GLORIA

GEOMAR Library Ocean Research Information Access

X

Your email was sent successfully. Check your inbox.

An error occurred while sending the email. Please try again.

Proceed reservation?

Export
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Composite global emissions of reactive chlorine from anthropogenic and natural sources: Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1999
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 104, No. D7 ( 1999-04-20), p. 8429-8440
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 104, No. D7 ( 1999-04-20), p. 8429-8440
    Abstract: Emission inventories for major reactive tropospheric Cl species (particulate Cl, HCl, ClNO 2 , CH 3 Cl, CHCl 3 , CH 3 CCl 3 , C 2 Cl 4 , C 2 HCl 3 , CH 2 Cl 2 , and CHClF 2 ) were integrated across source types (terrestrial biogenic and oceanic emissions, sea‐salt production and dechlorination, biomass burning, industrial emissions, fossil‐fuel combustion, and incineration). Composite emissions were compared with known sinks to assess budget closure; relative contributions of natural and anthropogenic sources were differentiated. Model calculations suggest that conventional acid‐displacement reactions involving S (IV) + O 3 , (IV) + O 3 H 2 O 2 , and H 2 SO 4 and HNO 3 scavenging account for minor fractions of sea‐salt dechlorination globally. Other important chemical pathways involving sea‐salt aerosol apparently produce most volatile chlorine in the troposphere. The combined emissions of CH 3 Cl from known sources account for about half of the modeled sink, suggesting fluxes from known sources were underestimated, the OH sink was overestimated, or significant unidentified sources exist. Anthropogenic activities (primarily biomass burning) contribute about half the net CH 3 Cl emitted from known sources. Anthropogenic emissions account for only about 10% of the modeled CHCl 3 sink. Although poorly constrained, significant fractions of tropospheric CH 2 Cl 2 (25%), C 2 HCl 3 (10%), and C 2 Cl 4 (5%) are emitted from the surface ocean; the combined contributions of C 2 Cl 4 and C 2 HCl 3 from all natural sources may be substantially higher than the estimated oceanic flux.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/1998JD100084
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1999
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2033040-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094104-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2130824-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016813-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016810-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2403298-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016800-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161666-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161667-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2969341-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161665-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094268-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 710256-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016804-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094181-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094219-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094167-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2220777-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094197-0
    SSG: 16,13
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Online Resource
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global gridded inventories of anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and nitrogen
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1996
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 101, No. D22 ( 1996-12-20), p. 29239-29253
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 101, No. D22 ( 1996-12-20), p. 29239-29253
    Abstract: Two sets of global inventories of anthropogenic emissions of both oxides of sulfur and oxides of nitrogen for circa 1985 have been produced under the umbrella of the Global Emissions Inventory Activity (GEIA) of the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Program. The two sets of inventories have different temporal, sectoral, and vertical resolution. Both were compiled using the same data sets; default data sets of global emissions have been refined via the use of more detailed regional data sets. This article reports on the compilation of the annual, one‐vertical‐level inventories, called version 1A; the inventory files are available to the scientific community via anonymous file transform protocol (FTP). Existing global inventories and regional inventories have been updated and combined on a 1° × 1° longitude/latitude grid. The resulting global anthropogenic emissions are 65 Tg S yr −1 and 21 Tg N yr −1 ; qualitative uncertainty estimates have been assigned on a regional basis. Emissions of both SO x and NO x are strongly localized in the highly populated and industrialized areas of eastern North America and across Europe; other smaller regions of large emissions are associated with densely populated areas with developed industries or in connection with exploitation of fuels or mineral reserves. The molar ratio of nitrogen to sulfur emissions reflects the overall character of sources; its value is generally between 0.33 and 10 for industrialized and heavily populated areas but varies over a wide range for other areas. We suggest that those requiring sulfur or nitrogen emission inventories standardize on the GEIA inventories, which we believe are authoritative and which are freely available to all users by anonymous FTP.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/96JD00126
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1996
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2033040-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094104-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2130824-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016813-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016810-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2403298-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016800-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161666-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161667-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2969341-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161665-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094268-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 710256-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016804-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094181-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094219-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094167-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2220777-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094197-0
    SSG: 16,13
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Online Resource
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Compilation of an inventory of anthropogenic emissions in the United States and Canada
    Elsevier BV ; 1982
    In:  Atmospheric Environment (1967) Vol. 16, No. 6 ( 1982-1), p. 1551-1563
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Environment (1967), Elsevier BV, Vol. 16, No. 6 ( 1982-1), p. 1551-1563
