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  • 1
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    TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access
    Wiley ; 2020
    In:  Global Change Biology Vol. 26, No. 1 ( 2020-01), p. 119-188
    Details
    In: Global Change Biology, Wiley, Vol. 26, No. 1 ( 2020-01), p. 119-188
    Abstract: Plant traits—the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants—determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait‐based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits—almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1354-1013 , 1365-2486
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.v26.1
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14904
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 2
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    Structural diversity and tree density drives variation in the biodiversity–ecosystem function relationship of woodlands and savannas
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  New Phytologist Vol. 232, No. 2 ( 2021-10), p. 579-594
    Details
    In: New Phytologist, Wiley, Vol. 232, No. 2 ( 2021-10), p. 579-594
    Abstract: Positive biodiversity–ecosystem function relationships (BEFRs) have been widely documented, but it is unclear if BEFRs should be expected in disturbance‐driven systems. Disturbance may limit competition and niche differentiation, which are frequently posited to underlie BEFRs. We provide the first exploration of the relationship between tree species diversity and biomass, one measure of ecosystem function, across southern African woodlands and savannas, an ecological system rife with disturbance from fire, herbivores and humans. We used 〉 1000 vegetation plots distributed across 10 southern African countries and structural equation modelling to determine the relationship between tree species diversity and above‐ground woody biomass, accounting for interacting effects of resource availability, disturbance by fire, tree stem density and vegetation type. We found positive effects of tree species diversity on above‐ground biomass, operating via increased structural diversity. The observed BEFR was highly dependent on organismal density, with a minimum threshold of c . 180 mature stems ha −1 . We found that water availability mainly affects biomass indirectly, via increasing species diversity. The study underlines the close association between tree diversity, ecosystem structure, environment and function in highly disturbed savannas and woodlands. We suggest that tree diversity is an under‐appreciated determinant of wooded ecosystem structure and function.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0028-646X , 1469-8137
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/nph.v232.2
    DOI: 10.1111/nph.17639
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 208885-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1472194-6
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  • 3
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    Environmental controls on African herbivore responses to landscapes of fear
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Oikos Vol. 130, No. 2 ( 2021-02), p. 171-186
    Details
    In: Oikos, Wiley, Vol. 130, No. 2 ( 2021-02), p. 171-186
    Abstract: Herbivores balance forage acquisition with the need to avoid predation, often leading to tradeoffs between forgoing resources to avoid areas of high predation risk, or tolerating increased risk in exchange for improved forage. The outcome of these decisions is likely to change with varying resource levels, with herbivores altering their response to predation risk across heterogeneous landscapes. Such contrasting responses will alter the strength of non‐consumptive predation effects, but are poorly understood in multiple‐predator/multiple‐prey systems. We combined fine‐scaled spatial information on two predator and 11 herbivore species with remotely‐sensed measurements of forage quantity and vegetation structure to assess variation in herbivore response to predation risk with changing environmental context, herbivore body size, herbivore foraging strategy (browsers versus grazers), predator type (ambush versus coursing hunters) and group size across a South African savanna landscape. Medium‐sized herbivore species were more likely to adjust their response to risk with a changing resource landscape: warthog, nyala and wildebeest tolerated increased long‐term predator encounter risk in exchange for abundant (warthog and nyala) or preferred (wildebeest) forage, and nyala selected areas with higher visibility only in landscapes where food was abundant. Impala were more likely to be observed in areas of high visibility where wild dog risk was high. In addition, although buffalo did not avoid areas of high lion encounter risk, large buffalo groups were more frequently observed in open areas where lion encounter risk was high, whereas small groups did not alter their space use across varying levels of risk. Our findings suggest that risk effects are not uniform across landscapes for medium‐sized herbivores and large buffalo groups, instead varying with environmental context and leading to a dynamic landscape of fear. However, responses among these and other prey species were variable and not consistent, highlighting the complexities inherent to multi‐predator/multi‐prey systems.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0030-1299 , 1600-0706
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/oik.2021.v130.i2
    DOI: 10.1111/oik.07559
