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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Within‐Field Variability in Optimum Nitrogen Rate for Corn Linked to Soil Moisture Availability
    Wiley ; 2011
    In:  Soil Science Society of America Journal Vol. 75, No. 1 ( 2011-01), p. 306-316
    Details
    In: Soil Science Society of America Journal, Wiley, Vol. 75, No. 1 ( 2011-01), p. 306-316
    Abstract: Understanding the interaction between yield response to N and other growth‐limiting factors is essential to improving spatially dependent N fertilizer applications. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of soil moisture variability on the economically optimum N rate (EONR) for corn ( Zea mays L.). Corn grain yield response to N was determined at each of 10 locations along a hillslope in central Pennsylvania (2005–2007). Volumetric soil water content (θ p , 0–90‐cm depth) was also determined at each location approximately weekly between mid‐June and August. The mean EONR ( n = 10) was 117, 140, and 169 kg N ha −1 in 2005, 2006, and 2007, respectively, while the range in EONR among locations each year was 147, 69, and 146 kg N ha −1 , respectively. The mean θ p ( n = 10) was between 15 and 25 cm in 2005, 23 to 37 cm in 2006, and 21 to 27 cm in 2007. While there was greater temporal change in the mean θ p in 2006, the smaller variability among locations during the drier growing seasons of 2005 and 2007 was more relevant to differences in EONR. The EONR in 2005 and 2007 was strongly related ( r 2 = 0.74 and 0.71, respectively) to the change in θ p at each location as determined during a defining drying and wetting cycle in June and July. During the relatively wetter 2006 growing season, the EONR was not related to changes in θ p Greater water availability during drier growing seasons increased the EONR.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-5995 , 1435-0661
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2136/sssaj2010.0184
    RVK:
    RA 4845
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2011
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    SSG: 13
    SSG: 21
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Manure injection and rye double cropping increased nutrient recovery and forage production
    Wiley ; 2020
    In:  Agronomy Journal Vol. 112, No. 4 ( 2020-07), p. 2968-2977
    Details
    In: Agronomy Journal, Wiley, Vol. 112, No. 4 ( 2020-07), p. 2968-2977
    Abstract: Double cropping forage cereal rye ( Secale cereale L.) with corn ( Zea mays L.) and injecting liquid dairy cow ( Bos taurus L.) manure in the fall may increase manure nutrient utilization and total forage production. Although potentially economically and environmentally beneficial, these practices have not been widely adopted by Northeastern U.S. farmers. This 2‐yr full‐factorial experiment conducted in Pennsylvania quantified the effects of (a) rye management (RyeM; early terminated cover crop, CC vs. double crop harvested approximately 1 wk later, DC) and (b) manure application method (ManM; unincorporated broadcasted manure, BM vs. shallow disk injected manure, IM) on rye biomass, rye apparent manure nitrogen and phosphorus recovery (ANR and APR, respectively), subsequent corn silage yield, and total forage production (DC + summer corn silage) and the effect of ManM on DC forage nutritive value. Double cropping increased rye biomass 143%, ANR 119%, APR 126%, and total forage production 29–44% compared to CC. While IM did not increase net returns on rye silage production compared to BM, IM improved rye forage nutritive value by increasing ANR by 84%, rye crude protein by 29%, net energy of lactation by 10%, and reduced neutral detergent fiber (NDF) by 10%. Injecting manure also increased summer corn yield 21% and total forage 13% when rye was harvested as DC compared to DC with BM. Farmers adopting DC can increase total forage production and nutrient recovery and, when combined with IM, forage production and rye quality can potentially be improved.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0002-1962 , 1435-0645
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/agj2.v112.4
    DOI: 10.1002/agj2.20181
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hillslope Variability in Corn Response to Nitrogen Linked to In‐Season Soil Moisture Redistribution
    Wiley ; 2007
    In:  Agronomy Journal Vol. 99, No. 1 ( 2007-01), p. 229-237
    Details
    In: Agronomy Journal, Wiley, Vol. 99, No. 1 ( 2007-01), p. 229-237
