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  • 1
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    Assessment of the Herd Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 among the Population of the Leningrad Region during the COVID-19 Epidemic
    Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute Microbe ; 2020
    In:  Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections , No. 3 ( 2020-10-22), p. 114-123
    Details
    In: Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute Microbe, , No. 3 ( 2020-10-22), p. 114-123
    Abstract: The first case of COVID-19 was registered in the Leningrad Region on March 13, 2020. The period of increasing intensity of the epidemic process lasted 8 weeks. One month after reaching the maximum incidence rate, a study was organized to determine seroprevalence to COVID-19 among the population of the Region. Objective of the study was to determine the level and structure of community immunity to SARS-CoV-2 virus in the population of the Leningrad Region in the period of intensive COVID-19 transmission. Materials and methods . The work was carried out within the framework of the Rospotrebnadzor project on assessment of community immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the population of the Russian Federation. The content of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 was determined applying ELISA using a kit for the analysis of human serum or blood plasma for the presence of specific IgG to the nucleocapsid of the SARS-CoV-2 virus , manufactured by the State Scientific Center of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (Obolensk) in accordance with the instructions for use. Results and discussion . The study has showed that the herd immunity of the population of the Leningrad Region was 20.7 %. The maximum level has been established in children 1–6 years old (42.3 %) and people over 70 years old (29.0 %). The highest level of seropositivity, except for children and older people, was found among the unemployed (25.1 %). The lowest level of seroprevalence was detected in civil servants (12.8 %) and military personnel (16.7 %). It has been shown that the risk of infection increases by 1.5 times in case of contacts with COVID-19 patients. After exposure to COVID-19 virus, antibodies are produced in 82.1 % of the cases. In individuals with a positive PCR test result obtained earlier, antibodies are detected in 82.8 % of cases. The share of asymptomatic forms among seropositive residents of the Leningrad Region was 86.9 %. The results of assessing the herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in the population of the Leningrad Region indicate that during the period of intensive COVID-19 transmission, an average level of seroprevalence was formed. A significant proportion of asymptomatic forms of infection characterizes the high intensity of the latently developing epidemic process. The results obtained should be taken into account when organizing preventive measures, including vaccination, and predicting morbidity rates. 
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2658-719X , 0370-1069
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2020-3-114-123
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute Microbe
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 2
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    Herd Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 among the Population in Saint-Petersburg during the COVID-19 Epidemic
    Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute Microbe ; 2020
    In:  Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections , No. 3 ( 2020-10-22), p. 124-130
    Details
    In: Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute Microbe, , No. 3 ( 2020-10-22), p. 124-130
    Abstract: The first case of COVID-19 was diagnosed in St. Petersburg on March 2, 2020; the period of increase in the incidence lasted for 10 weeks, the maximum rates were recorded in mid-May, and subsequently there was a statistically significant decrease in the incidence. Objective: to determine the level and structure of community immunity to SARS-CoV-2 among the population of St. Petersburg during the period of intensive spread of COVID-19. Materials and methods. Selection of volunteers for the study was carried out through interviewing and randomization. The exclusion criterion was active COVID-19 infection at the time of the survey. 2713 people aged 1 to 70 years and above were  examined for the presence of specific antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. Antibodies were detected by enzyme immunoassay. Results and discussion . Studies have shown that in St. Petersburg, in the active phase of COVID-19 epidemic, there was a moderate seroprevalence to SARS-CoV-2, which amounted to 26 %, against the background of a high frequency (84.5 %) of asymptomatic infection in seropositive individuals who did not have a history of COVID-19 disease, positive PCR result and ARI symptoms on the day of examination. The maximum indicators of herd immunity were established in children 1–6 years old (31.1 %), 7–13 years old (37.7 %) and people over 70 years old (30.4 %). Differences in the level of seroprevalence in the age groups of 18–49 years are statistically significant. The highest level of seroprevalence was found among the unemployed (29.7 %), healthcare workers (27.1 %), education sector (26.4 %) and business sector personnel (25 %). In convalescents, COVID-19 antibodies are produced in 75 % of cases. In individuals with positive result of PCR analysis carried out earlier, antibodies are detected in 70 % of the cases. The results of the study of herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 are essential to forecast the development of the epidemiological situation, as well as to plan measures for specific and non-specific prevention of COVID-19. 