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2025658-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 207359-6
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  • 4
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    Spatial heterogeneity facilitates carnivore coexistence
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Ecology Vol. 102, No. 5 ( 2021-05)
    Details
    In: Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 102, No. 5 ( 2021-05)
    Abstract: Competitively dominant carnivore species can limit the population sizes and alter the behavior of inferior competitors. Established mechanisms that enable carnivore coexistence include spatial and temporal avoidance of dominant predator species by subordinates, and dietary niche separation. However, spatial heterogeneity across landscapes could provide inferior competitors with refuges in the form of areas with lower competitor density and/or locations that provide concealment from competitors. Here, we combine temporally overlapping telemetry data from dominant lions ( Panthera leo ) and subordinate African wild dogs ( Lycaon pictus ) with high‐resolution remote sensing in an integrated step selection analysis to investigate how fine‐scaled landscape heterogeneity might facilitate carnivore coexistence in South Africa’s Hluhluwe‐iMfolozi Park, where both predators occur at exceptionally high densities. We ask whether the primary lion‐avoidance strategy of wild dogs is spatial avoidance of lions or areas frequented by lions, or if wild dogs selectively use landscape features to avoid detection by lions. Within this framework, we also test whether wild dogs rely on proactive or reactive responses to lion risk. In contrast to previous studies finding strong spatial avoidance of lions by wild dogs, we found that the primary wild dog lion‐avoidance strategy was to select landscape features that aid in avoidance of lion detection. This habitat selection was routinely used by wild dogs, and especially when in areas and during times of high lion‐encounter risk, suggesting a proactive response to lion risk. Our findings suggest that spatial landscape heterogeneity could represent an alternative mechanism for carnivore coexistence, especially as ever‐shrinking carnivore ranges force inferior competitors into increased contact with dominant species.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0012-9658 , 1939-9170
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ecy.v102.5
    DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3319
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 5
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    Fire‐ and herbivory‐driven consumer control in a savanna‐like temperate wood‐pasture: An experimental approach
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Ecology Vol. 109, No. 12 ( 2021-12), p. 4103-4114
    Details
    In: Journal of Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 109, No. 12 ( 2021-12), p. 4103-4114
    Abstract: Brand och bete är viktiga processer som reglerar förhållanden mellan gräs och träd i ekosystem i en rad olika klimat. Båda konsumerar växtbiomassa och kan därmed kontrollera tillväxten av vedartade växter. Utan dessa processer skulle många gräsdominerade ekosystem omvandlas till skogsmarker eller skogar. Det har gjorts omfattande studier på detta i bl.a. savanner men få har undersökt effekterna av dessa störningsregimer på träd och buskar under tempererade förhållanden. Vi exponerade plantor av fem vanliga europeiska trädslag för brand och bete i ett fullskaligt experiment på en savannliknande skogsbetesmark. Efter tre år utvärderade vi effekterna av brand och bete på trädplantornas överlevnad och tillväxt. De trädslag som användes, varierande i egenskaper och i förväntad effekt från brand och bete, var tall Pinus sylvestris , gran Picea abies , europeisk ek Quercus robur , vårtbjörk Betula pendula och skogslind Tilia cordata . Brand och bete hade en negativ effekt på plantornas överlevnad för alla arter utom Q. robur , som inte påverkades av brand. Båda processerna minskade tillväxten av B. pendula , medan endast bete minskade tillväxten av P. sylvestris och Q. robur . Samtidigt hade B. pendula och P. sylvestris de högsta tillväxterna, tillsammans med P. abies , som hade opåverkad tillväxt i alla behandlingar. T. cordata , å andra sidan, hade en negativt tillväxt över alla behandlingar. Den kombinerade effekten av bete och brand liknade effekten av bara bete både gällande överlevnad och tillväxt, vilket indikerar ingen ytterligare effekt av brand när växtätare var närvarande. Syntes . Vårt experiment visar hur brand och bete kan påverka rekryteringen av plantor av europeiska tempererade trädarter på en skogsbetesmark, vilket potentiellt kan leda till jämförbara processer som beskrivs för andra ekosystem, t.ex. savanner. Två strategier för att hantera bete och brand identifierades; att tolerera ( Q. robur ) eller att undvikande störningen ( P. sylvestris och B. pendula ). Vi drar slutsatsen att både brand och bete även förr kan ha varit viktiga drivkrafter för struktur och artsammansättning i öppna ekosystem i tempererat Europa.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0477 , 1365-2745
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/jec.v109.12
    DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.13783
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 6
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    Increased summer temperature is associated with reduced calf mass of a circumpolar large mammal through direct thermoregulatory and indirect, food quality, pathways
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2023
