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  • 1
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    Sensitivity and Specificity of Sheard and Percival’s Criteria for the Diagnosis of Young People with Near-heterophoria
    Scientific Foundation SPIROSKI ; 2021
    In:  Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol. 9, No. B ( 2021-09-11), p. 1128-1134
    Details
    In: Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, Scientific Foundation SPIROSKI, Vol. 9, No. B ( 2021-09-11), p. 1128-1134
    Abstract: BACKGROUND: Sheard and Percival assumed that symptoms from latent strabismus can be avoided if the relevant fusional vergence is adequate to support the heterophoria. AIM: The aim of the study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of Sheard’s and Percival’s criterion for the diagnosis of heterophoria. METHODS: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was performed at Al-Neelain Eye Hospital Khartoum, Sudan from February to October 2019. Heterophoria was measured using Maddox Wing and fusional vergence using a prism bar. Thereafter, Sheard’s and Percival’s criteria were used for the diagnosis of heterophoria. RESULTS: A total of 230 participants (age = 15–30 years; mean age = 19.34 ± 3.325 years) were recruited for this study. The Sheard’s criteria showed a high sensitivity of 87.2% and a low specificity of 8.0% for the diagnosing of exophoria, with positive and negative predictive values of 65.5% and 26%, respectively. The criteria showed a relatively low sensitivity of 77.8% and a specificity of 9.0% in the diagnosis of esophoria, with a positive and negative predictive values of 56% and 20%, respectively. Percival criteria showed high sensitivity 84.2% and low specificity 9.1% in diagnosing esophoria, with a positive and negative predictive value of 61.5% and 25%, respectively. On the other hand, the criteria showed low sensitivity 67.4% and specificity 13.8% in diagnosing exophoria, with positive and negative predictive value 61.9% and 17%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Sheard’s and Percival’s criteria are useful in diagnosing binocular vision problems. Sheard’s criteria are accurate in diagnosing near exophoria and Percival’s criteria are more accurate in diagnosing near esophoria. Therefore, these criteria provide good clues and predictions for the diagnosis of binocular vision problems.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1857-9655
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.6399
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Scientific Foundation SPIROSKI
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3032255-8
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  • 2
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    Clinical Characteristics of Horizontal Strabismus in Sudanese Patients : Doi: 10.36351/pjo.v39i3.1610
    Ophthalmological Society of Pakistan ; 2023
    In:  Pakistan Journal of Ophthalmology Vol. 39, No. 3 ( 2023-06-30)
    Details
    In: Pakistan Journal of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmological Society of Pakistan, Vol. 39, No. 3 ( 2023-06-30)
    Abstract: Purpose:  To describe clinical characteristics of horizontal strabismus in Sudanese patients. Study Design:  A retrospective chart review (RCR), a hospital-based study. Place and Duration of Study:  Al-Neelain Eye Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan, from January 2017 to May 2021. Methods:  There were 773 patients, who presented with horizontal strabismus. Data regarding demographics and eye examination including visual acuity, refractive error, and angle of deviation, type of strabismus (intermittent, constant, or alternating)were collected. Data analysis was done by SPSS 23, and statistical significance was set at P 〈 0.05. Results:  The commonest strabismus was esotropia 522(71.5%). There were 415(56.8%) females. Most patients had alternating strabismus 436(59.7%), followed by constant strabismus 206(28.2%). Vision differed by types of strabismus (P =0.032) with worse vision found in esotropia(mean, 0.69±0.34)compared to exotropia (mean, 0.78±0.33). Refractive error varied by types of strabismus. Hyperopia was common with esotropia (mean, +3.9±3.8 D) and myopia was associated with exotropia (-3.4±2.8 D). The main cause of horizontal strabismus was congenital and presence of refractive error. Hyperopia was a major cause of esotropia for children aged 6 – 10 years which was highly significant (P 〈 0.003) and myopia was the primary reason for exotropia at ˃15 years (P =0.485). Conclusion:  The most common type of strabismus among Sudanese was esotropia. Causes of strabismus differed by age group with refractive error and congenital disorders accounting for most of the children aged less than six years and myopia for the majority of exotropia aged more than15 years.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2789-4347 , 0886-3067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.36351/pjo.v39i3.1610
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Ophthalmological Society of Pakistan
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2568101-1
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  • 3
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    Effect of Binocular Vision Problems on Childhood Academic Performance and Teachers' Perspective : Doi: 10.36351/pjo.v36i2.896
    Ophthalmological Society of Pakistan ; 2020
    In:  Pakistan Journal of Ophthalmology Vol. 36, No. 2 ( 2020-03-17)
    Details
    In: Pakistan Journal of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmological Society of Pakistan, Vol. 36, No. 2 ( 2020-03-17)
