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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Comparing the Adequacy of Controlled-release and Water-soluble Fertilizers for Bedding Plant Production
    American Society for Horticultural Science ; 2013
    In:  HortScience Vol. 48, No. 5 ( 2013-05), p. 556-562
    Details
    In: HortScience, American Society for Horticultural Science, Vol. 48, No. 5 ( 2013-05), p. 556-562
    Abstract: Four complete water-soluble fertilizer (WSF) formulations including micronutrients applied at 200 mg·L −1 nitrogen (N) at each irrigation [Peters Excel (21N–2.2P–16.5K), Daniels (10N–1.8P–2.5K), Peters Professional (15N–1.3P–20.8K), and Jack’s Professional (20N–1.3P–15.7K)] were compared with two controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) products (also containing micronutrients) substrate incorporated at transplant at a rate of 3000 g·m −3 of substrate [Osmocote Plus (15N–4P–9.9K, 90 to 120 days longevity at 21 °C) and Osmocote Bloom (12N–3.1P–15K, 60 to 90 days longevity at 21 °C)] in the greenhouse production of four commonly produced bedding plant species with high alkalinity irrigation water (pH 7.1, 280 mg·L −1 CaCO 3 equivalent). Species included Argyranthemum frutescens (L.) Sch. Bip. ‘Madeira Cherry Red’ and iron-inefficient Calibrachoa Cerv. hybrid ‘Cabaret Pink Hot’, Diascia barberae Hook. f. ‘Wink Coral’, and Sutera cordata Roth ‘Abunda Giant White’. Additional treatments included a combination of 100 mg·L −1 Excel and 2100 g·m −3 Osmocote Plus and an Osmocote Plus treatment irrigated with reduced alkalinity water (acidified to pH 6.3, 92 mg·L −1 CaCO 3 equivalent). Bedding plants were evaluated at the end of a finish or market stage (3 or 5 weeks depending on species) for shoot dry mass (SDM) and root dry mass (RDM), tissue nutrient concentrations, and visual quality rating (0 to 4). At 3 weeks, there were no significant differences in SDM and RDM between fertilizer treatments for any of the four species. Shoot dry mass significantly increased at 5 weeks in the WSF and combination treatments over the three CRF only treatments for Argyranthemum and over the non-acidified Osmocote Plus treatment only for Calibrachoa . At finish, 3 weeks for Sutera and Diascia and 5 weeks for Argyranthemum and Calibrachoa , visual quality rating for all species was lowest when using Osmocote Plus with or without acidified irrigation water compared with the WSF treatments, except the Daniels treatment in Argyranthemum , which also resulted in a low visual quality rating. Leaf tissue N for all species and phosphorus (P) for all except Diascia were below the recommended range for bedding plant crops in the CRF treatments, which was reflected by the lower substrate electrical conductivity (EC) for the CRF alone and combination treatments. Leaf tissue N and P were related to visual quality rating for all species, leaf tissue potassium (K) for Argyranthemum and Calibrachoa only, and leaf tissue iron (Fe) for Diascia only.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0018-5345 , 2327-9834
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.21273/HORTSCI.48.5.556
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Society for Horticultural Science
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 403302-4
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Determining the Effect of Carrier Water pH and Bicarbonate Concentration on Final pH of Plant Growth Regulator Solutions
    American Society for Horticultural Science ; 2014
    In:  HortScience Vol. 49, No. 9 ( 2014-09), p. 1176-1182
    Details
    In: HortScience, American Society for Horticultural Science, Vol. 49, No. 9 ( 2014-09), p. 1176-1182
    Abstract: Chemical plant growth regulators (PGRs) are important tools in greenhouse ornamental crop production because growers must increasingly meet specifications for plant shipping and marketability. However, the role of water quality parameters such as pH or alkalinity (bicarbonate in this study) on final PGR solution pH is not well documented and could impact efficacy. We assessed the interaction of PGR type and concentration on the final spray solution pH when combined with carrier water of varying pH and bicarbonate concentration. Eleven PGRs commonly used in floriculture (ancymidol, benzyladenine, chlormequat chloride, daminozide, dikegulac-sodium, ethephon, flurprimidol, gibberellic acid, gibberellic acid/benzyladenine, paclobutrazol, and uniconazole) at three concentrations (low, medium, and high recommended rates for each product) were added to reverse osmosis (RO) carrier water adjusted to four pH (5.3, 6.2, 7.2, 8.2) levels or added to tap carrier water adjusted to four bicarbonate concentrations (40, 86, 142, 293 mg·L −1 of CaCO 3 ). Resultant solution pH levels were measured. Plant growth regulators were categorized as acidic, neutral, or basic in reaction based on the change of the carrier water pH on their addition. Benzyladenine, chlormequat chloride, gibberellic acid, and gibberellic acid/benzyladenine acted as weak acids when added to RO water, whereas daminozide, ethephon, and uniconazole reduced final solution pH from 1.25 to 5.75 pH units. Flurprimidol and paclobutrazol were neutral in reaction with final solution pH being similar to that of the RO carrier water before their addition. Ancymidol and dikegulac-sodium were basic in reaction, increasing final solution pH in RO carrier water up to 2.3 units. There was an interaction between chlormequat chloride concentration and RO carrier water pH on change in pH. When added to tap carrier water, final solution pH increased for all except the stronger acids, daminozide, ethephon, and uniconazole, where it decreased up to 3.5 units, and benzyladenine, where it decreased 0.35 units at 40 mg·L −1 bicarbonate. There was an interaction between PGR concentration and bicarbonate concentration in tap carrier water for daminozide and ethephon. The magnitude of change in pH (final solution pH minus initial carrier water pH) with the addition of each PGR was greater for RO than for tap water containing 40 to 293 mg·L −1 bicarbonate for all 11 PGRs tested.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0018-5345 , 2327-9834