    In:  Oecologia Vol. 201, No. 4 ( 2023-04), p. 1123-1136
    Details
    In: Oecologia, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 201, No. 4 ( 2023-04), p. 1123-1136
    Abstract: Climate change represents a growing ecological challenge. The (sub) arctic and boreal regions of the world experience the most rapid warming, presenting an excellent model system for studying how climate change affects mammals. Moose ( Alces alces ) are a particularly relevant model species with their circumpolar range. Population declines across the southern edge of this range are linked to rising temperatures. Using a long-term dataset (1988–1997, 2017–2019), we examine the relative strength of direct (thermoregulatory costs) and indirect (food quality) pathways linking temperature, precipitation, and the quality of two important food items (birch and fireweed) to variation in moose calf mass in northern Sweden. The direct effects of temperature consistently showed stronger relationships to moose calf mass than did the indirect effects. The proportion of growing season days where the temperature exceeded a 20 °C threshold showed stronger direct negative relationships to moose calf mass than did mean temperature values. Finally, while annual forb (fireweed) quality was more strongly influenced by temperature and precipitation than were perennial (birch) leaves, this did not translate into a stronger relationship to moose calf weight. The only indirect path with supporting evidence suggested that mean growing season temperatures were positively associated with neutral detergent fiber, which was, in turn, negatively associated with calf mass. While indirect impacts of climate change deserve further investigation, it is important to recognize the large direct impacts of temperature on cold-adapted species.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0029-8549 , 1432-1939
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05367-0
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1462019-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 123369-5
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  • 7
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    A sharp floristic discontinuity revealed by the biogeographic regionalization of African savannas
    Wiley ; 2019
    In:  Journal of Biogeography Vol. 46, No. 2 ( 2019-02), p. 454-465
    Details
    In: Journal of Biogeography, Wiley, Vol. 46, No. 2 ( 2019-02), p. 454-465
    Abstract: In tropical Africa, savannas cover huge areas, have high plant species richness and are considered as a major natural resource for most countries. There is, however, little information available on their floristics and biogeography at the continental scale, despite the importance of such information for our understanding of the drivers of species diversity at various scales and for effective conservation and management. Here, we collated and analysed floristic data from across the continent in order to propose a biogeographical regionalization for African savannas. Location We collated floristic information (specifically woody species lists) for 298 samples of savanna vegetation across Africa, extending from 18° N to 33° S and from 17° W to 48° E. Taxa We focused on native woody species. Methods We used ordination and clustering to identify the floristic discontinuities and gradual transitions across African savannas. Floristic relationships, specificity and turnover, within and between floristic clusters, were analysed using a (dis‐)similarity‐based approach. Results We identified eight floristic clusters across African savannas which in turn were grouped into two larger macro‐units. Ordinations at species and genus levels showed a clear differentiation in woody species composition between the North/West macro‐unit and the South/East macro‐unit. This floristic discontinuity matches to the High (i.e. N & W) and Low (S & E) division of Africa previously proposed by White ( ) and which tracks climatic and topographical variation. In the N & W savannas, the floristic gradient determined by rainfall was partitioned into the Sudanian (drier) and Guinean (wetter) clusters. Within the highly heterogeneous S & E savannas and woodlands, six clusters were identified: Ugandan, Ethiopian, Mozambican, Zambezian, Namibian and South African. Main conclusions The proposed pan‐African classification of savannas and woodlands might assist the development of coordinated management and conservation policies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0305-0270 , 1365-2699
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/jbi.2019.46.issue-2
    DOI: 10.1111/jbi.13475
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020428-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 188963-1
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  • 8
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    Pyric herbivory in a temperate European wood‐pasture system
    Wiley ; 2024
    In:  Journal of Applied Ecology Vol. 61, No. 5 ( 2024-05), p. 1081-1094
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 61, No. 5 ( 2024-05), p. 1081-1094
