In:
PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science (PLoS), Vol. 18, No. 3 ( 2023-3-3), p. e0282497-
Abstract:
Early evaluation of writing readiness is essential to predict and prevent handwriting difficulties and its negative influences on school occupations. An occupation-based measurement for kindergarten children has been previously developed: Writing Readiness Inventory Tool In Context (WRITIC). In addition, to assess fine motor coordination two tests are frequently used in children with handwriting difficulties: the modified Timed Test of In-Hand Manipulation (Timed TIHM) and the Nine-Hole Peg Test (9-HPT). However, no Dutch reference data are available. Aim To provide reference data for (1) WRITIC, (2) Timed-TIHM and (3) 9-HPT for handwriting readiness assessment in kindergarten children. Methods Three hundred and seventy-four children from Dutch kindergartens in the age of 5 to 6.5 years (5.6±0.4 years, 190 boys/184 girls) participated in the study. Children were recruited at Dutch kindergartens. Full classes of the last year were tested, children were excluded if there was a medical diagnosis such as a visual, auditory, motor or intellectual impairment that hinder handwriting performance. Descriptive statistics and percentiles scores were calculated. The score of the WRITIC (possible score 0–48 points) and the performance time on the Timed-TIHM and 9-HPT are classified as percentile scores lower than the 15th percentile to distinguish low performance from adequate performance. The percentile scores can be used to identify children that are possibly at risk developing handwriting difficulties in first grade. Results WRITIC scores ranged from 23 to 48 (41±4.4), Timed-TIHM ranged from 17.9 to 64.5 seconds (31.4± 7.4 seconds) and 9-HPT ranged from 18.2 to 48.3 seconds (28.4± 5.4). A WRITIC score between 0–36, a performance time of more than 39.6 seconds on the Timed-TIHM and more than 33.8 seconds on the 9-HPT were classified as low performance. Conclusion The reference data of the WRITIC allow to assess which children are possibly at risk developing handwriting difficulties.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
ISSN:
1932-6203
DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0282497
DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0282497.g001
DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0282497.g002
DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0282497.t001
DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0282497.t002
DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0282497.s001
DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0282497.s002
DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0282497.s003
DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0282497.s004
DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0282497.s005
DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0282497.r001
DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0282497.r002
DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0282497.r003
DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0282497.r004
DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0282497.r005
DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0282497.r006
Language:
English
Publisher:
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Publication Date:
2023
detail.hit.zdb_id:
2267670-3
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