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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Horizon scanning of potential threats to high‐Arctic biodiversity, human health and the economy from marine invasive alien species: A Svalbard case study
    Wiley ; 2024
    In:  Global Change Biology Vol. 30, No. 1 ( 2024-01)
    Details
    In: Global Change Biology, Wiley, Vol. 30, No. 1 ( 2024-01)
    Abstract: The high Arctic is considered a pristine environment compared with many other regions in the northern hemisphere. It is becoming increasingly vulnerable to invasion by invasive alien species (IAS), however, as climate change leads to rapid loss of sea ice, changes in ocean temperature and salinity, and enhanced human activities. These changes are likely to increase the incidence of arrival and the potential for establishment of IAS in the region. To predict the impact of IAS, a group of experts in taxonomy, invasion biology and Arctic ecology carried out a horizon scanning exercise using the Svalbard archipelago as a case study, to identify the species that present the highest risk to biodiversity, human health and the economy within the next 10 years. A total of 114 species, currently absent from Svalbard, recorded once and/or identified only from environmental DNA samples, were initially identified as relevant for review. Seven species were found to present a high invasion risk and to potentially cause a significant negative impact on biodiversity and five species had the potential to have an economic impact on Svalbard. Decapod crabs, ascidians and barnacles dominated the list of highest risk marine IAS. Potential pathways of invasion were also researched, the most common were found associated with vessel traffic. We recommend (i) use of this approach as a key tool within the application of biosecurity measures in the wider high Arctic, (ii) the addition of this tool to early warning systems for strengthening existing surveillance measures; and (iii) that this approach is used to identify high‐risk terrestrial and freshwater IAS to understand the overall threat facing the high Arctic. Without the application of biosecurity measures, including horizon scanning, there is a greater risk that marine IAS invasions will increase, leading to unforeseen changes in the environment and economy of the high Arctic.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1354-1013 , 1365-2486
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.v30.1
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17009
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2024
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Shine a light: Under-ice light and its ecological implications in a changing Arctic Ocean
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2022
    In:  Ambio Vol. 51, No. 2 ( 2022-02), p. 307-317
    Details
    In: Ambio, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 51, No. 2 ( 2022-02), p. 307-317
    Abstract: The Arctic marine ecosystem is shaped by the seasonality of the solar cycle, spanning from 24-h light at the sea surface in summer to 24-h darkness in winter. The amount of light available for under-ice ecosystems is the result of different physical and biological processes that affect its path through atmosphere, snow, sea ice and water. In this article, we review the present state of knowledge of the abiotic (clouds, sea ice, snow, suspended matter) and biotic (sea ice algae and phytoplankton) controls on the underwater light field. We focus on how the available light affects the seasonal cycle of primary production (sympagic and pelagic) and discuss the sensitivity of ecosystems to changes in the light field based on model simulations. Lastly, we discuss predicted future changes in under-ice light as a consequence of climate change and their potential ecological implications, with the aim of providing a guide for future research.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0044-7447 , 1654-7209
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01662-3
    RVK:
    AR 10100
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Modelling the effect of submarine iceberg melting on glacier-adjacent water properties
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2022
    In:  The Cryosphere Vol. 16, No. 4 ( 2022-04-07), p. 1181-1196
    Details
    In: The Cryosphere, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 16, No. 4 ( 2022-04-07), p. 1181-1196
    Abstract: Abstract. The rate of ocean-driven retreat of Greenland's tidewater glaciers remains highly uncertain in predictions of future sea level rise, in part due to poorly constrained glacier-adjacent water properties. Icebergs and their meltwater contributions are likely important modifiers of fjord water properties, yet their effect is poorly understood. Here, we use a 3-D ocean circulation model, coupled to a submarine iceberg melt module, to investigate the effect of submarine iceberg melting on glacier-adjacent water properties in a range of idealised settings. Submarine iceberg melting can modify glacier-adjacent water properties in three principal ways: (1) substantial cooling and modest freshening in the upper ∼50 m of the water column; (2) warming of Polar Water at intermediate depths due to iceberg melt-induced upwelling of warm Atlantic Water and; (3) warming of the deeper Atlantic Water layer when vertical temperature gradients through this layer are steep (due to vertical mixing of warm water at depth) but cooling of