    Abstract: The term pyric herbivory was first introduced in 2009, describing how fire shapes herbivory as burned areas attract herbivores and, simultaneously, herbivory shapes fuel load and fire behaviour. Pyric herbivory results in a mosaic of patches with varying levels of herbivory and grazing intensity fire intensity and frequency. The importance of pyric herbivory for ecosystem heterogeneity and biodiversity has been described for North American, Australian and African systems, but the concept remains largely untested in a European context. We introduced fire and herbivory in a full‐factorial experiment in a temperate European wood‐pasture system to test whether pyric herbivory operates in ways comparable to grassy systems elsewhere in the world. Using camera traps, we observed the behaviour of cattle in burned subplots (49 m 2 ) compared with unburned subplots. We measured grass height and the proportion of the subplot that burned as variables affecting cattle preference and to assess how grazing affects fire behaviour. We also examined the effect on plant species and life‐form composition after six seasons of treatment. Cattle spent more time grazing in burned than in unburned subplots in the most productive paddock, where a larger proportion of the subplot burned. The proportion of a subplot that burned was positively related to pre‐fire grass height. Moreover, both grass height and the proportion of subplot burned declined in the burned subplots during the 6‐year study period and fire and cattle grazing altered the relative cover of graminoids and shrubs ( Rubus spp.), with more graminoids in grazed and/or burned subplots and more shrubs in ungrazed subplots at the end of the study. Synthesis and applications . In our temperate European wood pasture, fire and (cattle) grazing interacted in ways comparable to pyric herbivory in grassy ecosystems elsewhere in the world, especially in the most productive paddock. Fire attracted grazing, with cattle grazing longer on subplots that burned more fully. Grazing also affected fire, where over the course of our experiment cattle grazing reduced grass height and the proportion of a subplot that burned. We suggest that pyric herbivory is an interesting management method to further explore in the European context to address the loss of biodiversity in open ecosystems, particularly in more productive sites.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8901 , 1365-2664
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/jpe.v61.5
    DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14618
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2024
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020408-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 410405-5
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  • 9
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    The generality of cryptic dietary niche differences in diverse large-herbivore assemblages
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2022
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 119, No. 35 ( 2022-08-30)
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 119, No. 35 ( 2022-08-30)
    Abstract: Ecological niche differences are necessary for stable species coexistence but are often difficult to discern. Models of dietary niche differentiation in large mammalian herbivores invoke the quality, quantity, and spatiotemporal distribution of plant tissues and growth forms but are agnostic toward food plant species identity. Empirical support for these models is variable, suggesting that additional mechanisms of resource partitioning may be important in sustaining large-herbivore diversity in African savannas. We used DNA metabarcoding to conduct a taxonomically explicit analysis of large-herbivore diets across southeastern Africa, analyzing ∼4,000 fecal samples of 30 species from 10 sites in seven countries over 6 y. We detected 893 food plant taxa from 124 families, but just two families—grasses and legumes—accounted for the majority of herbivore diets. Nonetheless, herbivore species almost invariably partitioned food plant taxa; diet composition differed significantly in 97% of pairwise comparisons between sympatric species, and dissimilarity was pronounced even between the strictest grazers (grass eaters), strictest browsers (nongrass eaters), and closest relatives at each site. Niche differentiation was weakest in an ecosystem recovering from catastrophic defaunation, indicating that food plant partitioning is driven by species interactions, and was stronger at low rainfall, as expected if interspecific competition is a predominant driver. Diets differed more between browsers than grazers, which predictably shaped community organization: Grazer-dominated trophic networks had higher nestedness and lower modularity. That dietary differentiation is structured along taxonomic lines complements prior work on how herbivores partition plant parts and patches and suggests that common mechanisms govern herbivore coexistence and community assembly in savannas.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204400119
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 209104-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461794-8
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  • 10
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    The relative role of intrinsic and extrinsic drivers in regulating population change and survival of African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus)
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2022
    In:  Mammalian Biology Vol. 102, No. 4 ( 2022-08), p. 1215-1229
    Details
    In: Mammalian Biology, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 102, No. 4 ( 2022-08), p. 1215-1229
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1616-5047 , 1618-1476
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s42991-022-00281-z
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2785152-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2072973-X
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