    Abstract: Purpose:  To see the effect of binocular vision problems on childhood academic performance and to record the teacher's perspectives about childhood eye care in Khartoum State of Sudan. Place and Duration of Study:  A descriptive cross-sectional study done among the school going children in the Khartoum State of Sudan during the year 2018. Study Design:  Descriptive cross sectional study. Material and Methods:  Three hundred and forty (340) primary school children’s were recruited for study by convenient sampling technique during the academic year 2018. After relevant history, ocular examination was performed. It included visual acuity measurement, assessment of refractive errors and binocular function tests. Academic performance of the children was recorded from academic records of the children. Finally, the qualitative data was derived from teachers’ perspectives about childhood eye care. Results:  Mean age of the participants was 11.96 ± 1.63 years. The findings revealed that (78.6%) of children achieved poor academic performances with decompensated exophoria at near. 52.7% children with poor academic performances had weak positive fusion reserve at near P = 0.04. 37.2% of the poor performers had convergence insufficiency. Fort eight percent of females with ocular complaints achieved poor academic performances P = 0.034. With regard to teacher's perspectives about childhood eye care, 98.8%believed that the vision problems had effect on the academic record of the children. Seventy percent of the teachers reported that the students did not undergo eye examinations before joining school. Conclusion:  Convergence Insufficiency and weak positive fusional reserve at near has a significant effect on academic performances.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2789-4347 , 0886-3067
    DOI: 10.36351/pjo.v36i2.896
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Ophthalmological Society of Pakistan
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 4
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    A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Convergence Insufficiency Prevalence and Management Options
    Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. ; 2023
    In:  The Open Ophthalmology Journal Vol. 17, No. 1 ( 2023-08-03)
    Details
    In: The Open Ophthalmology Journal, Bentham Science Publishers Ltd., Vol. 17, No. 1 ( 2023-08-03)
    Abstract: Convergence insufficiency (CI) is one of the most common binocular vision disorders. The condition negatively affects the quality of life through its impact on near activities, while there is a large gap in the information on its global prevalence and consensus on treatment. Objectives: The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the prevalence and treatment options available for convergence insufficiency. Methods: The study was performed in 2023 using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA-2020) guidelines. The authors have searched Google Scholar, Research Gate, Scopus, PubMed, Index Medicus, Web of Science, and the JAMA network. This review included peer-reviewed studies published between January 2000 to January 2023 that assessed the prevalence and treatment modalities of convergence insufficiency. Results: The authors screened 13250 studies, 20 for prevalence and 15 for treatment from 12 countries that met the inclusion criteria for the study. The overall pooled prevalence of convergence insufficiency was 7.98%, and the heterogeneity between the studies was highly significant P 〈 0.0001. Majorities of the studies 12(80%) reported that office-based vision therapy is the most effective treatment of CI, form those studies 5(42.0%) highlighted that office-based vergence/accommodative therapy with home reinforcement is the best modality of treatment. Whereas, home-based pencil push-up therapy, vision therapy with modified refractive correction, and vision therapy with prismatic correction were reported as effective treatment options for CI. The reviewed studies showed that vision therapy is highly effective to recover from symptomatic CI in both adults and children. Conclusion: The prevalence of convergence insufficiency was high, there was highly significant heterogeneity between the reviewed studies. Office-based vergence/accommodative therapy with home reinforcement is the best modality of treatment, followed by home-based pencil push-up therapy, vision therapy with modified refractive correction, and vision therapy with prismatic correction. There is consensus among reviewed studies that vision therapy is highly effective to recover from symptomatic CI in both adults and children.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1874-3641
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2174/18743641-v17-20230712-2023-8
    Language: English
    Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2395991-5
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  • 5
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    The Impact of Excessive Use of Digital Devices During the Pandemic of Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) Among Saudi Arabia Population
    Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. ; 2022
    In:  The Open Ophthalmology Journal Vol. 16, No. 1 ( 2022-07-27)
    Details
    In: The Open Ophthalmology Journal, Bentham Science Publishers Ltd., Vol. 16, No. 1 ( 2022-07-27)
    Abstract: A substantial increase in using digital devices was observed among the population due to staying at home as a result of the quarantine during the coronavirus pandemic. Consequently, ocular symptoms appeared due to spending several hours of screen time per day. Objective: The current study aimed to assess the impact of excessive use of digital devices during the pandemic of coronavirus among the Saudi population. