Note: Front Cover -- Flux Control in Biological Systems: From Enzymes to Populations and Ecosystems -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Part I: Flux Control at the Cellular Level -- Chapter 1. The Malate Valve: Flux Control at the Enzymatic Level -- I. Introduction -- II. The ATP to NADPH Balance -- III. Redox Control of the Malate Valve -- IV. A Futile Cycle Provides the Machinery for Flux Regulation -- V. Extra Sequences in the Polypeptide Are Responsible for Redox Control -- VI. Energy Expenditure for Redox Control -- VII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2. Flux Control at the Level of the Pathway: Studies with Mutants and Transgenic Plants Having a Decreased Activity of Enzymes Involved in Photosynthesis Partitioning -- I. Introduction -- II. The Traditional Approach to the Study of Regulation -- III. Metabolic Regulations Illustrated by Photosynthetic Sucrose Synthesis -- IV. Regulation and Control -- V. Measurement of Flux Control Coefficients Using Mutants and Genetically Manipulated Plants -- VI. Flux Control Coefficients of Rubisco during Photosynthesis -- VII. Flux Control Coefficients of Four Enzymes in a Linear Pathway: Photosynthetic Starch Synthesis -- VIII. Control of Partitioning to Sucrose and Starch: An Example of Control at a Branch Point in Metabolism -- IX. What Determines the Flux Control Coefficient of an Enzyme? -- X. Measurement of Elasticity Coefficients -- XI. Comparison of Flux Control Coefficients and Elasticity Coefficients for PGI and the Cytosolic Frul,6Pase -- XII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3. Controlling the Effects of Excessive Light Energy Fluxes: Dissipative Mechanisms, Repair Processes, and Long-Term Acclimation -- I. Introduction -- II. Experimental Approach -- III. Changes in Photosynthetic Capacity -- IV. Changes in Photosynthetic Efficiency. , V. Effects of Multiple Stress -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Part II: Flux Control at the Organismic Level -- Chapter 4. Plant Growth, Storage, and Resource Allocation: From Flux Control in a Metabolic Chain to the Whole-Plant Level -- I. Introduction -- II. What Is Assimilation and How Is It Related to Growth? -- III. What Is Storage and How Is It Related to Growth? -- IV. Analysis of Whole-Plant Growth Using Mutants and Transgenic Plants -- V. Observations of Growth and Storage in Different Plant Life Forms -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5. The Morphogenic Response of Plants to Soil Nitrogen: Adaptive Regulation of Biomass Distribution and Nitrogen Metabolism by Phytohormones -- I. Introduction: Nitrogen-Induced Changes of Root Growth -- II. The Response of Nitrogen Uptake to Nitrogen Supply -- III. Changes in Growth Reduction and in Root-to-Shoot Ratios by Nitrogen Deficiency -- IV. Analysis of Sink-Source Relations of Plants with Different Nitrogen Status -- V. Are Ammonium-Induced Carbon Sinks Morphogenically Effective? -- VI. Cytokinins Control the Growth Patterns of Urtica dioica -- VII. Studies on the Mechanism of Cytokinin Action on Carbon Distribution -- VIII. A Molecular Biological Approach to the Action of Cytokinins -- IX. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6. Regulation by Futile Cycles: The Transport of Carbon and Nitrogen in Plants -- I. Introduction -- II. Export from the Source: Phloem Loading -- III. Long-Distance Solute Transport -- IV. Uptake by the Sink -- V. Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 7. The Regulation of Plant Transpiration: Interactions of Feedforward, Feedback, and Futile Cycles -- I. Introduction -- II. The Regulation of Stomata in Response to Dry Air -- III. Stomatal Response to Soil Water Deficits: Feedforward Control by Root Signals. , IV. Coupled Fluxes and Futile Cycles Modulate the Root Signals -- V. Coupled Fluxes of Water Vapor and Carbon Dioxide Correlated with Maximum Leaf Conductance -- VI. The Regulation of Root-to-Shoot Ratios -- VII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8. The Regulation of Plant Water at the Cell, Tissue, and Organ Level: Role of Active Processes and of Compartmentation -- I. Introduction -- II. Water Relations at the Cell Level -- III. Regulation of Tissue Water -- IV. Application of Integrated Theory: Extension Growth -- V. Regulation of Root Water and Solute Relations -- VI. Conclusions and Summary -- References -- Part III: Flux Control at the Soil-Organism Interface -- Chapter 9. Patterns and Regulation of Organic Matter Transformation in Soils: Litter Decomposition and Humification -- I. Introduction -- II. The Soil Carbon