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2658-719X , 0370-1069
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2020-3-124-130
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute Microbe
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 3
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    Predictive value of specific cytokines for lethal COVID-19 outcome
    SPb RAACI ; 2022
    In:  Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity Vol. 12, No. 5 ( 2022-11-16), p. 859-868
    Details
    In: Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity, SPb RAACI, Vol. 12, No. 5 ( 2022-11-16), p. 859-868
    Abstract: In our study, we aimed to evaluate the significance of specific cytokines in blood plasma as predictive markers of COVID-associated mortality. Materials and methods. In plasma samples of 29 patients with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 we measured the concentrations of 47 molecules. These molecules included: interleukins and selected pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-9, IL-12 (p40), IL-12 (p70), IL 13, IL-15, IL-17A/CTLA8, IL-17-E/IL-25, IL-17F, IL-18, IL-22, IL-27, IFN2, IFN, TNF, TNF/Lymphotoxin-(LTA)); chemokines (CCL2/MCP-1, CCL3/MIP-1, CCL4/MIP-1, CCL7/MCP-3, CCL11/Eotaxin, CCL22/MDC, CXCL1/GRO, CXCL8/IL-8, CXCL9/MIG, CXCL10/IP-10, CX3CL1/Fractalkine); anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1Ra, IL-10); growth factors (EGF, FGF-2/FGF-basic, Flt-3 Ligand, G-CSF, M-CSF, GM-CSF, PDGF-AA, PDGFAB/BB, TGF, VEGF-A); and sCD40L. We used multiplex analysis based on xMAP technology (Luminex, USA) using Luminex MagPix. As controls, we used plasma samples of 20 healthy individuals. Based on the results, we applied Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis and Area Under Curve (AUC) values to compare two different predictive tests and to choose the optimal division point for disease outcome (survivors/non-survivors). To find optimal biomarker combinations, we as used cytokines concentrations as dependent variables to grow a regression tree using JMP 16 Software.Results. Out of 47 studied cytokines/chemokines/growth factors, we picked four pro-inflammatory cytokines as having high significance in evaluation of COVID-19 outcome: IL-6, IL-8, IL-15, and IL-18. Based on the results received, we assume that the highest significance in terms of predicting the outcome of acute COVID-19 belongs to IL-6 and IL-18. Conclusion. Analyzing concentrations of IL-6 and IL-18 before administering treatment may prove valuable in terms of outcome prognosis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2313-7398 , 2220-7619
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-PVO-2043
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: SPb RAACI
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3046274-5
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  • 4
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    Plasma cytokines in patients with COVID-19 during acute phase of the disease and following complete recovery
    SPb RAACI ; 2021
    In:  Medical Immunology (Russia) Vol. 23, No. 2 ( 2021-05-03), p. 311-326
    Details
    In: Medical Immunology (Russia), SPb RAACI, Vol. 23, No. 2 ( 2021-05-03), p. 311-326
    Abstract: COVID-19, an infection caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, is associated with a number of pathophysiological mechanisms, mobilizing a wide spectrum of biomolecules, mainly, cytokines. The purpose of this study was to evaluate levels of multiple cytokines in blood plasma from the patients with COVID-19 during acute phase of the disease, and upon complete recovery. Samples of peripheral blood plasma of 56 patients with COVID-19, 69 convalescents and 10 healthy individuals were examined. Concentrations of 46 molecules, such as IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-9, IL-12 (p40), IL-12 (p70), IL-13, IL-15, IL-17A/CTLA8, IL-17-E/IL-25, IL-17F, IL-18, IL-22, IL-27, IFNα2, IFNγ, TNFα, TNFβ/ Lymphotoxin-α (LTA), CCL2/MCP-1, CCL3/MIP-1α, CCL4/MIP-1β, CCL7/MCP-3, CCL11/Eotaxin, CCL22/MDC, CXCL1/GROα, CXCL8/IL-8, CXCL9/MIG, CXCL10/IP-10, CX3CL1/Fractalkine, IL-1ra, IL-10, EGF, FGF-2/FGF-basic, Flt3 Ligand, G-CSF, M-CSF, GM-CSF, PDGF-AA, PDGF-AB/ BB, TGF-α, VEGF-A were measured via xMAP multiplexing technology. Significantly increased levels of 18 cytokines were found in blood plasma from COVID-19 patients during acute phase of the disease (as compared to control group), i.e., IL-6, IL-7, IL-15, IL-27, TNFα, TNFβ/Lymphotoxin-α (LTA), CCL2/MCP-1, CCL7/MCP-3, CXCL1/GROα, CXCL8/IL-8, CXCL10/IP-10, CXCL9/MIG, IL-1rа, IL-10, M-CSF, GM-CSF, VEGF-A. We