the Atlantic Water layer when vertical temperature gradients are shallow. The overall effect of iceberg melt is to make glacier-adjacent water properties more uniform with depth. When icebergs extend to, or below, the depth of a sill at the fjord mouth, they can cause cooling throughout the entire water column. All of these effects are more pronounced in fjords with higher iceberg concentrations and deeper iceberg keel depths. These iceberg melt-induced changes to glacier-adjacent water properties will reduce rates of glacier submarine melting near the surface, increase them in the Polar Water layer, and cause typically modest impacts in the Atlantic Water layer. These results characterise the important role of submarine iceberg melting in modifying ice sheet-ocean interaction and highlight the need to improve representations of fjord processes in ice sheet scale models.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1994-0424
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/tc-16-1181-2022
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Comparison of zooplankton vertical migration in an ice‐free and a seasonally ice‐covered Arctic fjord: An insight into the influence of sea ice cover on zooplankton behavior
    Wiley ; 2010
    In:  Limnology and Oceanography Vol. 55, No. 2 ( 2010-03), p. 831-845
    Details
    In: Limnology and Oceanography, Wiley, Vol. 55, No. 2 ( 2010-03), p. 831-845
    Abstract: We present observations of zooplankton diel vertical migration (DVM) over a period of 2 yr in an ice‐free and a seasonally ice‐covered Arctic fjord. The contrasting environments permitted assessment of the influences of physical and biological factors on temporal variability in DVM patterns and a test of the hypothesis that a reduction in summer sea ice extent and thickness following climatic warming will lead to changes in DVM via the loss of a shading effect on the pelagic marine environment. Acoustic backscatter and vertical velocity data from moored 300‐kHz acoustic Doppler current profilers were used to derive DVM patterns, while measurements of sea ice and snow thickness enabled assessment of the underwater light environment and consideration of its potential to influence DVM. Pronounced differences in DVM between the sites emerged during summertime when intermittent synchronized DVM was observed at the ice‐free site, whereas the ice‐covered site was characterized by asynchronous behavior, thereby highlighting the influence of sea ice. Notably, the 0.8‐m‐thick sea ice cover was deemed important for its influence on water column properties such as food, turbidity, and zooplankton species composition, as indicated by biological samples from moored sediment traps, rather than a simple shading of the ocean and direct modification of zooplankton DVM. Loss of Arctic sea ice is likely to have an indirect but substantial effect on zooplankton DVM via modification of hydrography and composition of the pelagic community.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0024-3590 , 1939-5590
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.4319/lo.2010.55.2.0831
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2010
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Unsynchronised and synchronised vertical migration of zooplankton in a high Arctic fjord
    Wiley ; 2006
    In:  Limnology and Oceanography Vol. 51, No. 6 ( 2006-11), p. 2586-2599
    Details
    In: Limnology and Oceanography, Wiley, Vol. 51, No. 6 ( 2006-11), p. 2586-2599
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0024-3590
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.4319/lo.2006.51.6.2586
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2006
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Linkages between salinity and brine channel distribution in young sea ice
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1999
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans Vol. 104, No. C7 ( 1999-07-15), p. 15859-15871
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 104, No. C7 ( 1999-07-15), p. 15859-15871
    Abstract: A high‐resolution study of bulk salinity was undertaken on laboratory‐grown sea ice to determine the extent of spatial variability of salinity and whether this was associated with brine channel structures. Ice samples at two different stages of development were compared with respect to physical state, brine distribution, and brine channel structures. Cold, growing sea ice is shown to have steep bulk salinity gradients and a highly variable brine distribution that is closely linked to the location and morphology of brine channels. Areas of high bulk salinity are found to correspond directly to the positions of the brine channels, and these areas are surrounded by ice that shows significant brine depletion. It is observed that redistribution of the brine occurs as the ice cover goes through warming and melting phases. The redistribution is attributed to an increase in porosity and pore connectivity permitting migration of brine through the ice. The distribution of brine in “warm” ice is shown to be more homogeneous and independent of brine channel structures. A number of mechanisms exploiting the enhanced mobility of brine in warm sea ice are used to explain the changes in the salinity profiles and brine distribution.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/1999JC900128
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1999
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    SSG: 16,13
