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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Microbial Control of Sea Spray Aerosol Composition: A Tale of Two Blooms
    American Chemical Society (ACS) ; 2015
    In:  ACS Central Science Vol. 1, No. 3 ( 2015-06-24), p. 124-131
    Details
    In: ACS Central Science, American Chemical Society (ACS), Vol. 1, No. 3 ( 2015-06-24), p. 124-131
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2374-7943 , 2374-7951
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.5b00148
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2816030-7
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Madden–Julian Oscillation in the Energy Exascale Earth System Model Version 1
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems Vol. 14, No. 2 ( 2022-02)
    Details
    In: Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 14, No. 2 ( 2022-02)
    Abstract: Energy Exascale Earth System Model version 1 (E3SMv1) simulates Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJOs) that exhibit realistic eastward propagation over the Indo‐Pacific warm pool Modeled processes of the MJO, revealed through column‐integrated moist static energy anomalies, match well with those in observations Despite the decent MJO simulation fidelity, the observed MJO–Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation coupling is not simulated in E3SMv1
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1942-2466 , 1942-2466
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2021MS002842
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2462132-8
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  • 3
    Online Resource
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    Simulations of the Atmospheric General Circulation Using a Cloud-Resolving Model as a Superparameterization of Physical Processes
    American Meteorological Society ; 2005
    In:  Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Vol. 62, No. 7 ( 2005-07-01), p. 2136-2154
    Details
    In: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 62, No. 7 ( 2005-07-01), p. 2136-2154
    Abstract: Traditionally, the effects of clouds in GCMs have been represented by semiempirical parameterizations. Recently, a cloud-resolving model (CRM) was embedded into each grid column of a realistic GCM, the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM), to serve as a superparameterization (SP) of clouds. Results of the standard CAM and the SP-CAM are contrasted, both using T42 resolution (2.8° × 2.8° grid), 26 vertical levels, and up to a 500-day-long simulation. The SP was based on a two-dimensional (2D) CRM with 64 grid columns and 24 levels collocated with the 24 lowest levels of CAM. In terms of the mean state, the SP-CAM produces quite reasonable geographical distributions of precipitation, precipitable water, top-of-the-atmosphere radiative fluxes, cloud radiative forcing, and high-cloud fraction for both December–January–February and June–July–August. The most notable and persistent precipitation bias in the western Pacific, during the Northern Hemisphere summer of all the SP-CAM runs with 2D SP, seems to go away through the use of a small-domain three-dimensional (3D) SP with the same number of grid columns as the 2D SP, but arranged in an 8 × 8 square with identical horizontal resolution of 4 km. Two runs with the 3D SP have been carried out, with and without explicit large-scale momentum transport by convection. Interestingly, the double ITCZ feature seems to go away in the run that includes momentum transport. The SP improves the diurnal variability of nondrizzle precipitation frequency over the standard model by precipitating most frequently during late afternoon hours over the land, as observed, while the standard model maximizes its precipitation frequency around local solar noon. Over the ocean, both models precipitate most frequently in the early morning hours as observed. The SP model also reproduces the observed global distribution of the percentage of days with nondrizzle precipitation rather well. In contrast, the standard model tends to precipitate more frequently, on average by about 20%–30%. The SP model seems to improve the convective intraseasonal variability over the standard model. Preliminary results suggest that the SP produces more realistic variability of such fields as 200-mb wind and OLR, relative to the control, including the often poorly simulated Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0469 , 0022-4928
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JAS3453.1
    RVK:
    UA 4800
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2005
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2025890-2
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    A Dynamic Link between Ice Nucleating Particles Released in Nascent Sea Spray Aerosol and Oceanic Biological Activity during Two Mesocosm Experiments
    American Meteorological Society ; 2017
    In:  Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Vol. 74, No. 1 ( 2017-01-01), p. 151-166
    Details
    In: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 74, No. 1 ( 2017-01-01), p. 151-166
    Abstract: Emission rates and properties of ice nucleating particles (INPs) are required for proper representation of aerosol–cloud interactions in atmospheric models. Few investigations have quantified marine INP emissions, a potentially important INP source for remote oceanic regions. Previous studies have suggested INPs in sea spray aerosol (SSA) are linked to oceanic biological activity. This proposed link was explored in this study by measuring INP emissions from nascent SSA during phytoplankton blooms during two mesocosm experiments. In a Marine Aerosol Reference Tank (MART) experiment, a phytoplankton bloom was produced with chlorophyll-a (Chl a) concentrations reaching 39 μg L−1, while Chl a concentrations more representative of natural ocean conditions were obtained during the Investigation into Marine Particle Chemistry and Transfer Science (IMPACTS; peak Chl a of 5 μg L−1) campaign, conducted in the University of California, San Diego, wave flume. Dynamic trends in INP emissions occurred for INPs active at temperatures & gt; −30°C. Increases in INPs active between −25° and −15°C lagged the peak in Chl a in both studies, suggesting a consistent population of INPs associated with the collapse of phytoplankton blooms. Trends in INP emissions were also compared to aerosol composition, abundances of microbes, and enzyme activity. In general, increases in INP concentrations corresponded to increases in organic species in SSA and the emissions of heterotrophic bacteria, suggesting that both microbes and biomolecules contribute to marine INP populations. INP trends were not directly correlated with a single biological marker in either study. Direct measurements of INP chemistry are needed to accurately identify particles types contributing to marine INP populations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-4928 , 1520-0469