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.21273/HORTSCI.49.9.1176
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Society for Horticultural Science
    Publication Date: 2014
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Water and Nitrogen Effects on Winter Wheat in the Southeastern Coastal Plain: I. Grain Yield and Kernel Traits
    Wiley ; 1995
    In:  Agronomy Journal Vol. 87, No. 3 ( 1995-05), p. 521-526
    Details
    In: Agronomy Journal, Wiley, Vol. 87, No. 3 ( 1995-05), p. 521-526
    Abstract: Understanding how environmental factors affect winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. emend. Theil.) responses to spring N application is an important component of economically and environmentally sound winter wheat production on the southeastern Coastal Plain of the USA. Increasing the amount of N applied to winter wheat grown in this region has been shown to result in a greater severity of drought stress during grain fill and lower individual kernel weights. This 2‐yr field study was conducted to determine whether drought‐induced reductions in kernel weight with high spring N rates are the result of decreases in the rate or the duration of kernel growth. Winter wheat was grown with different rates of spring‐applied N (0, 45, 90, and 135 kg N ha −1 ) under both irrigated and nonirrigated conditions. Increases in the rate of springapplied N resulted in a greater severity of soil water deficits under nonirrigated conditions. Quadratic increases in grain yield and kernel number per square meter occurred in response to increased spring N under both levels of soil water treatment. Grain yield and individual kernel weight responses to irrigation were greater at the higher N rates than at the lower N rates. Over both years, the average increase in individual kernel weight due to irrigation was 3.9 and 13.3% at the 0 and 135 kg N ha −1 rates, respectively. Similar responses were found for the effective filling period (EFP), where irrigation increased the EFP an average of 3.2 and 14.5% at the lowest and highest spring N rates, respectively. Soil water treatment had no effect on kernel growth rate. Results indicate that high rates of spring‐applied N increase the severity of drought stress in nonirrigated winter wheat grown on the Coastal Plain, resulting in reductions in the EFP and, consequently, kernel weight.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0002-1962 , 1435-0645
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2134/agronj1995.00021962008700030021x
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 1995
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 410332-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1471598-3
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Water and Nitrogen Effects on Winter Wheat in the Southeastern Coastal Plain: II. Physiological Responses
    Wiley ; 1995
    In:  Agronomy Journal Vol. 87, No. 3 ( 1995-05), p. 527-533
    Details
    In: Agronomy Journal, Wiley, Vol. 87, No. 3 ( 1995-05), p. 527-533
    Abstract: The application of N to winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. emend. Theil.) generally increases leaf reduced N concentration (LRN), thereby potentially increasing the rate and duration of leaf photosynthesis during grain fill. For nonirrigated winter wheat grown on the southeastern Coastal Plain of the USA, however, increasing the rate of spring‐applied N has been found to result in greater plant water deficits and lower leaf CO 2 exchange rates (CER) during the grain‐filling period. This 2‐yr study was conducted to determine the effects of spring N rate on the rate and duration of leaf photosynthesis in winter wheat grown with irrigation and to examine the relationship between leaf CER and LRN as affected by spring N rate, soil water treatment, and wheat growth stage. Wheat was grown with different rates of spring‐applied N (0, 45, 90, and 135 kg N ha −1 ) under irrigated and nonirrigated conditions. Leaf CER generally increased with increased spring N under irrigated conditions but decreased under nonirrigated conditions. Higher leaf CER with irrigation, as opposed to without irrigation, resulted in greater vegetative dry weights during the early stages of grain fill. Leaf CER was closely associated with LRN during grain fill under irrigated conditions, but greater stomatal closure with increased spring N resulted in deviations from this relationship under nonirrigated conditions. The dates of initial decline in LRN of the flag leaf and leaf area index (LAI) were similar for all treatments and in both years. Only under irrigated conditions did increases in spring N rate delay the complete loss of leaf area and photosynthetic activity during grain fill. Compared with 1992, the rate of decline in LAI, LRN, and CER during grain fill was more rapid in 1993, when air temperatures were warmer. Results indicate that supplemental water is needed on the southeastern Coastal Plain for high rates of spring‐applied N to increase the rate and duration of leaf photosynthesis in winter wheat during the grain‐filling period.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0002-1962 , 1435-0645
