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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Genomic Analysis of the Endangered Fonni’s Dog Breed: A Comparison of Genomic and Phenotypic Evaluation Scores
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Animals Vol. 13, No. 5 ( 2023-02-23), p. 818-
    Details
    In: Animals, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 5 ( 2023-02-23), p. 818-
    Abstract: The Fonni’s dog is an ancient Sardinian breed for livestock and property guarding. In recent years, the number of new registrations to the breeding book has slumped and, thus, this breed risks being lost forever. This work refocuses attention to the Fonni’s dog, analysing its genomic makeup and comparing different phenotypical and genetic evaluation scores. Thirty Fonni’s dogs were ranked by their general accordance to the breed typicality (typicality score) and to the provisional standard by official judges (judges’ score). They were genotyped with a 230K SNP BeadChip and compared with 379 dogs of 24 breeds. Genomically, the Fonni’s dogs placed themselves near shepherd dogs and showed a unique genetic signature, which was used to create the genomic score. This score better correlated with typicality (ρ = 0.69, p 〈 0.0001) than the judges’ score (ρ = 0.63, p = 0.0004), which showed little variability among the included dogs. Hair texture or colour were significantly associated in the three scores. The Fonni’s dog is confirmed as a well-distinguished breed, despite being selected mainly for its work abilities. The evaluation criteria used during dog expositions can be improved to increase their variability and include elements typical of the breed. The recovery of the Fonni’s dog would be possible only with a shared vision between the Italian kennel club and breeders, and the support of regional programs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2615
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ani13050818
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2606558-7
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  • 2
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    Genomic variability of Cirneco dell’Etna and the genetic distance with other dog breeds
    Informa UK Limited ; 2021
    In:  Italian Journal of Animal Science Vol. 20, No. 1 ( 2021-01-01), p. 304-314
    Details
    In: Italian Journal of Animal Science, Informa UK Limited, Vol. 20, No. 1 ( 2021-01-01), p. 304-314
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1828-051X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1080/1828051X.2021.1873076
    Language: English
    Publisher: Informa UK Limited
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2408994-1
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  • 3
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    Selection Signatures in Italian Livestock Guardian and Herding Shepherd Dogs
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Veterinary Sciences Vol. 10, No. 1 ( 2022-12-21), p. 3-
    Details
    In: Veterinary Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 1 ( 2022-12-21), p. 3-
    Abstract: Livestock guardian (LGD) and herding shepherd (HSD) dogs have distinct morphological and behavioural characteristics, long selected by farmers and breeders, to accomplish different tasks. This study aimed to find the genomic regions that best differentiate and characterise Italian LGD and HSD. Genomic data of 158 dogs of four LGD and five HSD breeds, obtained with the 170K canine SNPchip, were collected. The two groups were compared using FST and XP-EHH analyses, identifying regions containing 29 genes. Moreover, 16 islands of runs of homozygosity were found in LGD, and 15 in HSD; 4 of them were partially shared. Among the genes found that better differentiated HSD and LGD, several were associated with dog domestication and behavioural aspects; particularly, MSRB3 and LLPH were linked to herding behaviour in previous studies. Others, DYSK, MAP2K5, and RYR, were related to body size and muscle development. Prick ears prevailed in sampled HSD, and drop ears in LGD; this explains the identification of WIF1 and MSRB3 genes. Unexpectedly, a number of genes were also associated with eye development and functionality. These results shed further light on the differences that human selection introduced in dogs aimed at different duties, even in a limited geographic area such as Italy.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2306-7381
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10010003
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2768971-2
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  • 4
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    Steroid hormonal endpoints in goats carrying single or twin fetuses reared in semi-extensive systems
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2021
    In:  Archives Animal Breeding Vol. 64, No. 2 ( 2021-12-09), p. 467-474
    Details
    In: Archives Animal Breeding, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 64, No. 2 ( 2021-12-09), p. 467-474
    Abstract: Abstract. The study provides baseline data regarding 17-β-estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), and cortisol profile of 30 Nicastrese goats during different physiological periods. Animals were evaluated monthly from the pre-mating period (non-pregnant), during pregnancy, and from 30 to 105 d of lactation. The effects of single or twin births and the kid's sex were also considered. Serum E2, P4, and cortisol concentrations were measured using immunoenzymatic assay kits. The highest concentrations of E2 and P4 (P〈0.0001) were found during pregnancy and their lowest values (P〈0.0001) in the non-pregnant period. E2 was negatively correlated with P4 (r=-0.41; P〈0.01) during lactation. The mothers with twin kids showed the highest concentration of P4 (P〈0.04) at 〉 95–115 d of gestation and the lowest of E2 (P〈0.04) at 〉 50–70 d of lactation. Pregnant goats carrying male kid(s) presented the highest E2 concentrations (P〈0.02) at 〉 130–150 d of gestation. Different physiological conditions induced a temporal relationship with the endocrine profile in Nicastrese goats. Understanding the effects of single or twin fetuses on the gestation and lactation will also be helpful to improve the managemental approach for the health of mothers and their kids.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2363-9822