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-16-0087.1
    DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-16-0087.s1
    RVK:
    UA 4800
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2017
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2025890-2
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Vertical Structure of TOGA COARE Convection. Part I: Radar Echo Distributions
    American Meteorological Society ; 1998
    In:  Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Vol. 55, No. 17 ( 1998-09), p. 2730-2747
    Details
    In: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 55, No. 17 ( 1998-09), p. 2730-2747
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-4928 , 1520-0469
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055〈2730:TVSOTC〉2.0.CO;2
    RVK:
    UA 4800
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 1998
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2025890-2
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 6
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    The Vertical Structure of TOGA COARE Convection. Part II: Modulating Influences and Implications for Diabatic Heating
    American Meteorological Society ; 1998
    In:  Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Vol. 55, No. 17 ( 1998-09), p. 2748-2762
    Details
    In: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 55, No. 17 ( 1998-09), p. 2748-2762
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-4928 , 1520-0469
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055〈2748:TVSOTC〉2.0.CO;2
    RVK:
    UA 4800
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 1998
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 218351-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2025890-2
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 7
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    Exploratory Precipitation Metrics: Spatiotemporal Characteristics, Process-Oriented, and Phenomena-Based
    American Meteorological Society ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Climate Vol. 35, No. 12 ( 2022-06-15), p. 3659-3686
    Details
    In: Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 35, No. 12 ( 2022-06-15), p. 3659-3686
    Abstract: Precipitation sustains life and supports human activities, making its prediction one of the most societally relevant challenges in weather and climate modeling. Limitations in modeling precipitation underscore the need for diagnostics and metrics to evaluate precipitation in simulations and predictions. While routine use of basic metrics is important for documenting model skill, more sophisticated diagnostics and metrics aimed at connecting model biases to their sources and revealing precipitation characteristics relevant to how model precipitation is used are critical for improving models and their uses. This paper illustrates examples of exploratory diagnostics and metrics including 1) spatiotemporal characteristics metrics such as diurnal variability, probability of extremes, duration of dry spells, spectral characteristics, and spatiotemporal coherence of precipitation; 2) process-oriented metrics based on the rainfall–moisture coupling and temperature–water vapor environments of precipitation; and 3) phenomena-based metrics focusing on precipitation associated with weather phenomena including low pressure systems, mesoscale convective systems, frontal systems, and atmospheric rivers. Together, these diagnostics and metrics delineate the multifaceted and multiscale nature of precipitation, its relations with the environments, and its generation mechanisms. The metrics are applied to historical simulations from phases 5 and 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. Models exhibit diverse skill as measured by the suite of metrics, with very few models consistently ranked as top or bottom performers compared to other models in multiple metrics. Analysis of model skill across metrics and models suggests possible relationships among subsets of metrics, motivating the need for more systematic analysis to understand model biases for informing model development.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0894-8755 , 1520-0442
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0590.1
    DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0590.s1
    RVK:
    UA 4548
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 246750-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021723-7
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  • 8
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    Observed variations of tropical convective available potential energy
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2004
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research Vol. 109, No. D2 ( 2004)
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 109, No. D2 ( 2004)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2003JD003784
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2004
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2033040-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094104-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2130824-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016813-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016810-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2403298-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016800-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161666-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161667-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2969341-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161665-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094268-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 710256-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016804-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094181-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094219-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094167-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2220777-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094197-0