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2134/agronj1995.00021962008700030022x
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 1995
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 410332-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1471598-3
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Leaf Net CO2‐Exchange Rate and Associated Leaf Traits of Winter Wheat Grown with Various Spring Nitrogen Fertilization Rates
    Wiley ; 1994
    In:  Crop Science Vol. 34, No. 2 ( 1994-03), p. 432-439
    Details
    In: Crop Science, Wiley, Vol. 34, No. 2 ( 1994-03), p. 432-439
    Abstract: Periods of drought stress may frequently occur in soft red winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) grown on the southeastern Coastal Plain because of the low water‐retention capacity of the Ap soil horizon. Nitrogen fertilizer applications generally promote greater leaf area development, thereby potentially increasing transpirational water loss and the severity of plant water deficit. This field study was conducted to examine whether early spring N fertilization increases the severity of plant water deficit in wheat grown on the Coastal Plain. Wheat was grown with early spring N rates of 0,34, 67, and 101 kg N ha −1 at one location in 1990 and at two locations in 1991. All plots received 34 kg N ha −1 at planting. Increased N fertilization generally resulted in higher leaf reduced N concentrations (LRN), leaf area indices (LAI, leaf net CO 2 ‐exchange rates (CER), leaf stomatal conductances (g s ), and leaf water potentials before anthesis. Leaf CER, LRN, LAI, and gravimetric soil water content (SWC) of all N treatments decreased rapidly during grain fill. Low leaf area index values were obtained for all N treatments at approximately the same time. During grain fill, CER, g s , and SWC were usually lower the higher the N rate applied. Kernel number per head increased and individual kernel weight decreased with increased N. Grain yield was greatest at the 67 kg N ha −1 rate. These results indicate that increasing the rate of spring N applied to winter wheat grown on the southeastern Coastal Plain may increase the severity of plant water stress during grain fill. Reduced CER during grain fill with increased N may contribute to kernel‐weight reductions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0011-183X , 1435-0653
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2135/cropsci1994.0011183X003400020024x
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 1994
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2375444-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1480918-7
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    A Public–Industry Partnership for Enhancing Corn Nitrogen Research and Datasets: Project Description, Methodology, and Outcomes
    Wiley ; 2017
    In:  Agronomy Journal Vol. 109, No. 5 ( 2017-09), p. 2371-2389
    Details
    In: Agronomy Journal, Wiley, Vol. 109, No. 5 ( 2017-09), p. 2371-2389
    Abstract: The geographic scope, scale, and unique collaborative arrangement warrant documenting details of this work. The purpose of this article is to describe how the research was undertaken, reasons for the research methods, and the project's potential value. The project generated a valuable dataset across a wide array of weather and soils that allows evaluation of N decision tools. Due to economic and environmental consequences of N lost from fertilizer applications in corn ( Zea mays L.), considerable public and industry attention has been devoted to the development of N decision tools. Needed are research and databases and associated metadata, at numerous locations and years to represent a wide geographic range of soil and weather scenarios, for evaluating tool performance. The goals of this research were to conduct standardized corn N rate response field studies to evaluate the performance of multiple public‐domain N decision tools across diverse soils and environmental conditions, develop and publish new agronomic science for improved crop N management, and train new scientists. The geographic scope, scale, and unique collaborative arrangement warrant documenting details of this research. The objectives of this paper are to describe how the research was undertaken, reasons for the methods, and the project's anticipated value. The project was initiated in a partnership between eight U.S. Midwest land‐grant universities, USDA‐ARS, and DuPont Pioneer. Research using a standardized protocol was conducted over the 2014 through 2016 growing seasons, yielding a total of 49 sites. Preliminary observations of soil and crop variables measured from each site revealed a magnitude of differences in soil properties (e.g., texture and organic matter) as well as differences in agronomic and economic responses to applied N. The project has generated a valuable dataset across a wide array of weather and soils that allows investigators to perform robust evaluation of N use in corn and N decision tools.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0002-1962 , 1435-0645
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2134/agronj2017.04.0207
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 410332-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1471598-3
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Data from a public–industry partnership for enhancing corn nitrogen research
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Agronomy Journal Vol. 113, No. 5 ( 2021-09), p. 4429-4436
