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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    More Than Selection Effects: Volunteering Is Associated With Benefits in Cognitive Functioning
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2020
    In:  The Journals of Gerontology: Series B Vol. 75, No. 8 ( 2020-09-14), p. 1741-1746
    Details
    In: The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 75, No. 8 ( 2020-09-14), p. 1741-1746
    Abstract: Volunteering is a lifestyle behavior that bolsters cognitive resilience. However, previous studies have not assessed the degree to which cognitive functioning is predictive of becoming a volunteer (i.e., selection into volunteering), and how this might contribute to the superior cognitive performance observed among volunteers. The purpose of this brief report is to address the role of cognition-related selection into becoming a volunteer in the association between formal volunteering and two cognitive measures: (a) overall cognitive function and (b) self-rated memory. Method The Health and Retirement Study was used to assess whether, net of cognitive selection into volunteering, formal volunteering is associated with cognitive function. Results Selection explained between 4.9% and 29% of the effect of volunteering on cognitive function (depending on the cognitive outcome and the level of volunteering). However, net of cognitive selection into volunteering, among all cognitive measures there are beneficial effects of formal volunteering on cognitive function. Discussion These findings suggest a proportion of the positive association between volunteering and cognitive function is explained by selection. However, net of selection, formal volunteering is associated with benefits to cognitive function. These findings offer promise for the development of volunteer-based interventions designed to bolster cognitive functioning.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1079-5014 , 1758-5368
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa101
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2043945-3
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Psychological Resilience and Health Among Older Adults: A Comparison of Personal Resources
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2021
    In:  The Journals of Gerontology: Series B Vol. 76, No. 6 ( 2021-06-14), p. 1241-1250
    Details
    In: The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 76, No. 6 ( 2021-06-14), p. 1241-1250
    Abstract: Research on life course inequality and successful aging has sought to understand how events and challenges may lead to poor outcomes in later life for some individuals, while others fare well in the face of adversity. Among internalized resources, research suggests psychological resilience is protective in the face of challenges, but little is known about the predictive efficacy of this measure compared to other resources such as mastery. This paper examines connections between psychological resilience and later life health compared to other internalized resources. Method Standardized associations between 4 resources (resilience, mastery, optimism, hopelessness) and 5 health outcomes were tested using short-term health transitions and longer term health trajectories in a structural equation modeling (SEM) framework using the Leave Behind Questionnaire (LBQ) and linked Health and Retirement Study (HRS) between 2006/2008 and 2014/2016 (n = 11,050–12,823). Results Psychological resilience had consistent and robust associations with health transitions and trajectories. Further, the effects of this resource were generally 4–10 times greater than for mastery, optimism, and hopelessness in combined models. Trajectory analyses replicate these findings and suggest the beneficial associations of resilience over time were persistent for some health outcomes, and cumulative for others. Discussion The results suggest that psychological resilience is powerfully associated with health in later life, with substantially greater predictive efficacy than other commonly used resource measures. Future research should establish how this intrapersonal resource works alongside structural and interpersonal resources to promote and protect health and functioning in the face of challenges and adversity.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1079-5014 , 1758-5368
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa116
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Loneliness as a Biographical Disruption—Theoretical Implications for Understanding Changes in Loneliness
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2020
    In:  The Journals of Gerontology: Series B Vol. 75, No. 9 ( 2020-10-16), p. 2029-2039
    Details
    In: The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 75, No. 9 ( 2020-10-16), p. 2029-2039
