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  • 1
    In: Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 12, No. 9 ( 2023-09-27), p. 487-495
    Abstract: Adjunctive diagnostic studies (aDS) are recommended to identify occult dissemination in patients with candidemia. Patterns of evaluation with aDS across pediatric settings are unknown. Methods Candidemia episodes were included in a secondary analysis of a multicenter comparative effectiveness study that prospectively enrolled participants age 120 days to 17 years with invasive candidiasis (predominantly candidemia) from 2014 to 2017. Ophthalmologic examination (OE), abdominal imaging (AbdImg), echocardiogram, neuroimaging, and lumbar puncture (LP) were performed per clinician discretion. Adjunctive diagnostic studies performance and positive results were determined per episode, within 30 days from candidemia onset. Associations of aDS performance with episode characteristics were evaluated via mixed-effects logistic regression. Results In 662 pediatric candidemia episodes, 490 (74%) underwent AbdImg, 450 (68%) OE, 426 (64%) echocardiogram, 160 (24%) neuroimaging, and 76 (11%) LP; performance of each aDS per episode varied across sites up to 16-fold. Longer durations of candidemia were associated with undergoing OE, AbdImg, and echocardiogram. Immunocompromised status (58% of episodes) was associated with undergoing AbdImg (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.38; 95% confidence intervals [95% CI] 1.51–3.74). Intensive care at candidemia onset (30% of episodes) was associated with undergoing echocardiogram (aOR 2.42; 95% CI 1.51–3.88). Among evaluated episodes, positive OE was reported in 15 (3%), AbdImg in 30 (6%), echocardiogram in 14 (3%), neuroimaging in 9 (6%), and LP in 3 (4%). Conclusions Our findings show heterogeneity in practice, with some clinicians performing aDS selectively, potentially influenced by clinical factors. The low frequency of positive results suggests that targeted application of aDS is warranted.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2048-7207
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 2
    In: Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Oxford University Press (OUP), ( 2021-08-10)
    Abstract: Invasive candidiasis is the most common invasive fungal disease in children and adolescents, but there are limited pediatric-specific antifungal effectiveness data. We compared the effectiveness of echinocandins to triazoles or amphotericin B formulations (triazole/amphotericin B) as initial directed therapy for invasive candidiasis. Methods This multinational observational cohort study enrolled patients aged & gt;120 days and & lt;18 years with proven invasive candidiasis from January 1, 2014, to November 28, 2017, at 43 International Pediatric Fungal Network sites. Primary exposure was initial directed therapy administered at the time qualifying culture became positive for yeast. Exposure groups were categorized by receipt of an echinocandin vs receipt of triazole/amphotericin B. Primary outcome was global response at 14 days following invasive candidiasis onset, adjudicated by a centralized data review committee. Stratified Mantel-Haenszel analyses estimated risk difference between exposure groups. Results Seven-hundred and fifty invasive candidiasis episodes were identified. After exclusions, 541 participants (235 in the echinocandin group and 306 in the triazole/amphotericin B group) remained. Crude failure rates at 14 days for echinocandin and triazole/amphotericin B groups were 9.8% (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 6.0% to 13.6%) and 13.1% (95% CI: 9.3% to 16.8%), respectively. The adjusted 14-day risk difference between echinocandin and triazole/amphotericin B groups was −7.1% points (95% CI: −13.1% to −2.4%), favoring echinocandins. The risk difference was −0.4% (95% CI: −7.5% to 6.7%) at 30 days. Conclusions In children with invasive candidiasis, initial directed therapy with an echinocandin was associated with reduced failure rate at 14 days but not 30 days. These results may support echinocandins as initial directed therapy for invasive candidiasis in children and adolescents. Clinical Trials Registration NCT01869829.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2048-7207
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 3
    In: Clinical Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 75, No. 2 ( 2022-08-25), p. 248-259