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0004-6981
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(82)90079-8
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 1982
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 216368-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2140521-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1499889-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1017027-3
    SSG: 13
    SSG: 14
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Online Resource
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trends analysis of vegetation exposure indices in rural areas of the U.S.
    Elsevier BV ; 1992
    In:  Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics Vol. 26, No. 6 ( 1992-4), p. 1121-1136
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics, Elsevier BV, Vol. 26, No. 6 ( 1992-4), p. 1121-1136
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0960-1686
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(92)90044-L
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 1992
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2140521-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1017027-3
    SSG: 13
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Online Resource
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Sulfate over the North Atlantic and adjacent continental regions: Evaluation for October and November 1986 using a three-dimensonal model driven by observation-derived meteorology
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1994
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research Vol. 99, No. D10 ( 1994), p. 20725-
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 99, No. D10 ( 1994), p. 20725-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/94JD01634
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1994
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2033040-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094104-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2130824-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016813-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016810-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2403298-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016800-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161666-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161667-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2969341-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161665-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094268-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 710256-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016804-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094181-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094219-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094167-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2220777-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094197-0
    SSG: 16,13
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Online Resource
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global emissions of hydrogen chloride and chloromethane from coal combustion, incineration and industrial activities: Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1999
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 104, No. D7 ( 1999-04-20), p. 8391-8403
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 104, No. D7 ( 1999-04-20), p. 8391-8403
    Abstract: Much if not all of the chlorine present in fossil fuels is released into the atmosphere as hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chloromethane (CH 3 Cl, methyl chloride). The chlorine content of oil‐based fuels is so low that these sources can be neglected, but coal combustion provides significant releases. On the basis of national statistics for the quantity and quality of coal burned during 1990 in power and heat generation, industrial conversion and residential and commercial heating, coupled with information on the chlorine contents of coals, a global inventory of national HCl emissions from this source has been constructed. This was combined with an estimate of the national emissions of HCl from waste combustion (both large‐scale incineration and trash burning) which was based on an estimate of the global quantity released from this source expressed per head of population. Account was taken of reduced emissions where flue gases were processed, for example to remove sulphur dioxide. The HCl emitted in 1990, comprising 4.6 ± 4.3 Tg Cl from fossil fuel and 2 ± 1.9 Tg Cl from waste burning, was spatially distributed using available information on point sources such as power generation utilities and population density by default. Also associated with these combustion sources are chloromethane emissions, calculated to be 0.075 ± 0.07 Tg as Cl (equivalent) from fossil fuels and 0.032 ± 0.023 Tg Cl (equivalent) from waste combustion. These were distributed spatially exactly as the HCl emissions, and a further 0.007 Tg Cl in chloromethane from industrial process activity was distributed by point sources.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/1999JD900025
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1999
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2033040-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094104-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2130824-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016813-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016810-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2403298-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016800-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161666-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161667-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2969341-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161665-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094268-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 710256-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016804-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094181-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094219-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094167-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2220777-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094197-0
    SSG: 16,13
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Online Resource
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Author's reply
    Elsevier BV ; 1992
    In:  Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics Vol. 26, No. 18 ( 1992-12), p. 3373-3374
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics, Elsevier BV, Vol. 26, No. 18 ( 1992-12), p. 3373-3374
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0960-1686
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(92)90353-M
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 1992
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2140521-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1017027-3
    SSG: 13
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Online Resource
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dynamical influences on the distribution and loading of SO 2 and sulfate over North America, the North Atlantic, and Europe in April 1987 : DISTRIBUTION AND LOADING OF SO 2
