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  • 1
    In: Journal of Clinical Oncology, American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), Vol. 38, No. 15_suppl ( 2020-05-20), p. 7049-7049
    Abstract: 7049 Background: Proton therapy may increase the tolerability/efficacy of concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) but is controversial & generally not covered by private insurers. There is little data on the comparative effectiveness (CE) of proton vs photon CRT among private insurance pts to guide payers on proton coverage policies. Methods: We conducted a CE study of adult non-metastatic cancer pts with private insurance treated with curative-intent proton vs photon CRT from 2011-2016 at Penn. The choice of radiation modality was heavily influenced by the insurer’s proton coverage policy. Data on adverse events (AEs) & survival were gathered prospectively using standardized templates. Primary endpoint was 90-day AEs associated with unplanned hospitalizations (CTCAEv4 grade ≥3 AEs). Secondary endpoints included 90-day grade ≥2 AEs, decline in ECOG performance status (PS) during treatment, disease-free survival (DFS) & overall survival (OS). Modified Poisson regression models with inverse propensity score weighting were used for adverse event outcomes. Weighted Cox proportional hazards models were used for survival outcomes. Propensity scores were estimated using an ensemble machine-learning approach. P 〈 0.01 was significant. Results: 920 pts were included (178 proton/742 photon), with H & N(25 proton/296 photon); CNS(44/128); lung(41/120); upper GI(34/78) & lower GI/GYN(34/120). Median age was 57. Race, comorbidity score, BMI, baseline AEs & baseline PS were similar (p 〉 0.05 for all). 11.2% of proton pts had grade ≥3 AE’s vs 26.8% of photon pts. On propensity score weighted-analyses, proton CRT was associated with significantly lower relative risk (RR) of 90-day grade ≥3 AEs (RR 0.51, 95%CI 0.32-0.81, p 〈 0.01). 90-day grade ≥2 AE’s (RR 0.91, 95%CI 0.83-0.99, p=0.03); decline in PS (RR 0.85, 95%CI 0.70-1.04, p=0.11); DFS (HR 0.64, 95%CI 0.27-1.52, p=0.31) & OS (HR 0.53, 95%CI 0.18-1.52, p=0.24) favored protons. Sensitivity analysis showed that a substantial imbalance in an unmeasured confounder would be needed to alter the significance of the primary outcome. Proton accepting insurance status was not associated with a difference in 90-day grade ≥3 AE’s (RR 1.02, 95%CI 0.95-1.10, p=0.54) for pts treated with photon CRT (608 with non-proton accepting insurance & 134 with proton-accepting insurance). Conclusions: In adults with private insurance, proton CRT was associated with significantly reduced acute grade ≥3 AE’s with similar DFS & OS. Proton-accepting insurance status was not associated with better health outcomes when adjusting for RT modality.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0732-183X , 1527-7755
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2005181-5
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  • 2
    In: Journal of Clinical Oncology, American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), Vol. 38, No. 15_suppl ( 2020-05-20), p. 12002-12002
    Abstract: 12002 Background: Most patients with cancer die without a documented serious illness conversation (SIC) about prognosis and goals. Interventions that increase SICs between oncology clinicians and patients may improve goal-concordant care and end-of-life outcomes. Methods: In this stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial (NCT03984773), we tested the effect of an intervention delivering machine learning-based mortality estimates with behavioral nudges to oncologists to increase SICs among patients with cancer. The clinician-focused intervention consisted of 1) weekly emails providing individual SIC performance feedback (number of SICs in the past month) and peer comparisons; 2) a list of patients scheduled for the next week with a ≥10% predicted risk of 6 month mortality by a validated machine learning prognostic algorithm, and 3) automated opt-out text prompts on the patient’s appointment day to consider an SIC. Eight medical oncology clinics were randomized to receive the intervention in a stepped-wedge fashion every four weeks for a total of 16 weeks. Medical oncology clinicians were included if they were trained to use the SIC Guide (Ariadne Labs, Boston MA). Patients were included if they had an outpatient encounter with an eligible clinician between June 17 and November 1, 2019. The primary outcome was the percent of patient encounters with a documented SIC. Intention to treat analyses adjusted for clinic and wedge fixed effects and clustered at the oncologist level. Results: The sample consisted of 78 clinicians