found a significant decrease of nearly all the mentioned cytokines in recovered patients, in comparison with those who had moderate, severe/extremely severe disease. Moreover, we revealed a significantly decreased level of 8 cytokines in plasma from convalescents, as compared with control group, i.e., IL-1α, IL-2, IL-9, IL-12 p40, IL-18, CCL22/MDC, Flt3 Ligand, TGF-α. Immune response caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection involves multiple cytokines, mostly, with pro-inflammatory effects. We have shown for the first time that the convalescence phase is characterized by significantly lower levels of cytokines which regulate cellular differentiation and hematopoiesis (in particular, lymphocytes, T-cells and NK-cells). Over acute phase of the disease, the levels of these cytokines did not change. We revealed a significant decrease of most plasma cytokines upon recovery as compared to acute phase. On the contrary, acute phase of the disease is accompanied by significant increase of both pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines in blood plasma. 
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2313-741X , 1563-0625
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.15789/1563-0625-PCI-2312
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: SPb RAACI
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3041761-2
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  • 5
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    FEATURES OF THE SUBPOPULATION COMPOSITION CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTES IN CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL CHRONIC HEPATITIS B
    SPb RAACI ; 2018
    In:  Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity Vol. 8, No. 4 ( 2018-12-30), p. 596-
    Details
    In: Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity, SPb RAACI, Vol. 8, No. 4 ( 2018-12-30), p. 596-
    Abstract: .
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2313-7398 , 2220-7619
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-2018-4
    DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-2018-4-8.2
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: SPb RAACI
    Publication Date: 2018
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  • 6
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    EXPRESSION PATTERNS OF CHEMOKINE RECEPTORS CXCR3 AND CCR6, AND THEIR LIGANDS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C DURING ANTIVIRAL THERAPY USING PEGYLATED INTERFERONS
    SPb RAACI ; 2019
    In:  Medical Immunology (Russia) Vol. 21, No. 1 ( 2019-01-24), p. 107-120
    Details
    In: Medical Immunology (Russia), SPb RAACI, Vol. 21, No. 1 ( 2019-01-24), p. 107-120
    Abstract: The work presents data on forty-one patients with chronic hepatitis C (HCV, genotype 1), at different liver fibrosis stages. The studies were performed in the course of interferon-containing treatment regimens, i.e., pegylated interferon combined with ribavirin and pegylated interferon; ribavirin together with NS3/4A inhibitor of HCV serine protease. Concentrations of cytokines/chemokines (TNFα, CCL2/MCP-1, CCL20/MIP-3α, CXCL9/MIG, CXCL10/IP-10, CXCL11/ITAC) were measured in blood plasma samples, using xMAP multiplex analysis. Flow cytometry studies were also performed in order to reveal cells with CCR6 and CXCR3 receptors in lymphocyte populations. The obtained results were analyzed using a statistical program package R. Results: 36 out of 41 patients achieved virological response, while 5 patients did not respond to the therapy. The responders were split into two groups, as follows: (1) liver fibrosis-free; (2) patients with fibrosis stages 1, 2 and 3. In the group of fibrosis-free patients, the decrease of CXCL11/ITAC concentration and the increase of TNFαwere observed, as well as increase of CTL CXCR3 + content by the 12th week of therapy and an increase of NK CXCR3 + by the end of treatment. In addition, this group exhibited a decrease in the CXCR3 + B lymphocyte contents at this timepoint. Concentrations of CCL2/MCP-1 during treatment were increased in the patients with different stages of liver fibrosis, as compared to baseline. By the end of therapy, an increase in the relative content of NK CXCR3 + and TNK CCR6 + was also detected. The study confirmed a potential role of cytokines/chemokines TNFα, CCL2/MCP-1 and CXCL11/ITAC in activation of the cell-mediated immunity and elimination of the hepatitis C virus from the body. The results indicate that activation of T cellmediated immunity in both groups of the patients and reduction of B cells with CXCR3 receptor in the patients of first group is a positive prognostic factor showing efficiency of interferon therapy. Two of studied cytokines/ chemokines (TNFαand CCL20/MIP3α) differed in the groups of responders and non-responders at the start of therapy. Statistical evaluation of pre-treatment results has shown a tendency for differing concentration of TNFα, and CCL20/MIP3αamounts were significantly different for the patients of these groups. The plasma concentrations of CCL20/MIP3αin non-responders were 〉 4-fold higher than in responders to the therapy. Hence, the present study allowed us to propose the chemokine CCL20/MIP3α as a potential predictor of treatment outcomes in HCV infection.