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out from November 2020 to January 2021 among the Saudi population. Data were collected by using Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaires for the assessment of symptoms related to dry eye and their effect on vision. A logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association between the risk factors and the symptoms of dry eye. SPSS 22 nd edition was used, any p-value 〈 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Out of 1573 participants, 93.8% used mobile, 42.4% experienced uncomfortable sensitivity to the light. There were 49.15% of the participants who showed that none of the time they felt blurry vision, 54.8% did not report double vision, and 30.5% who felt a headache recently after quarantine. About 48% of the participants did not have any ocular symptoms, while 52% had dry eye symptoms (mild 22.3%, moderate 13.7%, and severe 15.9%). When the logistic regression model of risk factors associated with severe symptoms of dry eye was applied, wearing a contact lens was the most significant variable ( p 〈 0.0001). Conclusion: Dry eye symptoms increased during the quarantine, which indicated that the digital device users need to learn more about the preventive measures from practitioners in eye healthcare. More studies are warranted to assess the impact of digital device usage on all age groups starting from children up to the elderly population.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1874-3641
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2174/18743641-v16-e2206060
    Language: English
    Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 6
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    The Effect of Phacoemulsification on Corneal Endothelial Cells Morphology and Thickness : Doi:10.36351/pjo.v36i4.1092
    Ophthalmological Society of Pakistan ; 2020
    In:  Pakistan Journal of Ophthalmology Vol. 36, No. 4 ( 2020-10-04)
    Details
    In: Pakistan Journal of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmological Society of Pakistan, Vol. 36, No. 4 ( 2020-10-04)
    Abstract: Purpose:  To compare the corneal endothelial cells morphology and central corneal thickness (CCT) before and after phacoemulsification in Sudanese population. Place and Duration of Study:  Al-Neelain eye hospital, Khartoum, Sudan, from January 2018 to May 2018. Study Design:  Observational longitudinal study. Methods:  One hundred and forty eyes of 140 patients with immature senile cataract were selected by convenient sampling. The age ranged from 40 to 85 years. The patients underwent complete ocular examination including morphology of corneal endothelial cells and CCT using computerized non-contact specular microscope. Inclusion criteria for the study was eyes with normal corneal endothelial cells and cell density more than 1000 cells/mm2. We excluded patients with ocular or systemic diseases, previous history of intraocular surgery, refractive surgery or trauma as well as contact lenses wear. The patients underwent phacoemulsification by a single surgeon. The examination parameters were repeated one month after surgery. Descriptive and comparative statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for Windows Version 21.0. Results:  There was significant reduction in mean endothelial cells density after phacoemulsification compared to baseline with p 〈 0.001. There was also significant post-operative reduction in mean endothelial cells number as compared to baseline (P value 〈 0.001). Mean endothelial cells hexagonality was reduced after surgery with P value of 0.003. No significant difference was found between mean coefficient variation of endothelial cells size before and after phacoemulsification (P = 0.55). Central corneal thickness showed significant increase post-operatively, P = 0.003. Conclusion:  Phacoemulsification causes significant damage to corneal endothelium cells, including decrease in corneal endothelial cell density, hexagonality and cell number. Key Words:  Corneal endothelium, Endothelial cell density, Central corneal thickness, Phacoemulsification.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2789-4347 , 0886-3067
    DOI: 10.36351/pjo.v36i4.1092
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Ophthalmological Society of Pakistan
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2568101-1
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  • 7
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    Demographic Characteristics and Causes of Low Vision in Children: A Hospital–Based Study from Khartoum, Sudan : Doi: 10.36351/pjo.v37i4.1274
    Ophthalmological Society of Pakistan ; 2021
    In:  Pakistan Journal of Ophthalmology Vol. 37, No. 4 ( 2021-09-03)
    Details
    In: Pakistan Journal of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmological Society of Pakistan, Vol. 37, No. 4 ( 2021-09-03)
    Abstract: Purpose:  To determine the demographic characteristics and causes of low vision in children who attended Alfaisal eye center, Khartoum Sudan. Place and Duration of Study:  Alfaisal eye Center, Khartoum, Sudan, from February 2018 to October 2020. Study Design:  Cross sectional observational study. Methods:  Clinical record of 105 patients who visited the low vision clinic were retrieved. Demographic features, history, ocular examination, cause of low vision, refractive state of the eye (by self-luminance streak retinoscope, and auto refractometer), and type of low vision devices used by the patients were noted. Data was analyzed by using SPSS software version 20. Results:  Mean age was 11.70 ± 2.19. Seventy three percent patients had Visual Acuity(VA) less than 6/60. Majority (59%) were male patients. Commonest refractive error associated with low vision was myopia (65.71%). Retinitis Pigmentosa, congenital glaucoma, and albinism were other major causes of pediatric low vision (19.5%). Progressive Myopia was seen in 15%. About 9.5% of children presented with cataracts, nystagmus in 9.5%, and congenital refractive error in 9.5%.The cause of low vision among children was not statistically different between males and females P=0.890. More than half of the children 78.1% used glasses and about 21.9% were corrected by telescope. Conclusion:  Retinitis pigmentosa, albinism, and congenital glaucoma were the most common causes of pediatric low vision. Common low vision devices prescribed to these children were glasses and telescopes. Key Words:  Retinitis Pigmentosa, Congenital glaucoma, Albinism, Myopia, Cataract.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2789-4347 , 0886-3067