and 14,607 patients. The mean age of patients was 61.7 years, 55.7% were female, 70.4% were white, and 19.6% were black. The percent of patient encounters with an SIC was 1.2% (106/8536) during the pre-intervention period and 4.0% (401/10,152) during the intervention period. In intention to treat adjusted analyses, the intervention led to a significant increase in SICs (adjusted odds ratio, 3.7; 95% CI, 2.5 to 5.4, P value 〈 0.0001). Conclusions: An intervention consisting of machine learning mortality estimates and behavioral nudges to oncology clinicians increased SICs by three-fold over 16 weeks, a significant difference.This is one of the first studies evaluating a machine learning-based behavioral intervention to improve serious illness communication in oncology. Secondary analyses (completed April 2020) will clarify whether this intervention leads to a sustained increase in SIC rates and improves goal-concordant care and end-of-life outcomes. Clinical trial information: NCT03984773 .
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0732-183X , 1527-7755
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) ; 2020
    In:  Journal of Clinical Oncology Vol. 38, No. 15_suppl ( 2020-05-20), p. e19376-e19376
    In: Journal of Clinical Oncology, American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), Vol. 38, No. 15_suppl ( 2020-05-20), p. e19376-e19376
    Abstract: e19376 Background: With annual cancer spending estimated to surpass $170 billion in 2020, national attention has focused on the prices and utilization of cancer care. This is particularly important for privately insured patients, for whom healthcare prices are negotiated between insurers and providers and price transparency is lacking. Among privately insured patients undergoing common cancer surgery, we examined the relation between hospital type and prices, spending, and utilization. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study using Health Care Cost Institute’s multipayer national commercial claims data. The study population included patients with breast, colon or lung cancer undergoing cancer surgery from 2011-2014. The exposure was hospital type at which surgery was performed: National Cancer Institute (NCI), academic, or community. Spending outcomes were surgery-specific prices paid and 90-day total episode spending. Utilization outcomes were length of stay (LOS), emergency department (ED) use, and hospital readmission within 90 days. We estimated mean risk-adjusted spending and utilization outcomes for each hospital type using generalized linear mixed-effects models, adjusting for patient, hospital and region characteristics. Results: We identified 66,878 patients with incident breast (53.5%), colon (32.0%), or lung (14.5%) cancer undergoing cancer surgery at 2,995 hospitals (8.3% at NCI; 16.3% academic; 75.4% community). Treatment at NCI cancer centers was associated with higher surgical prices paid ($18,310 at NCI v $14,703 at community hospitals; diff +$3,607; p 〈 0.001) and 90-day total episode spending ($46,462 v $41,274; diff +$5,188; p = 0.008). There were no significant differences in LOS, ED use or hospital readmission within 90 days. Conclusions: Among privately insured patients undergoing cancer surgery, NCI cancer centers had higher surgical prices and episode spending without differences in utilization, compared to community hospitals. A better understanding of the drivers of prices and spending at NCI cancer centers is needed. [Table: see text]
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0732-183X , 1527-7755
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2005181-5
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  • 4
    In: Journal of Clinical Oncology, American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), Vol. 41, No. 28 ( 2023-10-01), p. 4511-4521
    Abstract: Few cancer centers systematically engage patients with evidence-based tobacco treatment despite its positive effect on quality of life and survival. Implementation strategies directed at patients, clinicians, or both may increase tobacco use treatment (TUT) within oncology. METHODS We conducted a four-arm cluster-randomized pragmatic trial across 11 clinical sites comparing the effect of strategies informed by behavioral economics on TUT engagement during oncology encounters with cancer patients. We delivered electronic health record (EHR)–based nudges promoting TUT across four nudge conditions: patient only, clinician only, patient and clinician, or usual care. Nudges were designed to counteract cognitive biases that reduce TUT engagement. The primary outcome was TUT penetration, defined as the proportion of patients with documented TUT referral or a medication prescription in the EHR. Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate the parameters of a linear model. RESULTS From June 2021 to July 2022, we randomly assigned 246 clinicians in 95 clusters, and collected TUT penetration data from their encounters with 2,146 eligible patients who smoke receiving oncologic care. Intent-to-treat (ITT) analysis showed that the clinician nudge led to a significant increase in TUT penetration versus usual care (35.6% v 13.5%; OR = 3.64; 95% CI, 2.52 to 5.24; P 〈 .0001). Completer-only analysis (N = 1,795) showed similar impact (37.7% clinician nudge v 13.5% usual care; OR = 3.77; 95% CI, 2.73 to 5.19; P 〈 .0001). Clinician type affected TUT penetration, with physicians less likely to provide TUT than advanced practice providers (ITT OR = 0.67; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.88; P = .004). CONCLUSION EHR nudges, informed by behavioral economics and aimed at oncology clinicians, appear to substantially increase TUT penetration. Adding patient nudges to the implementation strategy did not affect TUT penetration rates.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0732-183X , 1527-7755
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) ; 2015
    In:  Journal of Clinical Oncology Vol. 33, No. 7 ( 2015-03-01), p. 716-722
    In: Journal of Clinical Oncology, American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), Vol. 33, No. 7 ( 2015-03-01), p. 716-722
    Abstract: We examined whether the survival advantage of androgen-deprivation therapy with radiotherapy (ADT plus RT) relative to ADT alone for men with locally advanced prostate cancer reported in two randomized trials holds in real-world clinical practice and extended the evidence to patients poorly represented in the trials. Methods We conducted nonrandomized effectiveness studies of ADT plus RT versus ADT in three groups of patients diagnosed between 1995 and 2007 and observed through 2009 in the SEER-Medicare data set: (1) the randomized clinical trial (RCT) cohort, which included men age 65 to 75 years and was most consistent with participants in the randomized trials; (2) the elderly cohort, which included men age 〉 75 years with locally advanced prostate cancer; and (3) the screen-detected cohort, which included men age ≥ 65 years with screen-detected high-risk prostate cancer. We evaluated cause-specific and all-cause mortality using propensity score, instrumental variable (IV), and sensitivity analyses. Results In the RCT cohort, ADT plus RT was associated with reduced cause-specific and all-cause mortality relative to ADT alone (cause-specific propensity score–adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.43; 95% CI, 0.37 to 0.49; all-cause propensity score–adjusted HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.67). Effectiveness estimates for the RCT cohort were not significantly different from those from randomized trials (P 〉 .1). In the elderly and screen-detected cohorts, ADT plus RT was also associated with reduced cause-specific and all-cause mortality. IV analyses produced estimates similar to those from propensity score–adjusted methods. Conclusion Older men with locally advanced or screen-detected high-risk prostate cancer who receive ADT alone risk decrements in cause-specific and overall survival.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0732-183X , 1527-7755
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)
    Publication Date: 2015
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) ; 2019
    In:  Journal of Clinical Oncology Vol. 37, No. 15_suppl ( 2019-05-20), p. 6534-6534
    In: Journal of Clinical Oncology, American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), Vol. 37, No. 15_suppl ( 2019-05-20), p. 6534-6534
    Abstract: 6534 Background: Identifying effective, scalable strategies to ensure patient adherence to oral anticancer agents (OACAs) is a major challenge. Previous studies have shown widely variable rates of adherence, and suboptimal adherence is associated with decreased effectiveness and higher costs. A small but growing literature supports digital health behavioral interventions across a variety of chronic illnesses, including in cancer. In particular, conversational agents—or technologies that mimic human conversation using text or spoken language—have shown early promise in supporting behavior change, but have yet to be rigorously tested in the context of OACAs. Methods: A rapid cycle prototyping approach led to the development of ‘Penny’ – a bidirectional, conversational agent that engages patients via text messaging, and leverages natural language processing and machine learning to learn from clinical interactions. Core functionalities include: (1) real-time dosing