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2001
    In:  Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems Vol. 2, No. 6 ( 2001-06), p. n/a-n/a
    Details
    In: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 2, No. 6 ( 2001-06), p. n/a-n/a
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1525-2027
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2000GC000129
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2001
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2027201-7
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Online Resource
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Evaluation of modeled sulfate and SO 2 over North America and Europe for four seasonal months in 1986–1987
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1997
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 102, No. D21 ( 1997-11-20), p. 25305-25338
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 102, No. D21 ( 1997-11-20), p. 25305-25338
    Abstract: A three‐dimensional Eulerian transport and transformation model driven by observation‐derived synoptic meteorological data has been applied to calculate mixing ratios (MRs) of sulfate and SO 2 and wet deposition of sulfate over the North Atlantic and adjacent continental regions for 1‐month periods in each of four seasons in 1986–1987. Model performance is evaluated by comparison of grid‐cell average (1.125°) modeled MRs for sulfate (24‐hour average) and SO 2 (6‐ and 24‐hour average) in the lowest model level (surface to ∼65 m) to surface MRs observed at monitoring stations in North America and Europe. For sulfate ∼8000 model‐observation comparisons were made employing ∼10,000 individual measurements; for 24‐hour SO 2 , 21,000 comparisons (54,000 measurements) and for 6‐hour SO 2 , ∼71,000 comparisons (211,000 measurements). Subgrid variation of observed MRs is inferred from the spread of multiple simultaneous measurements within individual grid cells. The median spread of the observed MRs is a factor of 1.5 for 24‐hour sulfate and 2.2 for 24‐hour SO 2 . The median spread between observed and modeled MRs is a factor of 2.3 for sulfate and 2.1 for 24‐hour SO 2 , comparable to that for the observations themselves. This suggests that much of the departure between modeled and observed MRs can be attributed to subgrid spatial variation and nonrepresentative sampling of model grid cells at the stations used for the comparisons. For SO 2 the median ratio of modeled to observed MRs is 0.97, with little seasonal variation, somewhat lower in North America but considerably higher in Europe; little difference was evidenced in comparisons of 6‐hour averages versus 24‐hour averages. For sulfate the median ratio is 0.51, with the range for the four simulation periods 0.36 to 0.66, lowest in January‐February 1987, and with comparable values for Europe and North America. For all four simulations the time series of 24‐hour average modeled MRs at most locations rather closely reproduce the magnitudes and temporal episodicity of the observed sulfate and SO 2 MRs. Analysis of correlations of observed and modeled MRs was carried out for all grid cell locations for which at least 25 days of observations were available in a simulation period; 76% of 203 correlations for 24‐hour sulfate and 51% of 526 correlations for 24‐hour SO 2 were significant at the 95% confidence level. The superior model performance in this respect for sulfate is attributed to the lower subgrid variation in the mixing ratio of this mainly secondary atmospheric species versus the mainly primary emitted species SO 2 . Comparisons of modeled and observed sulfate wet deposition (concentration times precipitation amount) for ∼300 daily and ∼1100 weekly samples, all in North America, indicate a median spread between modeled and observed deposition of a factor of 2.6 and a median ratio of modeled to observed deposition of 0.82. The major contributor to model underestimation of sulfate MR in air is tentatively attributed to the lack of representation in the model of the aqueous‐phase conversion of SO 2 to sulfate in nonprecipitating clouds.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/97JD02211
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1997
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2033040-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094104-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2130824-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016813-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016810-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2403298-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016800-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161666-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161667-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2969341-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161665-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094268-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 710256-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016804-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094181-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094219-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094167-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2220777-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094197-0
    SSG: 16,13
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Online Resource
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Modeling atmospheric sulfur over the Northern Hemisphere during the Aerosol Characterization Experiment 2 experimental period : MODELING SULFUR DURING THE ACE-2 PERIOD
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2004
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 109, No. D22 ( 2004-11-27), p. n/a-n/a
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 109, No. D22 ( 2004-11-27), p. n/a-n/a
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2004JD004939
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2004
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2033040-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094104-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2130824-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016813-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016810-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2403298-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016800-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161666-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161667-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2969341-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161665-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094268-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 710256-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016804-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094181-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094219-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094167-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2220777-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094197-0
    SSG: 16,13
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Online Resource
Close ⊗
This website uses cookies and the analysis tool Matomo. More information can be found here...