    Abstract: While a great deal is known about the risk factors that increase vulnerability to loneliness in later life, little research has explored stability and change in levels of loneliness. Methods Narrative interviews were conducted with 11 participants who were identified as being lonely during Wave 1 of the Maintaining Function and Well-being in Later Life Study Wales (CFAS Wales). The interviews were used to explore stability and change in levels of loneliness from the perspective of older people themselves. The interviews focused on participant’s perspectives of the events that triggered loneliness, stability, and change in levels of loneliness over time as well as participant’s responses to loneliness. Results The findings show that participants experienced losses and loneliness as biographical disruption. How participants and their wider social network responded to these losses had implications for the individual’s trajectory through loneliness. Discussion Drawing on a biographical lens, the study reframed the events that triggered loneliness as disruptive events. This article discusses the utility of biographical disruption in understanding stability and change in loneliness. The findings suggest how drawing on valued identities may help lonely adults transition out of loneliness.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1079-5014 , 1758-5368
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa097
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2043945-3
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    What Is Successful Aging in Lesbian and Bisexual Women? Application of the Aging-Well Model
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2021
    In:  The Journals of Gerontology: Series B Vol. 76, No. 7 ( 2021-08-13), p. 1371-1387
    Details
    In: The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 76, No. 7 ( 2021-08-13), p. 1371-1387
    Abstract: Most evidence concerning aging ignores women’s sexual orientation, yet sexual orientation-related discrimination across the life course may influence older lesbian and bisexual women’s risk for poorer health. Understanding aging-well in this group is vital to development, testing, and implementation of evidence-based health promotion programming and services for aging sexual minority women. Method Data were from the Women’s Health Initiative (N = 15,691; heterosexual n = 15,002, lesbian n = 440, bisexual n = 249) extension study. Multivariable linear and logistic regression tested associations between sexual orientation and indicators of successful, effective, and optimal aging-well in age-stratified groups of women (60–74 and 75+). Results Lesbians aged 60–74 were more likely (odds ratio [OR] 1.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.16, 2.18) to report good self-mastery, more social support (b = 2.92, 95% CI, 1.99, 3.85), and greater likelihood of enjoying life (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.06, 2.01) compared with heterosexual women. Bisexual women aged 75+ reported increased personal growth (b = 1.09, 95% CI 0.23, 1.95) compared to heterosexuals. While lesbians aged 75+ had greater likelihood of living in a nursing home (OR 1.96; 95% CI 1.01, 3.82) and were less likely to be happy at least most of the time (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.49, 0.99), they reported greater self-mastery (OR 1.55; 95% CI 1.06, 2.26) than their heterosexual peers. Discussion Aging-well is not the same for all women. Health promotion programs may consider maximizing sexual minority women’s internal and external resources—including social supports, self-mastery, and personal growth—to promote wellness in older age.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1079-5014 , 1758-5368
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa130
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Importance of Improving Educational Attainment for Dementia Prevalence Trends From 2000 to 2014, Among Older Non-Hispanic Black and White Americans
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2021
    In:  The Journals of Gerontology: Series B Vol. 76, No. 9 ( 2021-10-30), p. 1870-1879
    Details
    In: The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 76, No. 9 ( 2021-10-30), p. 1870-1879
    Abstract: While a number of studies have documented a notable decline in age-standardized prevalence in dementia in the U.S. population, relatively little is known about how dementia has declined for specific age and race groups, and the importance of changing educational attainment on the downward trend. We assess (a) how the trends in dementia prevalence may have differed across age and race groups and (b) the role of changing educational attainment in understanding these trends. Methods This article estimates a series of logistic regression models using data from the Health and Retirement Study (2000–2014) to assess the relative annual decline in dementia prevalence and the importance of improving educational attainment for non-Hispanic Whites and non-Hispanic Blacks. Results Consistent with other studies, we found significant declines in dementia for non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites across this period. Nonetheless, these declines were not uniform across age and race groups. Non-Hispanic Blacks aged 65–74 years had the steepest decline in this period. We also found that improved educational attainment in the population was fundamentally important in understanding declining dementia prevalence in the United States. Discussion This study shows the importance of improvement in educational attainment in the early part of the twentieth century to understand the downward trend in dementia prevalence in the United States from 2000 to 2014.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1079-5014 , 1758-5368
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbab015
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2043945-3
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Conceptualizing Food Insecurity Among Older Adults: Development of a Summary Indicator in the National Health and Aging Trends Study