Cycle -- III. Methodological Approach -- IV. Composition and Distribution of the Input to Humification -- V. Decomposition and Humification Processes -- VI. Control of Organic Matter Transformations -- VII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10. The Effect of Aggregation of Soils on Water, Gas, and Heat Transport -- I. Introduction -- II. The Processes of Aggregate Formation -- III. Hydraulic Aspects -- IV. Thermal Aspects -- V. Aspects of Soil Aeration -- VI. Consequences of Aggregation on Plant Water Use -- VII. Conclusions -- References -- Part IV: Flux Control at the Population and Ecosystem Level -- Chapter 11. Structure and Biomass Transfer in Food Webs: Stability, Fluctuations, and Network Control -- I. Introduction -- II. Cardueae-Insect Food Webs -- III. Network Control of Food Webs -- IV. Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12. Fluxes in Ecosystems -- I. Introduction -- II. The Ecosystem Concept -- III. Factors Involved in Structure and Organization of Ecosystems. , IV. System Regulation of Fluxes and Stability -- V. System Response -- VI. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13. Adjustment of Gene Flow at the Population, Species, and Ecosystem Level: Thistles and Their Herbivores -- I. Introduction -- II. Adjustment of Gene Flow -- III. Conclusions -- References -- Part V: Flux Control in Biological Systems: A Comparative View -- Chapter 14. Flux Control in Biological Systems: A Comparative View -- I. Introduction -- II. Hierarchy of Resource Limitations for Individual Processes Organisms -- III. Feedforward and Feedback -- IV. Shared Control -- V. Futile Cycles -- VI. Compartmentation and Accumulation -- VII. Coordination and Synchronization -- VIII. Boundaries to Our Knowledge -- IX. Conclusions -- References -- Index -- Physiological Ecology: A Series of Monographs, Texts, and Treatises.

Note: Front Cover -- Global Biogeochemical Cycles in the Climate System -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Part 1: Introduction -- Chapter 1. Uncertainties of Global Biogeochemical Predictions -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The IGBP Transect Approach -- 1.3 Variability in Processes -- 1.4 Biome Approach and Functional Types -- 1.5 New Approaches to Functional Diversity -- 1.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2. Uncertainties of Global Climate Predictions, -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Observational Evidence -- 2.3 Physical Rationale -- 2.4 Response to Forcing of the Climate System -- 2.5 Results from Climate Change Prediction Experiments -- 2.6 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3. Uncertainties in the Atmospheric Chemical System, -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Synthetic View of Chemical Processes in the Troposphere -- 3.3 The IMAGES Model -- 3.4 Changes in the Chemical Composition of the Global Troposphere -- 3.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 4. Inferring Biogeochemical Sources and Sinks from Atmospheric Concentrations: General Consideration and Applications in Vegetation Canopies -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Scalar and Isotopic Molar Balances -- 4.3 Inverse Methods for Inferring Scalar Sources and Sinks in Canopies -- 4.4 Inverse Methods and Isotopes in Canopies -- 4.5 Summary and Conclusions -- Appendix A -- Appendix B -- References -- Chapter 5. Biogeophysical Feedbacks and the Dynamics of Climate -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Synergisms -- 5.3 Multiple Equilibria -- 5.4 Transient Interaction -- 5.5 Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 6. Land-Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions and Monsoon Climate Change: A Paleo-Perspective -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Response of the Monsoon to Orbital Forcing -- 6.3 Ocean Feedbacks on the Monsoon -- 6.4 Land-Surface Feedbacks on the Monsoon. , 6.5 Synergies between the Land, Ocean and Atmosphere -- 6.6 The Role of Climate Variability -- 6.7 Final Remarks -- References -- Chapter 7. Paleobiogeochemistry -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Methane -- 7.3 Carbon Dioxide -- 7.4 Mineral Dust Aerosol -- 7.5 Scientific Challenges Posed by the Ice-Core Records -- 7.6 Towards an Integrated Research Strategy for Palaeobiogeochemistry -- References -- Chapter 8. Should Phosphorus Availability Be Constraining Moist Tropical Forest Responses to Increasing CO2 Concentrations? -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Phosphorus in the Soils of the Moist Tropics -- 8.3 States and Fluxes of Phosphorus in Moist Tropical Forests -- 8.4 Linking the Phosphorus and Carbon Cycles -- References -- Chapter 9. Trees in Grasslands: Biogeochemical Consequences of Woody Plant Expansion -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Woody Plant Encroachment in Grasslands and Savannas -- 9.3 The La Copita Case Study -- 9.4 Degradation: Ecological Versus Socioeconomic -- 9.5 Implications for Ecosystem and Natural Resources Management -- 9.