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2313-741X , 1563-0625
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.15789/1563-0625-2019-1
    DOI: 10.15789/1563-0625-2019-1-107-120
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: SPb RAACI
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3041761-2
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  • 7
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    Content of certain cytokines and chemokines in blood ofpatients with chronic hepatitis B in the early stages of liver fibrosis
    SPb RAACI ; 2020
    In:  Medical Immunology (Russia) Vol. 22, No. 2 ( 2020-04-16), p. 291-300
    Details
    In: Medical Immunology (Russia), SPb RAACI, Vol. 22, No. 2 ( 2020-04-16), p. 291-300
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2313-741X , 1563-0625
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.15789/1563-0625-COC-1964
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: SPb RAACI
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3041761-2
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  • 8
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    CD32a receptor in health and disease
    SPb RAACI ; 2020
    In:  Medical Immunology (Russia) Vol. 22, No. 3 ( 2020-05-21), p. 433-442
    Details
    In: Medical Immunology (Russia), SPb RAACI, Vol. 22, No. 3 ( 2020-05-21), p. 433-442
    Abstract: Low-affinity Fcγ-receptors that recognize the Fc portion of immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules, usually being in antigen-bound state, thus representing a link between innate and adaptive immunity. They play a significant role in inflammatory and infectious diseases. Among them, a separate FcγRII family (CD32) is discerned, which is characterized by transmission of intracellular signal independently of the common γ-chain, they have one α-chain containing two extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains. FcγRII receptors are present in almost all cells of the innate immune system: monocytes and macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, as well as on B-lymphocytes and platelets. They perform two main functions: target recognition, facilitation of phagocytosis and destruction of antibody-opsonized cells by monocytes/ macrophages (including pathogenic cells). In parallel, the phagocytes are activated via the cytokine synthesis stimulation. The FcγRIIA (CD32a) and FcγRIIC (CD32c) activating receptors, like as FcγRIIB (CD32b) inhibiting receptors are present among the members of the FcγRII family. The low-affinity FcγRII receptors bind to IgG, with immune complexes being their natural ligands. High levels of immune complexes are usually found in both chronic viral infections and autoimmune diseases. There are shown polymorphic variants of the CD32a gene, which can affect the receptor function, and, thereby, causing susceptibility for different infections, influence the development of autoimmune diseases and primary immunodeficiencies. Activation of the CD32a receptor induces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNFα and interferons, that are involved into inflammation in systemic lupus erythematosus, Kawasaki disease, Graves’ disease and rheumatoid arthritis. It has been shown that antibacterial activity of platelets is carried out via the CD32a receptor. The study of CD32a expression in people The CD32a receptor is considered a biomarker of cells that are a reservoir of HIV infection. At the present time, however, many questions remain regarding the mechanisms of CD32a expression of on HIV-infected cells and the role of CD32a in the formation of an HIV reservoir and/or development of appropriate resistance. In addition to HIV infection, the significance of FcγR receptors is shown in other infectious diseases, for example, with influenza and dengue virus infections. Better understanding of the CD32a structure and function will help to assess its role in immunopathogenesis of different conditions. This review focuses on the role of CD32a in development of the normal immune response in normal state and various diseases.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2313-741X , 1563-0625