    Abstract: Spatial variability of corn ( Zea mays L.) yield within a field is often identified as the primary criterion to justify site‐specific nitrogen (N) management; yet, observed yield variability may be unrelated to N supply. The objective of this study was to characterize the spatial variability in economic optimum N rate (EONR) for corn. Ten plot locations were selected in 2005 along a 300‐m toposequence of a field in central Pennsylvania. At each location, two replications of six N treatments (0, 56, 112, 168, 224, and 280 kg N ha −1 ) were broadcast applied at planting as NH 4 NO 3 . Soil water content (0‐ to 90‐cm depth) was recorded approximately weekly at each location between 5 June and 2 September. The quadratic‐plateau response was selected as the most appropriate grain yield response function for 9 of 10 locations and for the field‐mean response. The EONR ranged from 47 to 188 kg N ha −1 among the nine locations, whereas EONR for the mean response was 137 kg N ha −1 . At four of nine locations, observed EONR deviated from field‐mean EONR by 40 to 50 kg N ha −1 . The relationship between EONR and the change in soil profile water content (0–90 cm) between 30 June and 25 July (representing the driest and wettest soil conditions early in the growing season) was the defining relationship in this study ( r 2 = 0.92; P 〉 F 〈 0.0001). Successful site‐specific N management depends on an evaluation of the spatial variability in EONR and the corresponding causal factors.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0002-1962 , 1435-0645
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2134/agronj2006.0187
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1471598-3
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Manure Application Technology in Reduced Tillage and Forage Systems: A Review
    Wiley ; 2011
    In:  Journal of Environmental Quality Vol. 40, No. 2 ( 2011-03), p. 292-301
    Details
    In: Journal of Environmental Quality, Wiley, Vol. 40, No. 2 ( 2011-03), p. 292-301
    Abstract: Managing manure in reduced tillage and forage systems presents challenges, as incorporation by tillage is not compatible. Surface‐applied manure that is not quickly incorporated into soil provides inefficient delivery of manure nutrients to crops due to environmental losses through ammonia (NH 3 ) volatilization and nutrient losses in runoff, and serves as a major source of nuisance odors. An array of technologies now exist to facilitate the incorporation of liquid manures into soil with restricted or minor soil disturbance, some of which are new: shallow disk injection; chisel injection; aeration infiltration; pressure injection. Surface banding of manure in forages decreases NH 3 emissions relative to surface broadcasting, as the canopy can decrease wind speed over the manure, but greater reductions can be achieved with manure injection. Soil aeration is intended to hasten manure infiltration, but its benefits are not consistent and may be related to factors such as soil drainage characteristics. Work remains to be done on refining its method of use and timing relative to manure application, which may improve its effectiveness. Placing manure under the soil surface by injection offers much promise to improve N use efficiency through less NH 3 volatilization, reduced odors and decreased nutrient losses in runoff, relative to surface application. We identified significant gaps in our knowledge as many of these technologies are relatively new, and this should help target future research efforts including environmental, agronomic, and economic assessments.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0047-2425 , 1537-2537
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2134/jeq2009.0228
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2011
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2050469-X
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Analyzing Within‐County Hydrogeomorphological Characteristics as a Precursor to Phosphorus Index Modifications
    Wiley ; 2017
    In:  Journal of Environmental Quality Vol. 46, No. 6 ( 2017-11), p. 1365-1371
    Details
    In: Journal of Environmental Quality, Wiley, Vol. 46, No. 6 ( 2017-11), p. 1365-1371
    Abstract: Phosphorus (P) site assessment is used nationally and internationally to assess the vulnerability of agricultural fields to P loss and identify high‐risk areas controlling watershed P export. Current efforts to update P site assessment tools must ensure that these tools are representative of the range of conditions to which they will be applied. We sought to identify key parameters available in public GIS data that are descriptive of potential source areas in Pennsylvania and that ensure that modifications of the P Index span all feasible parameter combinations. Relevant soil and topographic variables were compiled for Pennsylvania at 30‐m resolution, and areas within 90 m of permanent streams were extracted. Within each county, k ‐means and classification trees were used to identify and create classification rules for topoedaphic groups. Within counties, two to five groups adequately represented near‐stream complexity, with available water capacity, hydraulic conductivity, and organic matter being the most important environmental variables. Discontinuities across soil survey boundaries