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  • 1
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    NO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 and HCHO measurements in Korea from 2012 to 2016 from Pandora spectrometer instruments compared with OMI retrievals and with aircraft measurements during the KORUS-AQ campaign
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2018
    In:  Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Vol. 11, No. 8 ( 2018-08-08), p. 4583-4603
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 11, No. 8 ( 2018-08-08), p. 4583-4603
    Abstract: Abstract. Nine Pandora spectrometer instruments (PSI) were installed at eight sites in South Korea as part of the KORUS-AQ (Korea U.S.-Air Quality) field study integrating information from ground, aircraft, and satellite measurements for validation of remote sensing air-quality studies. The PSI made direct-sun measurements of total vertical column NO2, C(NO2), with high precision (0.05 DU, where 1 DU =2.69×1016 molecules cm−2) and accuracy (0.1 DU) that were retrieved using spectral fitting techniques. Retrieval of formaldehyde C(HCHO) total column amounts were also obtained at five sites using the recently improved PSI optics. The C(HCHO) retrievals have high precision, but possibly lower accuracy than for NO2 because of uncertainty about the optimum spectral window for all ground-based and satellite instruments. PSI direct-sun retrieved values for C(NO2) and C(HCHO) are always significantly larger than OMI (AURA satellite Ozone Monitoring Instrument) retrieved C(NO2) and C(HCHO) for the OMI overpass local times (KST=13.5±0.5 h). In urban areas, PSI C(NO2) 30-day running averages are at least a factor of two larger than OMI averages. Similar differences are seen for C(HCHO) in Seoul and nearby surrounding areas. Late afternoon values of C(HCHO) measured by PSI are even larger, implying that OMI early afternoon measurements underestimate the effect of poor air quality on human health. The primary cause of OMI underestimates is the large OMI field of view (FOV) that includes regions containing low values of pollutants. In relatively clean areas, PSI and OMI are more closely in agreement. C(HCHO) amounts were obtained for five sites, Yonsei University in Seoul, Olympic Park, Taehwa Mountain, Amnyeondo, and Yeoju. Of these, the largest amounts of C(HCHO) were observed at Olympic Park and Taehwa Mountain, surrounded by significant amounts of vegetation. Comparisons of PSI C(HCHO) results were made with the Compact Atmospheric Multispecies Spectrometer CAMS during overflights on the DC-8 aircraft for Taehwa Mountain and Olympic Park. In all cases, PSI measured substantially more C(HCHO) than obtained from integrating the CAMS altitude profiles. PSI C(HCHO) at Yonsei University in Seoul frequently reached 0.6 DU and occasionally exceeded 1.5 DU. The semi-rural site, Taehwa Mountain, frequently reached 0.9 DU and occasionally exceeded 1.5 DU. Even at the cleanest site, Amnyeondo, C(HCHO) occasionally exceeded 1 DU.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1867-8548
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/amt-11-4583-2018
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2018
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  • 2
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    Validation of Sentinel-5P TROPOMI tropospheric NO 2 products by comparison with NO 2 measurements from airborne imaging DOAS, ground-based stationary DOAS, and mobile car DOAS measurements during the S5P-VAL-DE-Ruhr campaign
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2023
    In:  Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Vol. 16, No. 5 ( 2023-03-14), p. 1357-1389
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 16, No. 5 ( 2023-03-14), p. 1357-1389
    Abstract: Abstract. Airborne imaging differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS), ground-based stationary DOAS, and car DOAS measurements were conducted during the S5P-VAL-DE-Ruhr campaign in September 2020. The campaign area is located in the Rhine-Ruhr region of North Rhine-Westphalia, western Germany, which is a pollution hotspot in Europe comprising urban and large industrial sources. The DOAS measurements are used to validate spaceborne NO2 tropospheric vertical column density (VCD) data products from the Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI). Seven flights were performed with the airborne imaging DOAS instrument for measurements of atmospheric pollution (AirMAP), providing measurements that were used to create continuous maps of NO2 in the layer below the aircraft. These flights cover many S5P ground pixels within an area of 30 km × 35 km and were accompanied by ground-based stationary measurements and three mobile car DOAS instruments. Stationary measurements were conducted by two Pandora, two Zenith-DOAS, and two MAX-DOAS instruments. Ground-based stationary and car DOAS measurements are used to evaluate the AirMAP tropospheric NO2 VCDs and show high Pearson correlation coefficients of 0.88 and 0.89 and slopes of 0.90 ± 0.09 and 0.89 ± 0.02 for the stationary and car DOAS, respectively. Having a spatial resolution of about 100 m × 30 m, the AirMAP tropospheric NO2 VCD data create a link between the ground-based and the TROPOMI measurements with a nadir resolution of 3.5 km × 5.5 km and are therefore well suited to validate the TROPOMI tropospheric NO2 VCD. The observations on the 7 flight days show strong NO2 variability, which is dependent on the three target areas, the day of the week, and the meteorological conditions. The AirMAP campaign data set is compared to the TROPOMI NO2 operational offline (OFFL) V01.03.02 data product, the reprocessed NO2 data using the V02.03.01 of the official level-2 processor provided by the Product Algorithm Laboratory (PAL), and several scientific TROPOMI NO2 data products. The AirMAP and TROPOMI OFFL V01.03.02 data are highly correlated (r=0.87) but show an