Abstract: Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the level and factors affecting nurses' compassion fatigue, the relationship between compassion fatigue and psychological resilience and to examine the causes of high and low levels of compassion fatigue and to reveal the factors that cause the situation. Method: An explanatory design, one of the mixed method designs, was used. In the quantitative part of the study, the Compassion Fatigue-Short Scale and the Psychological Resilience Scale were applied to 56 nurses. Face-to-face in-depth interviews were conducted with three nurses with the highest and lowest scores on compassion fatigue. Analysis of quantitative data was made t-test, ANOVA and post-hoc tests; analysis of qualitative data was made descriptive analysis. Findings: According to the quantitative results of the study, nurses who are satisfied with their profession and the department they work in have lower levels of compassion fatigue. In addition, there is a weak negative correlation between compassion fatigue and psychological resilience total scores. According to the qualitative results, while giving care to a patient in need, nurses feel the desire to help, sadness and helplessness. Caring for these patients results in psychological fatigue, psychological trauma, feeling of emptiness, sympathy, and happiness due to positive feedback. Witnessing the helplessness of patients, sudden/young deaths, devaluation, patients with bad prognosis and dissatisfied patients are among the situations that trigger compassion fatigue. Nurses cope with compassion fatigue by participating in social activities, taking leave, meditating, and thinking that it is their duty. Conclusions: Nurses are a professional group that experiences compassion fatigue intensely due to exposure to traumas of patients. It is recommended to create environments and conditions where nurses and nurses can express their intense emotions, to establish and maintain the consultation-liaison psychiatry system in hospitals, to create conditions that will increase professional satisfaction, to increase awareness of compassion fatigue, and to create programs to prevent compassion fatigue. Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the level and factors affecting nurses' compassion fatigue, the relationship between compassion fatigue and psychological resilience and to examine the causes of high and low levels of compassion fatigue and to reveal the factors that cause the situation. Method: An explanatory design, one of the mixed method designs, was used. In the quantitative part of the study, the Compassion Fatigue-Short Scale and the Psychological Resilience Scale were applied to 56 nurses. Face-to-face in-depth interviews were conducted with three nurses with the highest and lowest scores on compassion fatigue. Analysis of quantitative data was made t-test, ANOVA and post-hoc tests; analysis of qualitative data was made descriptive analysis. Findings: According to the quantitative results of the study, nurses who are satisfied with their profession and the department they work in have lower levels of compassion fatigue. In addition, there is a weak negative correlation between compassion fatigue and psychological resilience total scores. According to the qualitative results, while giving care to a patient in need, nurses feel the desire to help, sadness and helplessness. Caring for these patients results in psychological fatigue, psychological trauma, feeling of emptiness, sympathy, and happiness due to positive feedback. Witnessing the helplessness of patients, sudden/young deaths, devaluation, patients with bad prognosis and dissatisfied patients are among the situations that trigger compassion fatigue. Nurses cope with compassion fatigue by participating in social activities, taking leave, meditating, and thinking that it is their duty. Conclusions: Nurses are a professional group that experiences compassion fatigue intensely due to exposure to traumas of patients. It is recommended to create environments and conditions where nurses and nurses can express their intense emotions, to establish and maintain the consultation-liaison psychiatry system in hospitals, to create conditions that will increase professional satisfaction, to increase awareness of compassion fatigue, and to create programs to prevent compassion fatigue. (Extended English summary is at the end of this document) Özet Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı, hemşirelerin merhamet yorgunluğu düzeyinin ve etkileyen faktörlerin, merhamet yorgunluğu ile psikolojik dayanıklılık arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi, yüksek ve düşük merhamet yorgunluğu düzeyinin sebeplerinin irdelenmesi ve duruma neden olan faktörlerin ortaya çıkarılmasıdır. Yöntem: Karma yöntem desenlerinden açıklayıcı desen kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın nicel bölümünde 56 hemşireye Merhamet Yorgunluğu-Kısa Ölçeği ve Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Merhamet yorgunluğu düzey puanı yüksek ve en düşük olan üç hemşire ile yüz yüze derinlemesine görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Nicel verilerin analizi t-testi, ANOVA ve post-hoc testler; nitel verilerin analizi betimsel analiz kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Araştırmanın nicel sonuçlarına göre, mesleğinden ve çalıştığı bölümden memnun olan hemşirelerin merhamet yorgunluğu düzeyleri daha düşüktür. Ayrıca, merhamet yorgunluğu ile psikolojik dayanıklılık toplam puanları arasında negatif yönde zayıf düzeyde ilişki vardır. Nitel sonuçlarına göre, muhtaç olan bir hastaya bakım verirken hemşireler yardım etme isteği, üzüntü ve çaresizlik hissetmektedir. Bu hastalara bakım vermenin psikolojik yorgunluk, psikolojik travma, boşluk hissi, sempati, olumlu geribildirimlere bağlı mutluluk gibi geri dönüşleri olmaktadır. Hastaların çaresizliklerine şahit olma, ani/genç ölümler, değersizleştirme, prognozu kötü hastalar ve memnuniyetsiz hastalar merhamet yorgunluğunu tetikleyen durumlar arasındadır. Hemşireler, sosyal aktivitelere katılarak, izin kullanarak, meditasyon yaparak, görevi olduğunu düşünerek merhamet yorgunluğu ile baş etmektedirler. Sonuç: Hemşireler hastaların travmalarına maruz kalmaları nedeniyle merhamet yorgunluğunu yoğun yaşayan bir meslek grubudur. Hemşirelerin ve yaşadıkları yoğun duyguları ifade edebilecekleri ortamların ve koşulların oluşturulması, hastanelerde konsültasyon liyezon psikiyatri sisteminin kurulması ve işleyişinin sürdürülmesi, mesleki memnuniyeti artıracak koşulların oluşturulması, merhamet yorgunluğu farkındalığının artırılması, merhamet yorgunluğunu önleme programlarının oluşturulması önerilmektedir.

Abstract: Background & Aim: Expressing emotions is very important both in interpersonal relationships and in the protection and maintenance of the individual's mental health. However, the individual must have certain skills to express his feelings healthily. The most important of these is communication skills. This research aimed to examine the correlation between communication skills and emotional expressions of nursing students. Methods & Materials: This correlational study was conducted among nursing students at a public university faculty of nursing in Turkey between 2016 and 2017. Of the total of 1423 students, 632 nursing students were selected using the convenience sampling method. The Introductory Information Form, the Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire, and the Communication Skills Scale were used to collect data. The Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis H, and Pearson correlation tests were used for the analysis of the data. Results: The mean total Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire score of the students was found to be 79.45±10.11, and the mean total score of the Communication Skills Scale was 97.67±11.20. Emotional expressions are affected by gender, marital status, class, income level, family structure, the residence where they have lived the longest, place of residence, and working status (p≤0.05, p 〈 0.01). It was found that there was a positive-directed correlation between students' emotional expressions and communication skills (p 〈 0.01). Conclusion: It was concluded that communication skills and some sociodemographic characteristics of nursing students are correlated with their emotional expressions.

Abstract: Purpose: To determine Covid-19 phobia levels and related factors in pandemic hospital staff during the pandemic. Methods: 361 staff were assessed between 2020-07-14 and 2020-10-15. A form consisting of 28 queries and the Covid-19 Phobia-Scale (C19P-S) were administered to determine sociodemographic; working and living conditions. Results: Participants’ mean age was 39.82±7.37, 69.8% were female, 74.2% were married; 14.4% were physicians, 41.6% were nurses, 8% were other health care staff, and 36% were other personnel. The C19P-S scores were higher among women, those whose monthly income is lower than their expense, those who live 4 people in household, those who have a chronic illness, those on whose working conditions pandemic has a large and extreme impact, the Y-SH staff, those who house in another place other than their home for quarantine, and in those who have patients with Covid-19 among family, relatives or neighbours. Conclusion: Among the pandemic hospital staff, women, those who have economic problems, those who live in relatively crowded households, those with chronic illnesses, those who were relocated in the hospital, those who stay in another place, other than his/her home, for quarantine and those who have relatives infected with Covid-19 are at high risk of developing coronaphobia.