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/aab-64-467-2021
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2235451-7
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  • 5
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    From phenotypical to genomic characterisation of the mannara dog: an italian shepherd canine resource
    Informa UK Limited ; 2021
    In:  Italian Journal of Animal Science Vol. 20, No. 1 ( 2021-01-01), p. 1431-1443
    Details
    In: Italian Journal of Animal Science, Informa UK Limited, Vol. 20, No. 1 ( 2021-01-01), p. 1431-1443
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1828-051X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1080/1828051X.2021.1972852
    Language: English
    Publisher: Informa UK Limited
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2408994-1
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  • 6
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    Runs of homozygosity in the Italian goat breeds: impact of management practices in low-input systems
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2021
    In:  Genetics Selection Evolution Vol. 53, No. 1 ( 2021-12)
    Details
    In: Genetics Selection Evolution, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 53, No. 1 ( 2021-12)
    Abstract: Climate and farming systems, several of which are considered as low-input agricultural systems, vary between goat populations from Northern and Southern Italy and have led to different management practices. These processes have impacted genome shaping in terms of inbreeding and regions under selection and resulted in differences between the northern and southern populations. Both inbreeding and signatures of selection can be pinpointed by the analysis of runs of homozygosity (ROH), which provides useful information to assist the management of this species in different rural areas. Results We analyzed the ROH distribution and inbreeding ( F ROH ) in 902 goats from the Italian Goat Consortium2 dataset. We evaluated the differences in individual ROH number and length between goat breeds from Northern (NRD) and Central-southern (CSD) Italy. Then, we identified the signatures of selection that differentiate these two groups using three methods: ROH, ΔROH, and averaged F ST . ROH analyses showed that some Italian goat breeds have a lower inbreeding coefficient, which is attributable to their management and history. ROH are longer in breeds that are undergoing non-optimal management or with small population size. In several small breeds, the ROH length classes are balanced, reflecting more accurate mating planning. The differences in climate and management between the NRD and CSD groups have resulted in different ROH lengths and numbers: the NRD populations bred in isolated valleys present more and shorter ROH segments, while the CSD populations have fewer and longer ROH, which is likely due to the fact that they have undergone more admixture events during the horizontal transhumance practice followed by a more recent standardization. We identified four genes within signatures of selection on chromosome 11 related to fertility in the NRD group, and 23 genes on chromosomes 5 and 6 related to growth in the CSD group. Finally, we identified 17 genes on chromosome 12 related to environmental adaptation and body size with high homozygosity in both groups. Conclusions These results show how different management practices have impacted the level of genomic inbreeding in two Italian goat groups and could be useful to assist management in a low-input system while safeguarding the diversity of small populations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1297-9686
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1186/s12711-021-00685-4
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2012369-3
    SSG: 12
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  • 7
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    Influence of Morphometry on Echocardiographic Measurements in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: An Inverse Probability Weighting Analysis
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Veterinary Sciences Vol. 8, No. 10 ( 2021-09-23), p. 205-
    Details
    In: Veterinary Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 10 ( 2021-09-23), p. 205-
    Abstract: The development and progression of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) are difficult to predict. Thus, the identification of dogs with a morphotype associated with more severe mitral disease at a young age is desirable. The aims of this study were to: (1) describe the physical, morphometric, and echocardiographic features of class B1 MMVD-affected Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) according to the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) guidelines; (2) evaluate the influence of morphometric physical measurements on murmur intensity, mitral valve prolapse (MVP), regurgitant jet size, and indexed mitral valve and annulus measurements. Fifty-two MMVD-affected CKCS were included in the ACVIM class B1. This is a prospective clinical cross-sectional study. Morphometric measurements, which included the body, thorax, and head sizes of each dog, were investigated to establish the association with heart murmur intensity, valvular and annular echocardiographic measurements, MVP, and regurgitant jet size, using inverse probability weighting (IPW) analyses to adjust for confounding. The IPW analyses showed that when the head length and nose length decreased, dogs had a more severe regurgitant jet size. Furthermore, subjects with a more pronounced head stop angle had thicker anterior mitral valve leaflets. A brachycephalic morphotype, as seen in dogs similar to the King Charles Spaniel breed in terms of cephalic morphology, is associated with a more severe regurgitant jet size and with valvular characteristics that are related to the most severe forms of MMVD.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2306-7381
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8100205