    DOI: 10.36351/pjo.v37i4.1274
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Ophthalmological Society of Pakistan
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2568101-1
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Prevalence of refractive error and visual impairment among school-age children of Hargesia, Somaliland, Somalia
    World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean (WHO/EMRO) ; 2020
    In:  Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal Vol. 26, No. 11 ( 2020-11-01), p. 1362-1370
    Details
    In: Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean (WHO/EMRO), Vol. 26, No. 11 ( 2020-11-01), p. 1362-1370
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1020-3397 , 1687-1634
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.26719/emhj.20.077
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean (WHO/EMRO)
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2097065-1
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  • 9
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    Comparison of Measured Fusional Vergence Amplitudes using Prism Bar and Synoptophore in Sudanese Patients with Near Exophoria
    Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. ; 2022
    In:  The Open Ophthalmology Journal Vol. 16, No. 1 ( 2022-11-25)
    Details
    In: The Open Ophthalmology Journal, Bentham Science Publishers Ltd., Vol. 16, No. 1 ( 2022-11-25)
    Abstract: Assessment of the fusional vergence amplitudes constitutes one of the most important diagnostic tools to obtain information about the ability to maintain binocular vision. Several techniques can be used to assess this function. However, those methods are not interchangeable, and the measurement repeatability has been questioned. Objective: This study aimed to compare fusional vergence range measurements using prism bars and synoptophore in Sudanese patients with near exophoria Methods: The study was a comparative cross-sectional hospital-based, performed in the binocular vision clinic at the Al-Neelain Eye Hospital. Fusional vergence amplitudes (positive and negative) were measured on 122 patients (67 females and 55 males), and the mean age and standard deviation were 16.79 ± 5.22 years old using prism bar and synoptophore methods. Results: The findings showed that the higher positive fusional vergence was obtained using the synoptophore method (24.7 ± 7.2 Δ base-out), whereas the prism bar method provided the lower finding (22.6± 7.6 Δ base-out). Conversely, the prism bar method revealed a higher measurement for negative fusional vergence (13.9± 3.9 Δ base-in) than the synoptophore method (12.7± 3.7 Δ base-in). Using the t-test, significant differences were found between all measurements with the two techniques, P 〈 0.05. Measurements of positive and negative fusional vergence amplitudes by the two methods showed no relationship between age and fusional vergence, P 〉 0.05. Conclusion: Given the significant difference in the results obtained between the two methods for measuring the positive and negative fusional vergence amplitudes, caution should be taken when making decisions regarding fusional vergence assessment in patients with latent and manifest strabismus.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1874-3641
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2174/18743641-v16-e2209301
    Language: English
    Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 10
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    Clinical Characteristics of Patients Presenting with Headache at Binocular Vision Clinic: A Hospital Based Study : Doi: 10.36351/pjo.v36i3.1046
    Ophthalmological Society of Pakistan ; 2020
    In:  Pakistan Journal of Ophthalmology Vol. 36, No. 3 ( 2020-05-04)
    Details
    In: Pakistan Journal of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmological Society of Pakistan, Vol. 36, No. 3 ( 2020-05-04)
    Abstract: Purpose: To assess the clinical characteristics of patients presenting with headache at binocular vision clinic.Place and Duration of Study: Al-Neelain eye hospital, Sudan, from February to October 2018.Study Design: Cross-sectional study.Material and Methods: One hundred fifty patients with history of headache were included in study. Dissociated heterophoria was measured using Maddox Wing and Maddox Rod. Associated heterophoria was assessed by the Mallett unit fixation disparity and fusional vergence was measured using a prism bar. The relationship between measures was determined using the chi-squared analysis. For all statistical determinations, significance levels were set at p  〈 0.05.Results: Mean age was 25 ± 3.5 years. Femalesconstituted 78% and headache was significantly associated with females (P 〈 0.0001). Majority of patients (82%)presented with exophoria (mean = 4.74 ± 0.75 Δ Base-In) at near fixation, 10.7% were orthophoric and7.34percentage were esophoric (mean = 3.24 ± 0.5 Δ Base-Out). The association between near heterophoria andheadache was statically significant (χ2 = 7.426; p = 0.001). Association between distance heterophoria andheadache was not statistically significant (χ2 = 22.172; p = 0.265). The association between headache andpositive fusional vergence at near fixation was statically significant (p = 0.03). Leading cause of headache wasconvergence weakness exophoria (39.3%; p = 0.001), followed by convergence insufficiency (24%; p = 0.02).Conclusion: Headache was more common in females and was associated with exophoria, convergenceinsufficiency and inadequate positive fusional vergence at near fixation
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2789-4347 , 0886-3067
    DOI: 10.36351/pjo.v36i3.1046
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Ophthalmological Society of Pakistan
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2568101-1
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