made it impossible to develop clusterings beyond the county level. For county‐scale research and management efforts, these groupings provide a manageable approach to identifying representative sites for near‐stream agricultural lands. The full set of representative sites across the state enables evaluation of the P Index throughout the full hydrogeomorphic diversity of Pennsylvania. In future work, we can then combine a set of reasonable management practices with each of the main hydrogeomorphological regions resulting from this study and verify the revised P Index against expert knowledge and simulation results. Core Ideas Hydraulic properties and organic matter are key for grouping near‐stream soils. Discontinuities across soil surveys prevent modeling regions across counties. Two to five groups per county are sufficient to classify most near‐stream soils. Cluster analysis of environmental data provides a focus for revising the P Index.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0047-2425 , 1537-2537
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2134/jeq2016.10.0416
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 120525-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2050469-X
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Nitrogen Recommendations for Corn: An On‐The‐Go Sensor Compared with Current Recommendation Methods
    Wiley ; 2009
    In:  Agronomy Journal Vol. 101, No. 4 ( 2009-07), p. 916-924
    Details
    In: Agronomy Journal, Wiley, Vol. 101, No. 4 ( 2009-07), p. 916-924
    Abstract: Precision agriculture technologies provide the capability to spatially vary N fertilizer applied to corn ( Zea mays L.), potentially improving N use efficiency. The focus of this study was to evaluate the potential of improving N recommendations based on crop canopy reflectance. Corn was grown at four field sites in each of 2 yr in Centre County, Pennsylvania. Preplant treatments included: zero fertilizer, 56 kg N ha −1 , and manure. Split‐plot treatments included the following N sidedress rates as NH 4 NO 3 : 0, 22, 45, 90, 135, 180, and 280 kg N ha −1 , and one at‐planting N rate of 280 kg N ha −1 . Light energy reflectance (590 and 880 nm), chlorophyll meter (SPAD) measurements, and the presidedress NO 3 test (PSNT) results were obtained at sidedress. The late‐season stalk NO 3 (LSSN) test was determined. The economic optimum nitrogen rate (EONR) was determined based on grain yield response to sidedress N rates. Relative green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI) and relative SPAD were based on relative measurements from the zero sidedress treatment to the 280 kg N ha −1 at‐planting treatment. The EONR from 24 preplant treatment–site combinations was related to relative GNDVI ( R 2 = 0.76), the PSNT ( R 2 = 0.78), relative SPAD ( R 2 = 0.72), and the LSSN test ( R 2 = 0.64), suggesting that relative GNDVI was as good an indicator of EONR as these other, more conventional tests. Because relative GNDVI can be obtained simultaneously with a sidedress N fertilizer application, the potential to accommodate within‐field spatial and season‐to‐season temporal variability in N availability should improve N management decisions for corn production.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0002-1962 , 1435-0645
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2134/agronj2008.0231x
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2009
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Developing Nitrogen Fertilizer Recommendations for Corn Using an Active Sensor
    Wiley ; 2008
    In:  Agronomy Journal Vol. 100, No. 6 ( 2008-11), p. 1546-1552
    Details
    In: Agronomy Journal, Wiley, Vol. 100, No. 6 ( 2008-11), p. 1546-1552
    Abstract: Producers often overapply N fertilizer to corn ( Zea mays L.) because of the uncertainty in predicting the economic optimum nitrogen rate (EONR). Remote sensing represents a potential opportunity to reduce this uncertainty with an in‐season assessment of crop N status. This study examines the relationship between EONR and reflectance from a ground‐based sensor, and considers its potential for developing sidedress N recommendations for corn. Four fields with unique cropping histories were planted to corn during each of 2 yr. Three preplant whole plot treatments (control, 56 kg N ha −1 as NH 4 NO 3 , and manure) were used to create a range of N availability. Split plot treatments included seven sidedress rates (0, 22, 45, 90, 135, 180, and 280 kg N ha −1 ) and one preplant rate (280 kg N ha −1 ) as NH 4 NO 3 . The EONR for the sidedress N rates was determined for each whole plot treatment at each site. A ground‐based active sensor was used at the sixth‐ to seventh‐leaf growth stage (V6–V7) to collect reflectance data at 590 and 880 nm, which were then used to calculate the Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GNDVI). The EONRs for sidedress N application for the 24 preplant treatment–site combinations ranged from 0 to 202 kg N ha −1 . The EONR was strongly related to relative GNDVI ( r 2 = 0.84) for the control and manure preplant treatments; but unrelated when NH 4 NO 3 was applied at planting ( r 2 = 0.20). Developing sidedress N recommendations for corn using an active sensor could be an effective N management tool in Pennsylvania.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0002-1962 , 1435-0645
