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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Correction to “SO 2 uptake on ice spheres: Liquid nature of the ice-air interface” by Martha H. Conklin and Roger C. Bales
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1994
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research Vol. 99, No. D4 ( 1994), p. 8351-
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 99, No. D4 ( 1994), p. 8351-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/94JD00410
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1994
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2033040-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094104-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2130824-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016813-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016810-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2403298-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016800-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161666-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161667-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2969341-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161665-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094268-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 710256-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016804-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094181-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094219-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094167-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2220777-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094197-0
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Climate Warming Alters Nutrient Storage in Seasonally Dry Forests: Insights From a 2,300 m Elevation Gradient
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2022
    In:  Global Biogeochemical Cycles Vol. 36, No. 11 ( 2022-11)
    Details
    In: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 36, No. 11 ( 2022-11)
    Abstract: In Mediterranean‐climate regions, warming will decrease forest storage of C, N, and P at warmer sites but not at colder sites Climatic impacts on soil C storage can remain substantial even in deep soil and weathered bedrock Ecosystem C residence times will decrease with rising air temperatures but will increase with major droughts
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0886-6236 , 1944-9224
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2022GB007429
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021601-4
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 13
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Subsurface plant‐accessible water in mountain ecosystems with a Mediterranean climate
    Wiley ; 2018
    In:  WIREs Water Vol. 5, No. 3 ( 2018-05)
    Details
    In: WIREs Water, Wiley, Vol. 5, No. 3 ( 2018-05)
    Abstract: Enhanced understanding of subsurface water storage will improve prediction of future impacts of climate change, including drought, forest mortality, wildland fire, and strained water security. Previous research has examined the importance of plant‐accessible water in soil, but in upland landscapes within Mediterranean climates, soil often accounts for only a fraction of subsurface water storage. We draw insights from previous research and a case study of the Southern Sierra Critical Zone Observatory to define attributes of subsurface storage; review observed patterns in their distribution; highlight nested methods for estimating them across scales; and showcase the fundamental processes controlling their formation. We review observations that highlight how forest ecosystems subsist on lasting plant‐accessible stores of subsurface water during the summer dry period and during multiyear droughts. The data suggest that trees in these forest ecosystems are rooted deeply in the weathered, highly porous saprolite or saprock, which reaches up to 10–20 m beneath the surface. This review confirms that the system harbors large volumes of subsurface water and shows that they are vital to supporting the ecosystem through the summer dry season and extended droughts. This research enhances understanding of deep subsurface water storage across landscapes and identifies key remaining challenges in predicting and managing response to climate and land use change in mountain ecosystems of the Sierra Nevada and in other Mediterranean climates worldwide. This article is categorized under: Science of Water 〉 Hydrological Processes Science of Water 〉 Water Extremes Water and Life 〉 Nature of Freshwater Ecosystems
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2049-1948 , 2049-1948
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/wat2.2018.5.issue-3
    DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1277
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2018
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A spatially calibrated model of annual accumulation rate on the Greenland Ice Sheet (1958–2007)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2010
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface Vol. 115, No. F2 ( 2010-06)
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 115, No. F2 ( 2010-06)
    Abstract: Past estimates of Greenland Ice Sheet accumulation rates have been multiyear climatologies based on ice/firn cores and coastal precipitation records. Existing annually resolved estimates have incompletely quantified uncertainty, owing primarily to incomplete spatial coverage. This study improves upon these shortcomings by calibrating annual (1958–2007) solid precipitation output from the Fifth Generation Mesoscale Model modified for polar climates (Polar MM5) using firn core and meteorological station data. The calibration employs spatial interpolation of regionally derived linear correction functions. Residual uncertainties exhibit coherent spatial patterns, which are modeled via spatial interpolation of root mean squared errors. Mean 1958–2007 Greenland Ice Sheet annual accumulation rate is 337 ± 48 mm/yr water equivalent (w.e.) or 591 ± 83 Gt/yr. Annual estimates contain one standard deviation uncertainties of 74 mm/yr w.e., 22%, or 129 Gt/yr. Accumulation rates in southeast Greenland are found to exceed 2000 mm/yr w.e. and to dominate interannual variability in Greenland Ice Sheet total accumulated mass, representing 31% of the whole. Accumulation rates in the southeast are of sufficient magnitude to affect the sign of Greenland mass balance during some years. The only statistically significant temporal change in total ice sheet accumulation in the 1958–2007 period occurred between 1960 and 1972, when a simultaneous accumulation increase and decrease occurred in west and east Greenland, respectively. No statistically significant uniform change in ice sheet‐wide accumulation is evident after 1972. However, regional changes do occur, including an accumulation increase on the west coast post‐1992. The high accumulation rates of 2002–2003 appear to be confined to the southeast.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2009JF001293