    Details
    In: Agronomy Journal, Wiley, Vol. 113, No. 5 ( 2021-09), p. 4429-4436
    Abstract: Data provided from 49 corn N response trials in eight states across the U.S. Midwest. Data included a wide range of soil, plant, and weather measurements. Published manuscripts show potential methods to improve N management.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0002-1962 , 1435-0645
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/agj2.v113.5
    DOI: 10.1002/agj2.20812
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 410332-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1471598-3
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  • 8
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    Anhydrous Ammonia Timing and Rate Effects on Maize Nitrogen Use Efficiencies
    Wiley ; 2015
    In:  Agronomy Journal Vol. 107, No. 4 ( 2015-07), p. 1205-1214
    Details
    In: Agronomy Journal, Wiley, Vol. 107, No. 4 ( 2015-07), p. 1205-1214
    Abstract: Current guidance and equipment technologies permit anhydrous ammonia (NH 3 ) to be confidently placed parallel to crop rows in both before‐ and after‐planting situations at shallower depths than traditional applications. Field studies from 2010 to 2012 investigated the effects of pre‐plant vs. side‐dress NH 3 at four N rates (0, 90, 145, and 202 kg N ha −1 ) on maize ( Zea mays L.) grain yield (GY), N recovery efficiency (NRE), and N use efficiency (NUE). All NH 3 was injected to a 12‐cm depth; pre‐plant NH 3 was banded parallel to, but approximately 15 cm offset from, intended rows a few days before planting. Side‐dress NH 3 was applied to mid‐row positions at the V6–V7 growth stage. Whole‐plant N uptake at maturity was consistently higher with pre‐plant application. Highest GY was observed at the highest N rate with side‐dress timing in 2011 but with the pre‐plant timing in 2012. Relative to side‐dress, pre‐plant application improved average NRE across N rates from 0.53 to 0.72 kg plant N kg −1 applied N during the 3‐yr period. Overall NUE levels in 2012 were 50% lower than in 2010 and 40% lower than in 2011 due to drought, yet NRE doubled and NUE more than tripled with pre‐plant relative to side‐dress application. This 3‐yr study highlights the inability of either one‐time NH 3 application strategy investigated to consistently have the highest GY and NUE as well as the dominating year‐specific influences of both N timing and N rates on NRE.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0002-1962 , 1435-0645
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2134/agronj14.0350
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 410332-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1471598-3
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Physiological Dynamics of Maize Nitrogen Uptake and Partitioning in Response to Plant Density and Nitrogen Stress Factors: II. Reproductive Phase
    Wiley ; 2013
    In:  Crop Science Vol. 53, No. 6 ( 2013-11), p. 2588-2602
    Details
    In: Crop Science, Wiley, Vol. 53, No. 6 ( 2013-11), p. 2588-2602
    Abstract: Improved plant N utilization and partitioning is critical for future improvements in maize ( Zea mays L.) grain yield (GY). The overall research objective was to gain understanding of the physiological mechanisms underpinning biomass (BM), N uptake partitioning, and GY processes during the reproductive period for two maize hybrids grown at varying plant density (PD) (low is 54,000 plant ha −1 , medium is 79,000 plants ha −1 , and high is 104,000 plants ha −1 ) and N inputs (low is 0 kg N ha −1 , medium is 112 kg N ha −1 , and high is 224 kg N ha −1 ) over four site–years. At the community level, maize GY was maximized in both genotypes at the medium PD and highest N rate. At maturity, grain harvest index improved as the whole‐plant N uptake increased following a linear‐plateau model and, for N allocation, both grain and shoot N concentrations increased similarly as BM increased. Around flowering (±15 d), dry mass and N partitioning rates were unmodified by treatment factors. Treatment factors only marginally influenced potential kernel number near flowering. Allometric analyses confirmed a lack of treatment impact on whole‐plant N uptake and N remobilization coefficients. Greater reproductive‐stage N uptake was associated with superior ear strength (kernel number and weight) and late shoot N remobilization, but GY was also positively related to vegetative‐stage N uptake. Future research should identify genotypic variation for overcoming the documented N uptake trade‐off mechanisms (vegetative‐stage N uptake vs. shoot N remobilization) as related to the maize GY improvement process.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0011-183X , 1435-0653
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2013.01.0041
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2375444-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1480918-7
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Applicability of a “Multi-Stage Pulse Labeling” 15N Approach to Phenotype N Dynamics in Maize Plant Components during the Growing Season
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2017
    In:  Frontiers in Plant Science Vol. 8 ( 2017-08-04)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Plant Science, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 8 ( 2017-08-04)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1664-462X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01360
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2613694-6
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