    Abstract: Diagnosis of invasive candidiasis (IC) relies on insensitive cultures; the relative utility of fungal biomarkers in children is unclear. Methods This multinational observational cohort study enrolled patients aged & gt;120 days and & lt;18 years with concern for IC from 1 January 2015 to 26 September 2019 at 25 centers. Blood collected at onset of symptoms was tested using T2Candida, Fungitell (1→3)-β-D-glucan, Platelia Candida Antigen (Ag) Plus, and Platelia Candida Antibody (Ab) Plus assays. Operating characteristics were determined for each biomarker, and assays meeting a defined threshold considered in combination. Sterile site cultures were the reference standard. Results Five hundred participants were enrolled at 22 centers in 3 countries, and IC was diagnosed in 13 (2.6%). Thirteen additional blood specimens were collected and successfully spiked with Candida species, to achieve a 5.0% event rate. Valid T2Candida, Fungitell, Platelia Candida Ag Plus, and Platelia Candida Ab Plus assay results were available for 438, 467, 473, and 473 specimens, respectively. Operating characteristics for T2Candida were most optimal for detecting IC due to any Candida species, with results as follows: sensitivity, 80.0% (95% confidence interval, 59.3%–93.2%), specificity 97.1% (95.0%–98.5%), positive predictive value, 62.5% (43.7%–78.9%), and negative predictive value, 98.8% (97.2%–99.6%). Only T2Candida and Platelia Candida Ag Plus assays met the threshold for combination testing. Positive result for either yielded the following results: sensitivity, 86.4% (95% confidence interval, 65.1%– 97.1%); specificity, 94.7% (92.0%–96.7%); positive predictive value, 47.5% (31.5%–63.9%); and negative predictive value, 99.2% (97.7%–99.8%). Conclusions T2Candida alone or in combination with Platelia Candida Ag Plus may be beneficial for rapid detection of Candida species in children with concern for IC. Clinical Trials Registration NCT02220790.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1058-4838 , 1537-6591
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2002229-3
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  • 4
    In: Pediatric Transplantation, Wiley, Vol. 27, No. 1 ( 2023-02)
    Abstract: Invasive fungal disease (IFD) is a major source of morbidity and mortality for hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients. Non‐invasive biomarkers, such as the beta‐D‐glucan assay, may improve the diagnosis of IFD. The objective was to define the utility of surveillance testing using Fungitell® beta‐D‐glucan (BDG) assay in children receiving antifungal prophylaxis in the immediate post‐HCT period. Methods Weekly surveillance blood testing with the Fungitell® BDG assay was performed during the early post‐HCT period in the context of a randomized trial of children, adolescents, and young adults undergoing allogeneic HCT allocated to triazole or caspofungin prophylaxis. Positivity was defined at the manufacturer cutoff of 80 pg/ml. IFD was adjudicated using blinded central reviewers. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated for the Fungitell® BDG assay for the outcome of proven or probable IFD. Results A total of 51 patients (out of 290 patients in the parent trial) contributed blood specimens. In total, 278 specimens were evaluated. Specificity was 80.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 75.6%–85.3%), and NPV was over 99% (95% CI: 86.8%–99.9%). However, there were no true positive results, resulting in sensitivity of 0% (95% CI: 0.0%–84.2%) and PPV of 0% (95% CI: 0.0%–6.7%). Conclusions Fungitell® BDG screening is of limited utility in diagnosing IFD in the post‐HCT period, mainly due to high false‐positive rates. Fungitell® BDG surveillance testing should not be performed in children during the early post‐HCT period while receiving antifungal prophylaxis as the pretest probability for IFD is low.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1397-3142 , 1399-3046
    URL: Issue
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 5
    In: Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 9, No. 1 ( 2020-02-28), p. 36-43
    Abstract: Biomarkers can facilitate safe antibiotic discontinuation in critically ill patients without bacterial infection. Methods We tested the ability of a biomarker-based algorithm to reduce excess antibiotic administration in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) without bacterial infections (uninfected) in our pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). The algorithm suggested that PICU clinicians stop antibiotics if (1) C-reactive protein & lt;4 mg/dL and procalcitonin & lt;1 ng/mL at SIRS onset and (2) no evidence of bacterial infection by exam/testing by 48 hours. We evaluated excess broad-spectrum antibiotic use, defined as administration on days 3–9 after SIRS onset in uninfected children. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) compared unadjusted excess length of therapy (LOT) in the 34 months before (Period 1) and 12 months after (Period 2) implementation of this algorithm, stratified by biomarker values. Segmented linear regression evaluated excess LOT among all uninfected episodes over time and between the periods. Results We identified 457 eligible SIRS episodes without bacterial infection, 333 in Period 1 and 124 in Period 2. When both biomarkers were below the algorithm’s cut-points (n = 48 Period 1, n = 31 Period 2), unadjusted excess LOT was lower in Period 2 (IRR, 0.53; 95% confidence interval, 0.30–0.93). Among all 457 uninfected episodes, there were no significant differences in LOT (coefficient 0.9, P = .99) between the periods on segmented regression. Conclusions Implementation of a biomarker-based algorithm did not decrease overall antibiotic exposure among all uninfected patients in our PICU, although exposures were reduced in the subset of SIRS episodes where biomarkers were low.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2048-7207