Abstract: The Relationship between Covid-19 Phobia and Health Cognitions and Psychosocial Factors Abstract Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the levels of corona-phobia experienced by individuals in a broad population representative of Turkish society, and the correlation with health cognitions and psychosocial factors. Material and Method: This descriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational study was conducted with 1620 participants lived in different regions of Turkey. Data were collected using an information form, the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-S), and the Health Cognitions Questionnaire. Results: The mean age of the participants was 34.13±10.90. They were mostly female (62.8%). The mean score of health cognition 3.01±0.48 and COVID-19 phobia score was 2.59±0.68. COVID-19 phobia was significantly related with cognitions of difficulty coping with illness, medical services in adequacy, awfulness of illness and likelihood of illness. The factors influencing the C19P-S of participants were, being female, having chronic illness, too much impact on daily life, difficulty coping with illness, awfulness of illness, likelihood of illness. Conclusion: It is recommended to plan interventions to increase public awareness of COVID-19 and to reduce corona-phobia. These interventions should be especially about the negative impact of corona-phobia on people with a chronic illness and women’s mental health. Keywords Covid-19, phobia, health cognitions, psychosocial, pandemic Covid-19 Fobisi ile Sağlık Bilişleri ve Psikososyal Faktörlerin İlişkisi Öz Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türk toplumunu temsil eden geniş bir popülasyonda bireylerin koronafobi düzeylerini ve koronafobinin sağlık bilişleri ile psikososyal faktörler arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı, kesitsel ve ilişkisel araştırma, Türkiye'nin farklı bölgelerinde yaşayan 1620 katılımcı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veriler bir bilgi formu, Covid-19 Fobi Ölçeği (C19P-S) ve Sağlık Bilişleri Anketi kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Bulgular: Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 34,13±10,90 olup %62,8’i kadındır. Sağlık bilişi puan ortalaması 3,01±0,48 ve Covid-19 fobi puanı 2,59±0,68’dir. Covid-19 fobisi, hastalıkla başa çıkma zorluğu, tıbbi hizmetlerin yeterliliği, hastalığın korkunçluğu ve hastalık olasılığı bilişleri ile anlamlı şekilde ilişkiliydi. Katılımcıların C19P-S'lerini etkileyen faktörler; kadın olmak, kronik hastalığı olmak, günlük yaşamda çok fazla etki sahibi olmak, hastalıkla baş etmede güçlük, hastalığın korkunçluğu, hastalık olasılığıdır. Sonuç: Toplumun Covid-19 farkındalığını artırmak ve koronafobi dizeylerini azaltmak için müdahalelerin planlanması önerilmektedir. Bu müdahaleler özellikle koronafobinin kronik hastalığı olan kişiler ve kadınların ruh sağlığı üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerine yönelik olmalıdır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Covid-19, fobi, sağlık bilişleri, psikososyal, pandemik

Abstract: Objective: The present study aimed to examine the effect of the Problem Solving Therapy (PST) based psychiatric nursing approach on the mental symptom severity levels of nursing students showing severe mental symptoms. Methods: The study was conducted in the semi-experimental design with a single group and pretest-posttest application. Study population consisted of 262 first-year students attending a nursing faculty in the 2016-2017 academic year. The data of the study was collected using the Introductory Information Form and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). The sample included seven students with a mean score of 2.00 or over on the Disease Severity Index. Problem Solving Therapy (PST) was implemented in seven-eight sessions of 40-45 minutes on average individually for each student. Data was assessed using descriptive analyses, test for the significance of the difference between independent groups and Paired Sample Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. The level of statistical significance was accepted as p1.00, n=49) had psychopathologic tendencies. Following the Problem Solving Therapy (PST), a decrease was found in the total scores of the sample on the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and whole subscales except for the Additional Findings subscale (p=0.89, p 〉 0.05) (p