underestimation of the TROPOMI data with a slope of 0.38 ± 0.02 and a median relative difference of −9 %. With the modifications in the NO2 retrieval implemented in the PAL V02.03.01 product, the slope and median relative difference increased to 0.83 ± 0.06 and +20 %. However, the modifications resulted in larger scatter and the correlation decreased significantly to r=0.72. The results can be improved by not applying a cloud correction for the TROPOMI data in conditions with high aerosol load and when cloud pressures are retrieved close to the surface. The influence of spatially more highly resolved a priori NO2 vertical profiles and surface reflectivity are investigated using scientific TROPOMI tropospheric NO2 VCD data products. The comparison of the AirMAP campaign data set to the scientific data products shows that the choice of surface reflectivity database has a minor impact on the tropospheric NO2 VCD retrieval in the campaign region and season. In comparison, the replacement of the a priori NO2 profile in combination with the improvements in the retrieval of the PAL V02.03.01 product regarding cloud heights can further increase the tropospheric NO2 VCDs. This study demonstrates that the underestimation of the TROPOMI tropospheric NO2 VCD product with respect to the validation data set has been and can be further significantly improved.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1867-8548
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/amt-16-1357-2023
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 3
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    Declines and peaks in NO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 pollution during the multiple waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in the New York metropolitan area
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2022
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 22, No. 4 ( 2022-02-22), p. 2399-2417
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 22, No. 4 ( 2022-02-22), p. 2399-2417
    Abstract: Abstract. The COVID-19 pandemic created an extreme natural experiment in which sudden changes in human behavior and economic activity resulted in significant declines in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, immediately after strict lockdowns were imposed. Here we examined the impact of multiple waves and response phases of the pandemic on nitrogen dioxide (NO2) dynamics and the role of meteorology in shaping relative contributions from different emission sectors to NO2 pollution in post-pandemic New York City. Long term (〉 3.5 years), high frequency measurements from a network of ground-based Pandora spectrometers were combined with TROPOMI satellite retrievals, meteorological data, mobility trends, and atmospheric transport model simulations to quantify changes in NO2 across the New York metropolitan area. The stringent lockdown measures after the first pandemic wave resulted in a decline in top-down NOx emissions by approx. 30 % on top of long-term trends, in agreement with sector-specific changes in NOx emissions. Ground-based measurements showed a sudden drop in total column NO2 in spring 2020, by up to 36 % in Manhattan and 19 %–29 % in Queens, New Jersey (NJ), and Connecticut (CT), and a clear weakening (by 16 %) of the typical weekly NO2 cycle. Extending our analysis to more than a year after the initial lockdown captured a gradual recovery in NO2 across the NY/NJ/CT tri-state area in summer and fall 2020, as social restrictions eased, followed by a second decline in NO2 coincident with the second wave of the pandemic and resurgence of lockdown measures in winter 2021. Meteorology was not found to have a strong NO2 biassing effect in New York City after the first pandemic wave. Winds, however, were favorable for low NO2 conditions in Manhattan during the second wave of the pandemic, resulting in larger column NO2 declines than expected based on changes in transportation emissions alone. Meteorology played a key role in shaping the relative contributions from different emission sectors to NO2 pollution in the city, with low-speed (〈 5 m s−1) SW-SE winds enhancing contributions from the high-emitting power-generation sector in NJ and Queens and driving particularly high NO2 pollution episodes in Manhattan, even during – and despite – the stringent early lockdowns. These results have important implications for air quality management in New York City, and highlight the value of high resolution NO2 measurements in assessing the effects of rapid meteorological changes on air quality conditions and the effectiveness of sector-specific NOx emission control strategies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-2399-2022
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-2399-2022-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 4
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    Comparison of Near‐Surface NO 2 Pollution With Pandora Total Column NO 2 During the Korea‐United States Ocean Color (KORUS OC) Campaign
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2019
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 124, No. 23 ( 2019-12-16), p. 13560-13575
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 124, No. 23 ( 2019-12-16), p. 13560-13575
    Abstract: Pandora NO 2 total column and coincident surface O 3 , NO 2 , and CO were measured off coastal Korea in May–June 2016 Relationship between Pandora column and surface NO 2 depends on meteorology with only one of three cases well correlated Air pollution along Korean coast originates from both South Korean and regional sources
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2169-897X , 2169-8996
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2019JD030765
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 5
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    Atmospheric Trace Gas (NO2 and O3) Variability in South Korean Coastal Waters, and Implications for Remote Sensing of Coastal Ocean Color Dynamics