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2021
    In:  The Journals of Gerontology: Series B Vol. 76, No. 10 ( 2021-11-15), p. 2063-2072
    Details
    In: The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 76, No. 10 ( 2021-11-15), p. 2063-2072
    Abstract: Measurement of food insecurity in older adults is focused on financial barriers to food access. Given that older adults are particularly susceptible to additional access-related barriers including functional limitations and lack of social support, the objective of this study was to construct a summary indicator of food insecurity incorporating these domains. Methods We used nationally representative survey data from Round 5 of the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS; n = 7,070). We constructed a summary indicator of food insecurity using factors within the following three domains: functional, social support, and financial limitations. First, we identified the prevalence of food insecurity among the sample as defined by the new summary indicator. Then, we estimated unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models to assess the association between the expanded measure of food insecurity and biopsychosocial factors. Results In 2015, 4.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.75–4.94) of community-dwelling older adults, approximately 1,673,775 million people, were characterized as having food insecurity. Multivariable-adjusted regression models identified that being homebound (odds ratio [OR] 3.49, 95% CI 2.03, 6.00), frail (OR 9.50, 95% CI 4.92–18.37), and experiencing community disability (OR 5.19, 95% CI 3.90–6.90) was associated with food insecurity. Discussion Food insecurity among older adults is broader than lacking adequate financial resources to obtain food; it is also associated with social and functional limitations. A more comprehensive conceptualization will aid future study on the impact of food insecurity on health status, utilization, and outcomes to inform senior nutrition program targeting and services.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1079-5014 , 1758-5368
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa147
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2043945-3
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Demographic and Socioeconomic Disparities in Life Expectancy With Hearing Impairment in the United States
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2021
    In:  The Journals of Gerontology: Series B Vol. 76, No. 5 ( 2021-04-23), p. 944-955
    Details
    In: The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 76, No. 5 ( 2021-04-23), p. 944-955
    Abstract: Hearing impairment is one of the most common disabilities among older people, and its prevalence will increase as the U.S. population ages. However, little is known about social disparities in onset or transitions into and out of hearing impairment, nor how these transitions impact years of life to be spent impaired. Method We investigate the number of years an “average” person can expect to live with and without hearing impairment after age 50; sex, race, educational, and regional differences in these expectancies; and the implication of hearing impairment for remaining life expectancy. Bayesian multistate life table methods are applied to 9 waves of data from the Health and Retirement Study (1998–2014) to investigate social disparities in life expectancy with hearing impairment (n = 20,200) for the general population, people hearing impaired at age 50, and people hearing unimpaired at age 50. Results Men, Hispanics, persons with less educational attainment, and those born in the south can expect to live a larger proportion of their remaining lives hearing impaired. Although transitions from hearing impaired to unimpaired occur, those with some hearing impairment at age 50 can expect to live more years with hearing impairment, and hearing impairment does not shorten remaining life expectancy. Discussion Significant sociodemographic disparities in hearing impaired life expectancy exist. In contrast to past research, we find that hearing impairment does not affect total life expectancy. Future research should consider the consequences of hearing impairment for years to be lived with other age-related and potentially downstream health outcomes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1079-5014 , 1758-5368
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa166
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2043945-3
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Caregivers’ Mental Health and Somatic Symptoms During COVID-19
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2021
    In:  The Journals of Gerontology: Series B Vol. 76, No. 4 ( 2021-03-14), p. e235-e240
    Details
    In: The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 76, No. 4 ( 2021-03-14), p. e235-e240
