous in situ and remote sensing observations of atmospheric conditions, clouds, precipitation, and aerosol were collected. Because of the clouds’ well-defined origin, their shallow depth, and the broad range of observed temperature and aerosol concentrations, the COMBLE dataset provides a powerful modeling testbed for improving the representation of mixed-phase cloud processes in large-eddy simulations and large-scale models.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-0007 , 1520-0477
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0044.1
    DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0044.2
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2029396-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 419957-1
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ship-based measurements of ice nuclei concentrations over the Arctic, Atlantic, Pacific and Southern oceans
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2020
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 20, No. 23 ( 2020-12-08), p. 15191-15206
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 20, No. 23 ( 2020-12-08), p. 15191-15206
    Abstract: Abstract. Ambient concentrations of ice-forming particles measured during ship expeditions are collected and summarised with the aim of determining the spatial distribution and variability in ice nuclei in oceanic regions. The presented data from literature and previously unpublished data from over 23 months of ship-based measurements stretch from the Arctic to the Southern Ocean and include a circumnavigation of Antarctica. In comparison to continental observations, ship-based measurements of ambient ice nuclei show 1 to 2 orders of magnitude lower mean concentrations. To quantify the geographical variability in oceanic areas, the concentration range of potential ice nuclei in different climate zones is analysed by meridionally dividing the expedition tracks into tropical, temperate and polar climate zones. We find that concentrations of ice nuclei in these meridional zones follow temperature spectra with similar slopes but vary in absolute concentration. Typically, the frequency with which specific concentrations of ice nuclei are observed at a certain temperature follows a log-normal distribution. A consequence of the log-normal distribution is that the mean concentration is higher than the most frequently measured concentration. Finally, the potential contribution of ship exhaust to the measured ice nuclei concentration on board research vessels is analysed as function of temperature. We find a sharp onset of the influence at approximately −36 ∘C but none at warmer temperatures that could bias ship-based measurements.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-15191-2020
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2092549-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2069847-1
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