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2033040-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094104-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2130824-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016813-5
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161666-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161667-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2969341-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161665-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094268-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 710256-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016804-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094181-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094219-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094167-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2220777-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094197-0
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Assessing the effects of forest biomass reductions on forest health and streamflow
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Hydrological Processes Vol. 35, No. 3 ( 2021-03)
    Details
    In: Hydrological Processes, Wiley, Vol. 35, No. 3 ( 2021-03)
    Abstract: Forest biomass reductions in overgrown forests have the potential to provide hydrologic benefits in the form of improved forest health and increased streamflow production in water‐limited systems. Biomass reductions may also alter evaporation. These changes are generated when water that previously would have been transpired or evaporated from the canopy of the removed vegetation is transferred to transpiration of the remaining vegetation, streamflow, and/or non‐canopy evaporation. In this study, we combined a new vegetation‐change water‐balance approach with lumped hydrologic modelling outputs to examine the effects of forest biomass reductions on transpiration of the remaining vegetation and streamflow in California's Sierra Nevada. We found that on average, 102 mm and 263 mm (8.0% and 20.6% of mean annual precipitation [MAP]) of water were made available following 20% and 50% forest biomass‐reduction scenarios, respectively. This water was then partitioned to both streamflow and transpiration of the remaining forest, but to varying degrees depending on post‐biomass‐reduction precipitation levels and forest biomass‐reduction intensity. During dry periods, most of the water (approximately 200 mm [15.7% on MAP] for the 50% biomass‐reduction scenario) was partitioned to transpiration of the remaining trees, while less than 50 mm (3.9% on MAP) was partitioned to streamflow. This increase in transpiration during dry periods would likely help trees maintain forest productivity and resistance to drought. During wet periods, the hydrologic benefits of forest biomass reductions shifted to streamflow (200 mm [15.7% on MAP]) and away from transpiration (less than 150 mm [11.8% on MAP] ) as the remaining trees became less water stressed. We also found that streamflow benefits per unit of forest biomass reduction increased with biomass‐reduction intensity, whereas transpiration benefits decreased. By accounting for changes in vegetation, the vegetation‐change water balance developed in this study provided an improved assessment of watershed‐scale forest health benefits associated with forest biomass reductions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0885-6087 , 1099-1085
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/hyp.v35.3
    DOI: 10.1002/hyp.14114
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
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    SSG: 14
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fuels treatment and wildfire effects on runoff from Sierra Nevada mixed‐conifer forests
    Wiley ; 2020
    In:  Ecohydrology Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2020-04)
    Details
    In: Ecohydrology, Wiley, Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2020-04)
    Abstract: We applied an eco‐hydrologic model (Regional Hydro‐Ecologic Simulation System [RHESSys]), constrained with spatially distributed field measurements, to assess the impacts of forest‐fuel treatments and wildfire on hydrologic fluxes in two Sierra Nevada firesheds. Strategically placed fuels treatments were implemented during 2011–2012 in the upper American River in the central Sierra Nevada (43 km 2 ) and in the upper Fresno River in the southern Sierra Nevada (24 km 2 ). This study used the measured vegetation changes from mechanical treatments and modelled vegetation change from wildfire to determine impacts on the water balance. The well‐constrained headwater model was transferred to larger catchments based on geologic and hydrologic similarities. Fuels treatments covered 18% of the American and 29% of the Lewis catchment. Averaged over the entire catchment, treatments in the wetter central Sierra Nevada resulted in a relatively light vegetation decrease (8%), leading to a 12% runoff increase, averaged over wet and dry years. Wildfire with and without forest treatments reduced vegetation by 38% and 50% and increased runoff by 55% and 67%, respectively. Treatments in the drier southern Sierra Nevada also reduced the spatially averaged vegetation by 8%, but the runoff response was limited to an increase of less than 3% compared with no treatment. Wildfire following treatments reduced vegetation by 40%, increasing runoff by 13%. Changes to catchment‐scale water‐balance simulations were more sensitive to canopy cover than to leaf area index, indicating that the pattern as well as amount of vegetation treatment is important to hydrologic response.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1936-0584 , 1936-0592
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/eco.v13.3
    DOI: 10.1002/eco.2151
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2418105-5
    SSG: 12
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Climate, snow, and soil moisture data set for the Tuolumne and Merced river watersheds, California, USA
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2019
    In:  Earth System Science Data Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2019-01-17), p. 101-110