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2019
    In:  Open Forum Infectious Diseases Vol. 6, No. Supplement_2 ( 2019-10-23), p. S483-S483
    In: Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 6, No. Supplement_2 ( 2019-10-23), p. S483-S483
    Abstract: Biomarkers (C-reactive protein [CRP], procalcitonin [PCT] ) have been used in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) to identify those with and without bacterial infection. However, their performance in immunocompromised (IC) children is not well studied. Methods Retrospective chart review of episodes of SIRS in IC children 〈 19 years old admitted to the PICU August 2012–June 2016 with: (a) blood culture, PCT, and CRP obtained within 6 hours of SIRS, (b) no recent SIRS episodes ( 〉 30 days), and (c) no positive blood culture in 2 days preceding SIRS. We defined IC as neutropenia (ANC 〈 500), solid-organ transplant (SOT), hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT), and other (immunosuppressive medications or primary immunodeficiency). To identify a comparator group, we additionally reviewed a previously published cohort of non-IC children with SIRS (Downes, et al, JPIDS 2018), applying the same inclusion criteria. For each episode (first 48 hours after SIRS), we determined the presence of bacterial infection using NHSN definitions and viral infection as symptoms with positive PCR. We compared biomarkers in IC children with and without bacterial infection, and in IC and non-IC children, using Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Results We identified 108 SIRS episodes in 94 IC children (neutropenia = 35, SOT = 18, HCT = 22, other = 33) and 278 episodes in 250 non-IC children. Age (P = 0.15) and gender (P = 0.70) were similar among IC and non-IC groups. 41% of episodes in both IC and non-IC children had bacterial infections (P = 0.96). PCT and CRP were significantly higher in IC children with bacterial infection than those without (Figure 1). Biomarkers did not differ significantly among episodes in IC and non-IC children with bacterial infection; however, among episodes without bacterial infection, biomarkers were higher in IC than non-IC children (Table 1). Detection of a viral infection did not affect biomarker values in IC or non-IC children when bacterial infection was absent (Table 2). Conclusion In IC children with SIRS, PCT and CRP were higher when bacterial infection was present. Meanwhile, in the subset of non-bacterial SIRS episodes, biomarkers were higher in IC compared with non-IC children. PCT and CRP may be valuable markers to discriminate bacterial from non-bacterial causes of SIRS in IC children. Disclosures Kevin J. Downes, MD, Merck: Grant/Research Support, Research Grant; Pfizer: Grant/Research Support.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2328-8957
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 7
    In: Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 6, No. Supplement_2 ( 2019-10-23), p. S639-S640
    Abstract: Data on cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and disease by donor (D)/recipient (R) status or prophylaxis regimen in pediatric hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients are limited. There is an absence of data on adverse events (AE) attributable to prophylaxis. Methods A single-center cohort (N = 352) of allogeneic HCT episodes between January 2004 and June 2017 was assembled. Exclusion criteria were CMV PCR positivity 30 days before HCT, lack of CMV surveillance ( 〈 2 blood PCRs in the 30 days post HCT), or unknown D/R CMV status. CMV prophylaxis was recommended for CMV D+ or R+ patients with ≥1 of the following factors: T-cell depletion, cord blood product, or exposure to distal alemtuzumab. The CMV prophylaxis regimen was standard-dose acyclovir from day −7 to +7, then foscarnet to engraftment, and then valganciclovir to day +100 (acyc → fos → valgan). If a patient did not meet criteria for CMV prophylaxis but was HSV IgG positive then standard-dose acyclovir was given from day −7 to the end of study follow-up (SD-acyc). All remaining patients did not receive antiviral prophylaxis. Outcomes of CMV infection and CMV disease by day +180 were captured. AEs attributable to antiviral prophylaxis were also identified. An AE was attributed to an antiviral prophylaxis medication if the dose was reduced or stopped. AEs were only reported in HCT episodes with complete medical records (n = 221). Results The CMV infection rate was 26.7%, with a median time to detection of 23.5 days (range: 4–146). CMV infection was common in D+/R+ (58.9%) and D−/R+ (34.6%) patients. Just under 11% of CMV infections progressed to disease (Figures 1 and 2). Breakthrough CMV infection occurred in 49.1% of patients despite acyc → fos → valgan (Figure 3) at a median of 11 days from HCT (range: 4–132). The attributable AE rate was 13.4% and 36.8% for SD-acyc and acyc → fos → valgan, respectively (Figure 4). Conclusion CMV infection was common in D+/R+ and D−/R+ patients, and a substantial proportion progressed to disease. Breakthrough infection persisted despite acyc → fos → valgan prophylaxis and AEs attributable to this regimen were common. CMV infection in R+ patients was frequent even in the absence of additional risk factors. Studies of novel prophylaxis approaches are needed and should include R+ patients regardless of other factors. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2328-8957