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  Remote Sensing Vol. 10, No. 10 ( 2018-10-03), p. 1587-
    Details
    In: Remote Sensing, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 10 ( 2018-10-03), p. 1587-
    Abstract: Coastal environments are highly dynamic, and are characterized by short-term, local-scale variability in atmospheric and oceanic processes. Yet, high-frequency measurements of atmospheric composition, and particularly nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) dynamics, are scarce over the ocean, introducing uncertainties in satellite retrievals of coastal ocean biogeochemistry and ecology. Combining measurements from different platforms, the Korea-US Ocean Color and Air Quality field campaign provided a unique opportunity to capture, for the first time, the strong spatial dynamics and diurnal variability in total column (TC) NO2 and O3 over the coastal waters of South Korea. Measurements were conducted using a shipboard Pandora Spectrometer Instrument specifically designed to collect accurate, high-frequency observations from a research vessel, and were combined with ground-based observations at coastal land sites, synoptic satellite imagery, and air-mass trajectory simulations to assess source contributions to atmospheric pollution over the coastal ocean. TCO3 showed only small ( 〈 20%) variability that was driven primarily by larger-scale meteorological processes captured successfully in the relatively coarse satellite imagery from Aura-OMI. In contrast, TCNO2 over the ocean varied by more than an order of magnitude (0.07–0.92 DU), mostly affected by urban emissions and highly dynamic air mass transport pathways. Diurnal patterns varied widely across the ocean domain, with TCNO2 in the coastal area of Geoje and offshore Seoul varying by more than 0.6 DU and 0.4 DU, respectively, over a period of less than 3 h. On a polar orbit, Aura-OMI is not capable of detecting these short-term changes in TCNO2. If unaccounted for in atmospheric correction retrievals of ocean color, the observed variability in TCNO2 would be misinterpreted as a change in ocean remote sensing reflectance, Rrs, by more than 80% and 40% at 412 and 443 nm, respectively, introducing a significant false variability in retrievals of coastal ocean ecological processes from space.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-4292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/rs10101587
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
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  • 6
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    Volatile chemical product emissions enhance ozone and modulate urban chemistry
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2021
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 118, No. 32 ( 2021-08-10)
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 118, No. 32 ( 2021-08-10)
    Abstract: Decades of air quality improvements have substantially reduced the motor vehicle emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Today, volatile chemical products (VCPs) are responsible for half of the petrochemical VOCs emitted in major urban areas. We show that VCP emissions are ubiquitous in US and European cities and scale with population density. We report significant VCP emissions for New York City (NYC), including a monoterpene flux of 14.7 to 24.4 kg ⋅ d −1 ⋅ km −2 from fragranced VCPs and other anthropogenic sources, which is comparable to that of a summertime forest. Photochemical modeling of an extreme heat event, with ozone well in excess of US standards, illustrates the significant impact of VCPs on air quality. In the most populated regions of NYC, ozone was sensitive to anthropogenic VOCs (AVOCs), even in the presence of biogenic sources. Within this VOC-sensitive regime, AVOCs contributed upwards of ∼20 ppb to maximum 8-h average ozone. VCPs accounted for more than 50% of this total AVOC contribution. Emissions from fragranced VCPs, including personal care and cleaning products, account for at least 50% of the ozone attributed to VCPs. We show that model simulations of ozone depend foremost on the magnitude of VCP emissions and that the addition of oxygenated VCP chemistry impacts simulations of key atmospheric oxidation products. NYC is a case study for developed megacities, and the impacts of VCPs on local ozone are likely similar for other major urban regions across North America or Europe.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2026653118
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 7
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    Evaluating the impact of spatial resolution on tropospheric NO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 column comparisons within urban areas using high-resolution airborne data
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2019
    In:  Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2019-11-22), p. 6091-6111
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2019-11-22), p. 6091-6111
    Abstract: Abstract. NASA deployed the GeoTASO airborne UV–visible spectrometer in May–June 2017 to produce high-resolution (approximately 250 m×250 m) gapless NO2 datasets over the western shore of Lake Michigan and over the Los Angeles Basin. The results collected show that the airborne tropospheric vertical column retrievals compare well with ground-based Pandora spectrometer column NO2 observations (r2=0.91 and slope of 1.03). Apparent disagreements between the two measurements can be sensitive to the coincidence criteria and are often associated with large local variability, including rapid temporal changes and spatial heterogeneity that may be observed differently by the sunward-viewing Pandora observations. The gapless mapping strategy executed during the 2017 GeoTASO flights provides data suitable for averaging to coarser areal resolutions to simulate satellite retrievals. As simulated satellite pixel area increases to values