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2768971-2
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  • 8
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    Laser Powder Bed Fusion of a Topology Optimized and Surface Textured Rudder Bulb with Lightweight and Drag-Reducing Design
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Vol. 9, No. 9 ( 2021-09-19), p. 1032-
    Details
    In: Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 9 ( 2021-09-19), p. 1032-
    Abstract: This work demonstrates the advantages of using laser powder bed fusion for producing a rudder bulb of a moth class sailing racing boat via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The component was designed to reduce weight using an AlSi7Mg0.6 alloy and incorporated a biomimetic surface texture for drag reduction. For the topological optimization, the component was loaded structurally due to foil wing’s lift action as well as from the environment due to hydrodynamic resistance. The aim was to minimize core mass while preserving stiffness and the second to benefit from drag reduction capability in terms of passive surface behavior. The external surface texture is inspired by scales of the European sea bass. Both these features were embedded to the component and produced by LPBF in a single run, with the required resolution. Drag reduction was estimated in the order of 1% for free stream velocity of 2.5 m s−1. The production of the final part resulted in limited geometrical error with respect to scales 3D model, with the desired mechanical properties. A reduction in weight of approximately 58% with respect to original full solid model from 452 to 190 g was achieved thanks to core topology optimization. Sandblasting was adopted as finishing technique since it was able to improve surface quality while preserving fish scale geometries. The feasibility of producing the biomimetic surfaces and the weight reduction were validated with the produced full-sized component.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-1312
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jmse9091032
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2738390-8
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  • 9
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    Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Mitral Valve in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Animals Vol. 10, No. 9 ( 2020-08-19), p. 1454-
    Details
    In: Animals, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 9 ( 2020-08-19), p. 1454-
    Abstract: This prospective cross-sectional study aimed to: (1) characterize echocardiographic features of mitral valve in MMVD affected Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS), focusing on dogs classified as American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) class B1; (2) compare echocardiographic data in ACVIM B1 dogs divided on the basis of age at time of MMVD diagnosis, in order to understand if different aged subjects had different echocardiographic patterns. Length (AMVL), width (AMVW) and area (AMVA) of the anterior mitral valve leaflet, mitral valve prolapse, diameters of the mitral valve annulus in diastole (MVAd) and systole (MVAs) of 90 CKCS in different ACVIM classes, 64 of which in class B1, were measured. Valvular measurements were indexed to body weight using Wesselowski’s scaling exponents. The presence of heart murmur did not discriminate between A and B1 classes (p = 0.128). Heart enlargement was more frequent in males (r2 = 0.07, p = 0.013). Within class B1, older subjects showed significantly higher values of AMVA, AMVW, MVAd, MVAs and lower sphericity index (SI). Since many CKCS with MMVD have no murmur and their mitral valve has peculiarities, a specifically designed echocardiographic screening should be realized. In addition, different aged B1 dogs have different echocardiographic patterns that may imply different genetic and prognostic profiles.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2615
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ani10091454
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2606558-7
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  • 10
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    A Genomic Study of Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Animals Vol. 10, No. 10 ( 2020-10-16), p. 1895-
    Details
    In: Animals, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 10 ( 2020-10-16), p. 1895-
    Abstract: Cavalier King Charles spaniels (CKCSs) show the earliest onset and the highest incidence of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). Previous studies have suggested a polygenic inheritance of the disease in this breed and revealed an association with regions on canine chromosomes 13 and 14. Following clinical and echocardiographic examinations, 33 not-directly-related CKCSs were selected and classified as cases (n = 16) if MMVD was present before 5 years of age or as controls (n = 17) if no or very mild MMVD was present after 5 years of age. DNA was extracted from whole blood and genotyped with a Canine 230K SNP BeadChip instrument. Cases and controls were compared with three complementary genomic analyses (Wright’s fixation index—FST, cross-population extended haplotype homozygosity—XP-EHH, and runs of homozygosity—ROH) to identify differences in terms of heterozygosity and regions of homozygosity. The top 1% single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected and mapped, and the genes were thoroughly investigated. Ten consensus genes were found localized on chromosomes 3-11-14-19, partially confirming previous studies. The HEPACAM2, CDK6, and FAH genes, related to the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway and heart development, also emerged in the ROH analysis. In conclusion, this work expands the knowledge of the genetic basis of MMVD by identifying genes involved in the early onset of MMVD in CKCSs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2615
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ani10101895
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2606558-7
    SSG: 23
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