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 9
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    Automation and heat transfer characterization of immersion mode spectroscopy for analysis of ice nucleating particles
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2017
    In:  Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Vol. 10, No. 7 ( 2017-07-21), p. 2613-2626
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 10, No. 7 ( 2017-07-21), p. 2613-2626
    Abstract: Abstract. Ice nucleating particles (INPs) influence cloud properties and can affect the overall precipitation efficiency. Developing a parameterization of INPs in global climate models has proven challenging. More INP measurements – including studies of their spatial distribution, sources and sinks, and fundamental freezing mechanisms – must be conducted in order to further improve INP parameterizations. In this paper, an immersion mode INP measurement technique is modified and automated using a software-controlled, real-time image stream designed to leverage optical changes of water droplets to detect freezing events. For the first time, heat transfer properties of the INP measurement technique are characterized using a finite-element-analysis-based heat transfer simulation to improve accuracy of INP freezing temperature measurement. The heat transfer simulation is proposed as a tool that could be used to explain the sources of bias in temperature measurements in INP measurement techniques and ultimately explain the observed discrepancies in measured INP freezing temperatures between different instruments. The simulation results show that a difference of +8.4 °C between the well base temperature and the headspace gas results in an up to 0.6 °C stratification of the aliquot, whereas a difference of +4.2 °C or less results in a thermally homogenous water volume within the error of the thermal probe, ±0.2 °C. The results also show that there is a strong temperature gradient in the immediate vicinity of the aliquot, such that without careful placement of temperature probes, or characterization of heat transfer properties of the water and cooling environment, INP measurements can be biased toward colder temperatures. Based on a modified immersion mode technique, the Automated Ice Spectrometer (AIS), measurements of the standard test dust illite NX are reported and compared against six other immersion mode droplet assay techniques featured in Hiranuma et al. (2015) that used wet suspensions. AIS measurements of illite NX INP freezing temperatures compare reasonably with others, falling within the 5 °C spread in reported spectra. The AIS as well as its characterization of heat transfer properties allows higher confidence in accuracy of freezing temperature measurement, allows higher throughput of sample analysis, and enables disentanglement of the effects of heat transfer rates on sample volumes from time dependence of ice nucleation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1867-8548
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/amt-10-2613-2017
    DOI: 10.5194/amt-10-2613-2017-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2505596-3
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  • 10
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    Cultivable halotolerant ice-nucleating bacteria and fungi in coastal precipitation
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2021
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 21, No. 11 ( 2021-06-14), p. 9031-9045
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 21, No. 11 ( 2021-06-14), p. 9031-9045
    Abstract: Abstract. Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) represent a rare subset of aerosol particles that initiate cloud droplet freezing at temperatures above the homogenous freezing point of water (−38 ∘C). Considering that the ocean covers 71 % of the Earth's surface and represents a large potential source of INPs, it is imperative that the identities, properties and relative emissions of ocean INPs become better understood. However, the specific underlying drivers of marine INP emissions remain largely unknown due to limited observations and the challenges associated with isolating rare INPs. By generating isolated nascent sea spray aerosol (SSA) over a range of biological conditions, mesocosm studies have shown that marine microbes can contribute to INPs. Here, we identify 14 (30 %) cultivable halotolerant ice-nucleating microbes and fungi among 47 total isolates recovered from precipitation and aerosol samples collected in coastal air in southern California. Ice-nucleating (IN) isolates collected in coastal air were nucleated ice from extremely warm to moderate freezing temperatures (−2.3 to −18 ∘C). While some Gammaproteobacteria and fungi are known to nucleate ice at temperatures as high as −2 ∘C, Brevibacterium sp. is the first Actinobacteria found to be capable of ice nucleation at a relatively high freezing temperature (−2.3 ∘C). Air mass trajectory analysis demonstrates that marine aerosol sources were dominant during all sampling periods, and phylogenetic analysis indicates that at least 2 of the 14 IN isolates are closely related to marine taxa. Moreover, results from cell-washing experiments demonstrate that most IN isolates maintained freezing activity in the absence of nutrients and cell growth media. This study supports previous studies that implicated microbes as a potential source of marine INPs, and it additionally demonstrates links between precipitation, marine aerosol and IN microbes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-9031-2021
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-9031-2021-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2092549-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2069847-1
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