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.15789/1563-0625-CRI-2029
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: SPb RAACI
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 9
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    Analysis of blood plasma cytokine profile in healthy residents of the Republic of Guinea
    SPb RAACI ; 2020
    In:  Medical Immunology (Russia) Vol. 22, No. 4 ( 2020-08-07), p. 765-778
    Details
    In: Medical Immunology (Russia), SPb RAACI, Vol. 22, No. 4 ( 2020-08-07), p. 765-778
    Abstract: The cytokine system is a large group of humoral factors  produced by immune cells and involved in the  pathogenesis of most  human diseases.  To assess the  significance of changes  in cytokines/chemokines under  pathological conditions, appropriate reference values are required for healthy  people.  As known  from existing literature, most studies of various cytokine/chemokine concentrations in blood plasma were performed in healthy  subjects from Western Europe and North America.  Certain inter-population differences are known, with  respect  to production of distinct cytokines in different  racial  and  national groups.  Only  single studies concern normal levels of distinct cytokines in blood  plasma  of healthy  African  residents. The purpose  of this study was to determine the blood plasma cytokine profile in healthy  residents of the Republic of Guinea (RG), and to establish normal cytokine values. We have  examined 24  healthy  RG  residents and  23  residents of St.  Petersburg. Concentrations  of 40 cytokines/chemokines were determined in blood plasma.  The study was performed using multiplex analysis by xMAP technology. The  following  cytokine/chemokine levels  were  significantly   increased in  the  blood  plasma  of the  RG residents: IFNγ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNFα, CCL1/I-309, CCL3/MIP-1α, CCL7/MCP-3, CCL17/ TARC, CCL19/MIP-3β,  CCL20/MIP-3α,  CCL21/6Ckine, CXCL2/Gro-β,  CXCL5/ENA-78, CXCL6/ GCP-2, CXCL9/MiG, CX3CL1/Fractalkine (р 〈 0.001).  For  the  CCL8/MCP-2, CCL22/MDC, CXCL1/ Gro-α and CXCL12/SDF-1α+β chemokines a trend for increased concentration was revealed, in comparison with residents of St. Petersburg (р 〈 0.05). Moreover, the levels of CCL23/MPIF-1 and MIF were significantly lower (р 〈 0.0001) in the RG residents. There was a tendency for decreased levels (р 〈 0.05) for CCL2/MCP-1 and CCL24/Eotaxin-2 chemokines in blood plasma taken from RG residents. There were no differences in levels of cytokines/chemokines for the studied  groups: GM-CSF, IL-1β, IL-16, CCL11/Eotaxin, CCL13/MCP-4, CCL15/Leukotactin-1, CCL25/TECK, CCL26/Eotaxin-3, CCL27/CTACK, CXCL8/IL-8, CXCL10/IP-10, CXCL11/I-TAC, CXCL13/BCA, and  CXCL16/SCYB16. Hence, this study  has presented for the  first time the normal limits for a wide range of cytokines/chemokines in blood plasma  of the African inhabitants. Interpopulation differences were found, including those  for constitutive chemokines. Different levels of CCL19/ MIP-3β and CCL21/6Ckine chemokines (the CCR7 receptor ligands) for the two populations may indirectly indicate the physiological features of T-cell maturation. Increased levels of CXCR2 receptor ligands in the blood plasma  of Guineans, i.e.,  CXCL2/Gro-β, CXCL5/ENA-78 and  CXCL6/GCP-2, may be due  to additional function of these chemokines as ligands for atypical DARC chemokine receptor, which neutralizes chemokines from the blood flow, whereas 95% of West Africans have mutations in the DARC gene and do not express this receptor. Increased levels of proinflammatory IL-6  and TNFα cytokines, and chemokine CCL20/MIP-3α in blood plasma  from RG  residents may suggest inflammatory processes  in the liver, since 100% of the examined Guineans had antibodies against the hepatitis A virus, 48% had antibodies to hepatitis B virus (anti-HBs), and 12% had antibodies against hepatitis C virus. In summary, the differences in cytokine/chemokine level may be related  to specific environment, circulation of infectious diseases, composition of intestinal, skin and mucosal microbiota, as well as distinct genetic  features.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2313-741X , 1563-0625
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.15789/1563-0625-AOB-2073
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: SPb RAACI
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3041761-2
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