    Details
    In: Earth System Science Data, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2019-01-17), p. 101-110
    Abstract: Abstract. We present hourly climate data to force land surface process models and assessments over the Merced and Tuolumne watersheds in the Sierra Nevada, California, for the water year 2010–2014 period. Climate data (38 stations) include temperature and humidity (23), precipitation (13), solar radiation (8), and wind speed and direction (8), spanning an elevation range of 333 to 2987 m. Each data set contains raw data as obtained from the source (Level 0), data that are serially continuous with noise and nonphysical points removed (Level 1), and, where possible, data that are gap filled using linear interpolation or regression with a nearby station record (Level 2). All stations chosen for this data set were known or documented to be regularly maintained and components checked and calibrated during the period. Additional time-series data included are available snow water equivalent records from automated stations (8) and manual snow courses (22), as well as distributed snow depth and co-located soil moisture measurements (2–6) from four locations spanning the rain–snow transition zone in the center of the domain. Spatial data layers pertinent to snowpack modeling in this data set are basin polygons and 100 m resolution rasters of elevation, vegetation type, forest canopy cover, tree height, transmissivity, and extinction coefficient. All data are available from online data repositories (https://doi.org/10.6071/M3FH3D).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1866-3516
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/essd-11-101-2019
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2475469-9
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Reactive trace gases measured in the interstitial air of surface snow at Summit, Greenland
    Elsevier BV ; 2004
    In:  Atmospheric Environment Vol. 38, No. 12 ( 2004-4), p. 1687-1697
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Environment, Elsevier BV, Vol. 38, No. 12 ( 2004-4), p. 1687-1697
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1352-2310
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.01.004
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2004
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 216368-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1499889-0
    SSG: 14
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mechanisms controlling the impact of multi-year drought on mountain hydrology
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2018
    In:  Scientific Reports Vol. 8, No. 1 ( 2018-01-12)
    Details
    In: Scientific Reports, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 8, No. 1 ( 2018-01-12)
    Abstract: Mountain runoff ultimately reflects the difference between precipitation ( P ) and evapotranspiration ( ET ), as modulated by biogeophysical mechanisms that intensify or alleviate drought impacts. These modulating mechanisms are seldom measured and not fully understood. The impact of the warm 2012–15 California drought on the heavily instrumented Kings River basin provides an extraordinary opportunity to enumerate four mechanisms that controlled the impact of drought on mountain hydrology. Two mechanisms intensified the impact: (i) evaporative processes have first access to local precipitation, which decreased the fractional allocation of P to runoff in 2012–15 and reduced P-ET by 30% relative to previous years, and (ii) 2012–15 was 1 °C warmer than the previous decade, which increased ET relative to previous years and reduced P-ET by 5%. The other two mechanisms alleviated the impact: (iii) spatial heterogeneity and the continuing supply of runoff from higher elevations increased 2012–15 P-ET by 10% relative to that expected for a homogenous basin, and iv) drought-associated dieback and wildfire thinned the forest and decreased ET , which increased 2016 P-ET by 15%. These mechanisms are all important and may offset each other; analyses that neglect one or more will over or underestimate the impact of drought and warming on mountain runoff.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2045-2322
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-19007-0
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2615211-3
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Bacteriophage and microsphere transport in saturated porous media: Forced‐gradient experiment at Borden, Ontario
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1997
    In:  Water Resources Research Vol. 33, No. 4 ( 1997-04), p. 639-648
    Details
    In: Water Resources Research, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 33, No. 4 ( 1997-04), p. 639-648
    Abstract: A two‐well forced‐gradient experiment involving virus and microsphere transport was carried out in a sandy aquifer in Borden, Ontario, Canada. Virus traveled at least a few meters in the experiment, but virus concentrations at observation points 1 and 2.54 m away from the injection well were a small fraction of those injected. A simplified planar radial advection‐dispersion equation with constant dispersivity, coupled with equilibrium and reversible first‐order mass transfer, was found to be adequate to simulate the attachment and transport process. During the experiment a short‐duration injection of high‐ p H water was also made, which caused detachment of previously attached viruses. For simulating this detachment and associated transport, the same transport and mass‐ transfer equations were used; but all rate parameters were varied as groundwater p H changed from 7.4 to 8.4 and then back to 7.4. The physicochemical parameters obtained from fitting breakthrough curves at one sampling well were used to predict those at another well downstream. However, laboratory‐determined parameters overpredicted colloid removal. The predicted pattern and timing of biocolloid breakthrough was in agreement with observations, though the data showed a more‐disperse breakthrough than expected from modeling. Though clearly not an equilibrium process, retardation involving a dynamic steady state between attachment and detachment was nevertheless a major determinant of transport versus retention of virus in this field experiment.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0043-1397 , 1944-7973
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/97WR00025
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1997
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2029553-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 5564-5
    SSG: 13
    SSG: 14
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