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 8
    In: Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 8, No. 4 ( 2019-09-25), p. 317-324
    Abstract: Human adenoviruses were commonly detected in this cohort of pediatric patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation, and the case-fatality rate in allogeneic transplant recipients was high (25.9%). Preemptive cidofovir therapy was not associated with a reduction in the progression to human adenovirus disease.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2048-7193 , 2048-7207
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 9
    In: Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 10, No. 9 ( 2021-10-27), p. 910-918
    Abstract: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a significant source of morbidity and mortality among transplant recipients; the epidemiology is less understood in pediatric hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) cohorts. Furthermore, there is a paucity of data related to CMV prophylactic and preemptive strategies. Methods A single-center retrospective observational cohort of allogeneic HCT recipients at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia January 1, 2004–December 31, 2017 was constructed. Subjects were followed for 180 days after transplant to determine whether they had CMV infection or disease. Data on antiviral therapy were collected as were outcomes of CMV disease and adverse events (AEs) related to the antiviral therapy. Results Between January 2004 and March 2017, 345 allogeneic HCTs in 333 patients undergoing CMV surveillance testing were identified. CMV DNAemia was detected during the 180-day follow-up in 89 (25.8%) HCTs. CMV recipient-positive transplants were most likely to have CMV infection (47%). Infection rates were high for those receiving a CMV-specific prophylaxis regimen (50%). CMV DNAemia progressed to CMV disease 11.2% of the time. Of 224 subjects receiving CMV-specific prophylaxis, 19.2% experienced ≥1 AE. Of 53 receiving preemptive therapy during any CMV DNAemia episode, 32.1% experienced ≥1 AE. Conclusions CMV infection is common in pediatric allogeneic HCT recipients. The CMV-specific prophylaxis regimen employed in this cohort did not effectively prevent DNAemia, progression to CMV disease was uncommon, and AEs from prophylaxis and preemptive therapy were frequent. Novel approaches that reduce the impact of CMV on pediatric allogeneic HCT recipients are needed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2048-7207
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 10
    In: Pediatric Transplantation, Wiley, Vol. 23, No. 6 ( 2019-09)
    Abstract: Information about HAdV infection in SOT recipients is limited. We aimed to describe HAdV infection epidemiology and outcomes in a single‐center retrospective cohort during the era of PCR availability. SOT recipients transplanted at the CHOP 2004‐2013 were followed up for 180 days post‐transplant. HAdV infection was defined as a positive HAdV PCR from a clinical specimen. HAdV disease was defined by organ‐specific radiologic and/or laboratory abnormalities. No HAdV surveillance protocols were employed during the study period; testing was solely per clinician discretion. Progression of HAdV infection was defined as HAdV disease or ≥1‐log viral load increase since a corresponding site's first positive specimen. Of the assembled 425 SOT recipients, 227 (52.6%) had ≥1 HAdV PCR. Twenty‐four (10.6%) had ≥1 HAdV‐positive PCR. HAdV‐positive subjects were younger than uninfected subjects (2.0 years vs 6.5, P  = 0.001). Infection incidence rates were highest in liver recipients (15.3%), followed by heart (8.6%), kidney (8.3%), and lung (4.2%). Four subjects (16.7%) met HAdV disease criteria at virus detection. Five subjects (20.8%) had progression of HAdV infection. All‐cause mortality rates in positive and negative subjects were 0% and 3.9%, respectively. HAdV infection was infrequently detected in SOT recipients. Over one‐third of HAdV‐positive patients met disease criteria at detection or had infection progression, but none died. This low all‐cause mortality raises questions about benefits of HAdV surveillance. Larger multicenter studies are needed to assess incidence variance by center and comparative effectiveness of therapeutic interventions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1397-3142 , 1399-3046
    URL: Issue
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2019
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