instructions, (2) motivational reminders, and (3) symptom monitoring with self-management support. We conducted a four-month usability study between December 24, 2017 and May 1, 2018 in a large academic cancer center. At monthly intervals for the first 12 weeks of follow-up, research staff conducted qualitative interviews with participants to evaluate usability and acceptance. Results: 11 patients with gastrointestinal neuroendocrine cancer on capecitabine and temozolomide were approached regarding the study. Of these, 10 agreed to participate (ages 45 to 71). Overall, participant satisfaction was high with a Net Promoter Score of 100. Reliability of Penny’s algorithmic branching to provide accurate dosing information and symptom triage was also high: symptoms were accurately graded 100% of the time, and there was appropriate self-management advice or provider triage 100% of the time. Average daily adherence (based on self-report) was 98%. Participants reported that 3 emergency room visits were avoided during the study period. Conclusions: In preliminary testing, a mobile phone-based conversational agent was a usable and acceptable means of supporting OACA adherence. Expanded study testing patient safety and efficacy is underway.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0732-183X , 1527-7755
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)
    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 7
    In: Journal of Clinical Oncology, American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), Vol. 31, No. 6_suppl ( 2013-02-20), p. 254-254
    Abstract: 254 Background: Hypothesizing that complications after radical cystectomy requiring hospital re-admission may preclude subsequent systemic treatment, our objective was to test the association between readmission within 30 days of surgery and receipt of post-operative chemotherapy in Medicare beneficiaries. Methods: Using 1995-2007 linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare data, all patients undergoing cystectomy for pathologic stage III-IV urothelial carcinoma were identified. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to test the association between hospital readmission within 30 days and receipt of post-operative chemotherapy (defined ≤9 months from surgery) adjusting for demographic, clinical, hospital, and procedural characteristics. Results: We identified 4,034 patients undergoing radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma, of which 1,498 met final inclusion criteria (mean age 75.9±6.3 years, 62.7% male). 563 patients (37.6%) were readmitted within 30 days of surgery (7.5% with ≥2 readmissions). Postoperative chemotherapy was administered in 26.1% of candidates who were readmitted, compared to 35.4% who were not readmitted following surgery (p 〈 0.001). Following adjustment, the odds of receiving chemotherapy were 30% less in patients readmitted to the hospital (OR 0.70 [CI 0.53-0.92]) when compared to patients who were not readmitted. Stratified by number of readmissions, the odds of receiving chemotherapy in patients with 1 and ≥2 readmissions were 26% (OR 0.74 [CI 0.56-0.99] ) and 54% (OR 0.46 [CI 0.27-0.79]) less when compared to patients not readmitted. Use of a more restrictive 6 month post operative chemotherapy definition did not significantly impact our findings (OR 0.66 [CI 0.47-0.93] ). Conclusions: In a cohort of Medicare beneficiaries undergoing cystectomy, hospital readmission within 30 days is associated with omission of post-operative chemotherapy in patients with Stage III-IV urothelial carcinoma. These data inform treatment planning decisions and strengthen the argument supporting chemotherapy utilization in the neoadjuvant setting.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0732-183X , 1527-7755
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)
    Publication Date: 2013
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  • 8
    In: Journal of Clinical Oncology, American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), Vol. 30, No. 5_suppl ( 2012-02-10), p. 22-22