    Abstract: This study examines differences in the mental and physical health of the U.S. population during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic among 3 groups: noncaregivers, short-term caregivers (1 year or less), and long-term caregivers (greater than 1 year). Methods Data from the Understanding America Study are used to describe group differences in reports of psychological distress and somatic symptoms. Logistic and negative binomial regression models are used to examine whether these differences persist after adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, and prepandemic health conditions. To understand within-group differences in caregiving demands, the intensity of care provided by short-term and long-term caregivers, as well as selected patients’ health conditions are summarized. Results Adults’ mental and physical health varied substantially by caregiver status. Caregivers continued to fare worse than noncaregivers in terms of mental health and fatigue, and long-term caregivers were more likely to report headache, body aches, and abdominal discomfort than both short-term caregivers and noncaregivers, net of controls. The nature of caregiving differed between short-term and long-term caregivers, with the latter more likely to provide greater hours of care, and to be looking after patients with permanent medical conditions. Discussion Efforts to understand and mitigate the impact of the pandemic on population health should include caregivers, whose mental and physical health were already vulnerable before COVID-19.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1079-5014 , 1758-5368
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa121
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2043945-3
    SSG: 5,2
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Perceived Types, Causes, and Consequences of Financial Exploitation: Narratives From Older Adults
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2021
    In:  The Journals of Gerontology: Series B Vol. 76, No. 5 ( 2021-04-23), p. 996-1004
    Details
    In: The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 76, No. 5 ( 2021-04-23), p. 996-1004
    Abstract: The goal of this study was to investigate the perception of financial exploitation and its causes and consequences by older adults who have firsthand experience of being exploited. Method Thirty-one cognitively healthy older adult participants aged 50 or older were drawn from the Finance, Cognition, and Health in Elders Study. In-depth, one-on-one interviews were conducted. Interview transcripts were analyzed using an iterative, data-driven, thematic coding scheme and emergent themes were summarized. Results Categories of financial exploitation included (a) investment fraud, (b) wage theft/money owed, (c) consumer fraud, (d) imposter schemes, and (e) manipulation by a trusted person. Themes emerged around perceived causes: (a) element of trust, (b) promise of financial security, (c) lack of experience or awareness, (d) decision-making, and (e) interpersonal dynamics. Perceived consequences included negative and positive impacts around (a) finances, (b) financial/consumer behaviors (c) relationships and trust, (d) emotional impact, and (e) future outlook. Discussion These narratives provide important insights into perceived financial exploitation experiences.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1079-5014 , 1758-5368
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbab010
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2043945-3
    SSG: 5,2
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Sensory Impairment and the Odds of Adverse Consequences of Unmet Needs for Care Among Older Adults
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2022
    In:  The Journals of Gerontology: Series B Vol. 77, No. 5 ( 2022-05-05), p. 983-991
    Details
    In: The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 77, No. 5 ( 2022-05-05), p. 983-991
    Abstract: Vision and hearing impairments are highly prevalent conditions among older adults, and well-established links exist between sensory impairment and household, mobility, and self-care activity limitations. However, studies examining the impact of unmet long-term services and supports (LTSS) needs have not considered the role of vision and hearing impairment on the risk of experiencing adverse consequences, including wetting or soiling oneself. Method Using Rounds 1 and 5 of the National Health and Aging Trends Study, a nationally representative survey of Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older, we examine the association of vision and hearing impairment on the odds of experiencing an adverse consequence while accounting for other sociodemographic and health status factors. Results Among a weighted population of 49,770,947 community-living older adults with limitations in household, mobility, or self-care activities, 20.1% (95% CI: 19.2–21.0) experienced an adverse consequence as a result of unmet LTSS needs. In the fully adjusted regression, individuals with vision or hearing impairment had 96% (odds ratio [OR]: 1.96; 95% CI: 1.64–2.34) and 43% increased odds (OR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.24–1.65), respectively, of experiencing any adverse consequence. Hearing impairment was associated with higher odds of household or self-care adverse consequences, while vision impairment was associated with higher odds of mobility or self-care adverse consequences. Discussion Sensory impairment may increase the risk for adverse consequences for older adults with unmet LTSS needs. Activities that support older adults living safely in the community should consider the role of sensory impairment and how to address the unique needs of those with hearing or vision impairment.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1079-5014 , 1758-5368
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbab065
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2043945-3
    SSG: 5,2
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