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2134/agronj2007.0386
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1471598-3
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Curiosity at Gale Crater, Mars: Characterization and Analysis of the Rocknest Sand Shadow
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2013
    In:  Science Vol. 341, No. 6153 ( 2013-09-27)
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 341, No. 6153 ( 2013-09-27)
    Abstract: The Rocknest aeolian deposit is similar to aeolian features analyzed by the Mars Exploration Rovers (MERs) Spirit and Opportunity. The fraction of sand 〈 150 micrometers in size contains ~55% crystalline material consistent with a basaltic heritage and ~45% x-ray amorphous material. The amorphous component of Rocknest is iron-rich and silicon-poor and is the host of the volatiles (water, oxygen, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and chlorine) detected by the Sample Analysis at Mars instrument and of the fine-grained nanophase oxide component first described from basaltic soils analyzed by MERs. The similarity between soils and aeolian materials analyzed at Gusev Crater, Meridiani Planum, and Gale Crater implies locally sourced, globally similar basaltic materials or globally and regionally sourced basaltic components deposited locally at all three locations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1239505
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2013
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3
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    SSG: 11
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  • 9
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    Mineralogy of a Mudstone at Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2014
    In:  Science Vol. 343, No. 6169 ( 2014-01-24)
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 343, No. 6169 ( 2014-01-24)
    Abstract: Sedimentary rocks at Yellowknife Bay (Gale crater) on Mars include mudstone sampled by the Curiosity rover. The samples, John Klein and Cumberland, contain detrital basaltic minerals, calcium sulfates, iron oxide or hydroxides, iron sulfides, amorphous material, and trioctahedral smectites. The John Klein smectite has basal spacing of ~10 angstroms, indicating little interlayer hydration. The Cumberland smectite has basal spacing at both ~13.2 and ~10 angstroms. The larger spacing suggests a partially chloritized interlayer or interlayer magnesium or calcium facilitating H 2 O retention. Basaltic minerals in the mudstone are similar to those in nearby eolian deposits. However, the mudstone has far less Fe-forsterite, possibly lost with formation of smectite plus magnetite. Late Noachian/Early Hesperian or younger age indicates that clay mineral formation on Mars extended beyond Noachian time.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1243480
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2014
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0
    SSG: 11
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    X-ray Diffraction Results from Mars Science Laboratory: Mineralogy of Rocknest at Gale Crater
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2013
    In:  Science Vol. 341, No. 6153 ( 2013-09-27)
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 341, No. 6153 ( 2013-09-27)
    Abstract: The Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity scooped samples of soil from the Rocknest aeolian bedform in Gale crater. Analysis of the soil with the Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) x-ray diffraction (XRD) instrument revealed plagioclase (~An57), forsteritic olivine (~Fo62), augite, and pigeonite, with minor K-feldspar, magnetite, quartz, anhydrite, hematite, and ilmenite. The minor phases are present at, or near, detection limits. The soil also contains 27 ± 14 weight percent x-ray amorphous material, likely containing multiple Fe 3+ - and volatile-bearing phases, including possibly a substance resembling hisingerite. The crystalline component is similar to the normative mineralogy of certain basaltic rocks from Gusev crater on Mars and of martian basaltic meteorites. The amorphous component is similar to that found on Earth in places such as soils on the Mauna Kea volcano, Hawaii.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1238932
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0
    SSG: 11
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