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Can a key boreal Calanus copepod species now complete its life-cycle in the Arctic? Evidence and implications for Arctic food-webs
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2022
    In:  Ambio Vol. 51, No. 2 ( 2022-02), p. 333-344
    Details
    In: Ambio, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 51, No. 2 ( 2022-02), p. 333-344
    Abstract: The changing Arctic environment is affecting zooplankton that support its abundant wildlife. We examined how these changes are influencing a key zooplankton species, Calanus finmarchicus , principally found in the North Atlantic but expatriated to the Arctic. Close to the ice-edge in the Fram Strait, we identified areas that, since the 1980s, are increasingly favourable to C. finmarchicus . Field-sampling revealed part of the population there to be capable of amassing enough reserves to overwinter. Early developmental stages were also present in early summer, suggesting successful local recruitment. This extension to suitable C. finmarchicus habitat is most likely facilitated by the long-term retreat of the ice-edge, allowing phytoplankton to bloom earlier and for longer and through higher temperatures increasing copepod developmental rates. The increased capacity for this species to complete its life-cycle and prosper in the Fram Strait can change community structure, with large consequences to regional food-webs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0044-7447 , 1654-7209
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01667-y
    RVK:
    AR 10100
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    AUV-based acoustic observations of the distribution and patchiness of pelagic scattering layers during midnight sun†
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2017
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science Vol. 74, No. 9 ( 2017-12-01), p. 2342-2353
    Details
    In: ICES Journal of Marine Science, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 74, No. 9 ( 2017-12-01), p. 2342-2353
    Abstract: An autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) carrying 614 kHz RDI acoustic doppler current profilers (ADCPs) was deployed at four locations over the West Spitsbergen outer shelf in July 2010. The backscatter signal recorded by the ADCPs was extracted and analysed to investigate the vertical distribution and patchiness of pelagic organisms during midnight sun. At the northernmost locations (Norskebanken and Woodfjorden), fresher and colder water prevailed in the surface layer (0–20 m) and scatterers (interpreted as zooplankton and micronekton) were mainly distributed below the pycnocline. In contrast, more saline and warmer Atlantic Water dominated the surface layer at Kongsfjordbanken and Isfjordbanken and scatterers were concentrated in the top 20 m, above the pycnocline. Pelagic scatterers formed patchy aggregations at all locations, but patchiness generally increased with the density of organisms and decreased at depths & gt;80 m. This study contributes to our understanding of the vertical distribution of pelagic organisms in the Arctic, and the spatial coverage of the AUV has extended early acoustic studies limited to Arctic fjords from 1D observations to a broader offshore coverage. Neither synchronized nor unsynchronized vertical migrations were detected, but autonomous vehicles with limited autonomy ( & lt;1 day) may not be as effective as long-term mooring deployments or long-range AUVs to study vertical migrations. Short-term AUV-based acoustic surveys of the pelagic communities are nonetheless highly complementary to Eulerian studies, in particular by providing spatial measurements of patchiness. Compared with ship-based or moored acoustic instruments, the 3D trajectory of AUVs also allows using acoustic instruments with higher frequencies and better size resolution, as well as the detection of organisms closer to the surface.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1054-3139 , 1095-9289
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsw158
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2017
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  • 9
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    Seafloor warm water temperature anomalies impact benthic macrofauna communities of a high-Arctic cold-water fjord
    Elsevier BV ; 2023
    In:  Marine Environmental Research Vol. 189 ( 2023-07), p. 106046-
    Details
    In: Marine Environmental Research, Elsevier BV, Vol. 189 ( 2023-07), p. 106046-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0141-1136
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106046
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 10
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    Spatial patterns in the vertical structure of euphausiids in Gullmarsfjord, Sweden: Identifying influences on bilayer formation and distribution
    Informa UK Limited ; 2014
    In:  Marine Biology Research Vol. 10, No. 6 ( 2014-07-03), p. 537-553
    Details
    In: Marine Biology Research, Informa UK Limited, Vol. 10, No. 6 ( 2014-07-03), p. 537-553
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1745-1000 , 1745-1019
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1080/17451000.2013.831180
    Language: English
    Publisher: Informa UK Limited
    Publication Date: 2014
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    SSG: 21,3
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