    Abstract: 22 Background: Limited data exist comparing contemporary technologies in the treatment of prostate cancer. Proton beam therapy (PBT) and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) are both accepted ways of delivering high-dose radiation. We evaluated patient-reported quality of life (QOL) outcomes from two modern prospective cohorts treated with either PBT or IMRT. Methods: QOL data for 153 patients treated with IMRT and collected by the PROST-QA consortium using the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite instrument were compared to data for 95 patients treated on protocol between 2004 and 2008 at the Massachusetts General Hospital with PBT using the Prostate Cancer Symptoms Index instrument. Mean score changes from baseline were compared using the Satterthwaite t-test. Clinically meaningful decline was defined as a score drop exceeding half the standard deviation of the baseline value. Results: Both cohorts had a similar distribution of Gleason score and baseline PSA though the IMRT cohort was older (median age 69 vs. 64, p 〈 .0001). Treatment dose range was 75.6-79.2 Gy for IMRT and 74-82 CGE for PBT. Neither group received hormonal therapy. By 3 months after treatment there was a significant worsening in the bowel domain for the IMRT but not PBT cohort (15.9 point reduction vs. 1.5, p 〈 .0001) which normalized by 12 months. Post-treatment scores were also lower in the urinary irritation domain (13.8 point reduction vs. 5.5, p 〈 .0001) and in the urinary incontinence domain (7.3 point reduction vs. 1.5, p=.002) for IMRT but were similar by 24 months. All immediate post-treatment score changes in the IMRT but not PBT cohort were clinically meaningful. A steady decline in the sexual function domain was seen in both groups but the difference was not significant. Conclusions: In this non-randomized comparison using two validated QOL instruments measuring similar domains, PBT appears to be associated with lower gastrointestinal and urinary toxicity early after treatment with similar late outcomes. While subject to selection bias, these preliminary data suggest transient differences in toxicity patterns underscoring the rationale for a randomized controlled trial.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0732-183X , 1527-7755
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)
    Publication Date: 2012
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  • 9
    In: Journal of Clinical Oncology, American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), Vol. 30, No. 5_suppl ( 2012-02-10), p. 324-324
    Abstract: 324 Background: Historically, radiation therapy for testicular seminoma has targeted the retroperitoneal (RPLN) and pelvic lymph nodes via standard anterior-posterior/posterior-anterior fields based upon skeletal anatomy. This study was undertaken to identify the location of involved lymph nodes and their relationship to both bony and vascular anatomy in stage II patients. Methods: Scans of 69 patients with stage II seminoma diagnosed between 1996 and 2011 were reviewed. 55% of patients had left-sided, 44% right-sided, and 1% bilateral primaries. The position of each node was recorded and then transferred to a standardized CT template scan based upon its relation to skeletal and vascular anatomy. Para-aortic fields were overlaid on the template, extending from T10/T11 to L5/S1 and bounded laterally by the contralateral transverse processes and ipsilateral renal hilum. Extended fields included ipsilateral iliac lymph node chains. The location of involved nodes within these conventional fields was assessed. Results: 113 nodes were identified as radiographically positive. 88% of involved nodes were located in the RPLN region with the remaining 12% in the pelvis. 98% of positive RPLN nodes were within a 2.2cm lateral and 1.8cm anterior expansion of the aorta between L1/L2 and L5/S1. No positive nodes were identified within the renal hilar region or superior to L1 for patients with left-sided seminomas. For right-sided seminomas, no positive nodes were superior to L2, though there was one renal hilar node. 〈 2% of all nodes fell outside the extended treatment field. Conclusions: Nodal metastases from a contemporary cohort of stage II seminoma patients generally localized to a smaller area than is targeted using conventional fields. Notably, no positive nodes were identified superior to L1, on the contralateral side of vertebral bodies, or in the left renal hilum. Modified treatment fields based on vascular rather than bony anatomy may allow for a significant decrease in normal tissue irradiation and its associated toxicities. Validation of these results may inform guidelines for a redefined clinical target volume and allow for more targeted radiation delivery in the treatment of seminoma.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0732-183X , 1527-7755
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)
    Publication Date: 2012
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  • 10
    In: Journal of Clinical Oncology, American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), Vol. 34, No. 15_suppl ( 2016-05-20), p. e16617-e16617
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0732-183X , 1527-7755
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)
    Publication Date: 2016
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