typical of TEMPO (Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring Pollution), TROPOMI (TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument), and OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument), the agreement with Pandora measurements degraded, particularly for the most polluted columns as localized large pollution enhancements observed by Pandora and GeoTASO are spatially averaged with nearby less-polluted locations within the larger area representative of the satellite spatial resolutions (aircraft-to-Pandora slope: TEMPO scale =0.88; TROPOMI scale =0.77; OMI scale =0.57). In these two regions, Pandora and TEMPO or TROPOMI have the potential to compare well at least up to pollution scales of 30×1015 molecules cm−2. Two publicly available OMI tropospheric NO2 retrievals are found to be biased low with respect to these Pandora observations. However, the agreement improves when higher-resolution a priori inputs are used for the tropospheric air mass factor calculation (NASA V3 standard product slope =0.18 and Berkeley High Resolution product slope =0.30). Overall, this work explores best practices for satellite validation strategies with Pandora direct-sun observations by showing the sensitivity to product spatial resolution and demonstrating how the high-spatial-resolution NO2 data retrieved from airborne spectrometers, such as GeoTASO, can be used with high-temporal-resolution ground-based column observations to evaluate the influence of spatial heterogeneity on validation results.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1867-8548
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/amt-12-6091-2019
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 8
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    Changes in the surface broadband shortwave radiation budget during the 2017 eclipse
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2020
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 20, No. 17 ( 2020-09-09), p. 10477-10491
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 20, No. 17 ( 2020-09-09), p. 10477-10491
    Abstract: Abstract. While solar eclipses are known to greatly diminish the visible radiation reaching the surface of the Earth, less is known about the magnitude of the impact. We explore both the observed and modeled levels of change in surface radiation during the eclipse of 2017. We deployed a pyranometer and Pandora spectrometer instrument to Casper, Wyoming, and Columbia, Missouri, to measure surface broadband shortwave (SW) flux and atmospheric properties during the 21 August 2017 solar eclipse event. We performed detailed radiative transfer simulations to understand the role of clouds in spectral and broadband solar radiation transfer in the Earth's atmosphere for the normal (non-eclipse) spectrum and red-shift solar spectra for eclipse conditions. The theoretical calculations showed that the non-eclipse-to-eclipse surface flux ratio depends strongly on the obscuration of the solar disk and slightly on the cloud optical depth. These findings allowed us to estimate what the surface broadband SW flux would be for hypothetical non-eclipse conditions from observations during the eclipse and further to quantify the impact of the eclipse on the surface broadband SW radiation budget. We found that the eclipse caused local reductions of time-averaged surface flux of about 379 W m−2 (50 %) and 329 W m−2 (46 %) during the ∼3 h course of the eclipse at the Casper and Columbia sites, respectively. We estimated that the Moon's shadow caused a reduction of approximately 7 %–8 % in global average surface broadband SW radiation. The eclipse has a smaller impact on the absolute value of surface flux reduction for cloudy conditions than a clear atmosphere; the impact decreases with the increase in cloud optical depth. However, the relative time-averaged reduction of local surface SW flux during a solar eclipse is approximately 45 %, and it is not sensitive to cloud optical depth. The reduction of global average SW flux relative to climatology is proportional to the non-eclipse and eclipse flux difference in the penumbra area and depends on cloud optical depth in the Moon's shadow and geolocation due to the change in solar zenith angle. We also discuss the influence of cloud inhomogeneity on the observed SW flux. Our results not only quantify the reduction of the surface solar radiation budget, but also advance the understanding of broadband SW radiative transfer under solar eclipse conditions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-10477-2020
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-10477-2020-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 9
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    NO 2 column amounts from ground-based Pandora and MFDOAS spectrometers using the direct-sun DOAS technique: Intercomparisons and application to OMI validation
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2009
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research Vol. 114, No. D13 ( 2009-07-15)
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 114, No. D13 ( 2009-07-15)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2009JD011848
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2009
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  • 10
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    High precision, absolute total column ozone measurements from the Pandora spectrometer system: Comparisons with data from a Brewer double monochromator and Aura OMI : PANDORA TOTAL COLUMN OZONE RETRIEVAL
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2012
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 117, No. D16 ( 2012-08-27), p. n/a-n/a
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 117, No. D16 ( 2012-08-27), p. n/a-n/a
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2012JD017814
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2012
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