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 10. Biogeochemistry in the Arctic: Patterns, Processes and Controls -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Tundra Organic Matter -- 10.3 Tundra Nutrients -- 10.4 Biogeochemical Responses to Experimental Ecosystem Manipulations -- 10.5 Summary -- References -- Chapter 11. Evaporation in the Boreal Zone During Summer-Physics and Vegetation -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Climate and Soil Water -- 11.3 Evaporation Theory -- 11.4 Evaporation During Summer and Rainfall -- 11.5 Forest Evaporation, Tree Life Form and Nitrogen -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12 Past and Future Forest Response to Rapid Climate Change -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Long-Distance Dispersal -- 12.3 Estimating Jump Distances -- 12.4 Interactions with Resident Vegetation - Constraints on Establishment. , 12.5 Interactions with Resident Vegetation - Competition for Light and Resulting Constraints on Population Growth -- 12.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13. Biogeochemical Models: Implicit vs. Explicit Microbiology -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Microbiology in Biogeochemical Models -- 13.3 Dealing with Microbial Diversity in Models -- 13.4 Kinetic Effects of Microbial Population Size -- 13.5 Microbial Recovery from Stress -- 13.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14. The Global Soil Organic Carbon Pool -- 14.1 Introduction: the Soil Carbon Pool and Global Change -- 14.2 Factors Affecting the Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon -- 14.3 Global Variations in the SOC Pool -- 14.4 The Limitations of Available Observational SOC Data -- 14.5 A Stratified Sampling Approach -- 14.6 Conclusions: Sandworld and Clayworld -- References -- Chapter 15. Plant Compounds and Their Turnover and Stability as Soil Organic Matter -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Pathways of Soil Organic Matter Formation -- 15.3 Stabilization of Soil Organic Matter -- 15.4 Turnover of Soil Organic Matter -- 15.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 16. Input/Output Balances and Nitrogen Limitation in Terrestrial Ecosystems -- 16.1 Abstract -- 16.2 Long-term Nutrient Limitation -- 16.3 A Simple Model -- 16.4 Pathways of N Loss -- 16.5 Constraints to N Fixation -- 16.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 17. Interactions Between Hillslope Hydrochemistry, Nitrogen Dynamics and Plants in Fennoscandian Boreal Forest -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 A Historical Perspective -- 17.3 Nitrogen Supply and Forest Productivity in a Landscape Perspective: Hypotheses -- 17.4 Interactions Between Hydrochemistry, N Dynamics and Plants at Betsele - a Model System -- 17.5 Experimental Evidence -- 17.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 18. The Cycle of Atmospheric Molecular Oxygen and its Isotopes. , 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Molecular Atmospheric Oxygen -- 18.3 The Stable Isotopes of Oxygen -- 18.4 Integrative Research Approach -- References -- Chapter 19. Constraining the Global Carbon Budget from Global to Regional Scales - the Measurement Challenge -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Present Status of Global C-Models -- 19.3 Global CO2-Measurements -- 19.4 The Global CO2-Measuring Network -- References -- Chapter 20. Carbon Isotope Discrimination of Terrestrial Ecosystems - How Well do Observed and Modeled Results Match? -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Experimental and Analytical Methods -- 20.3 Description of the Model -- 20.4 13C Signature of Ecosystem Respiration -- 20.5 Modeled Ecosystem Carbon Discrimination -- 20.6 Comparison of Observed and Modeled De Estimates -- 20.7 Ecophysiological Information of Δe -- 20.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 21. Photosynthetic Pathways and Climate -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 A Physiological Basis for C3/C4 Plant Distributions -- 21.3 A Brief History of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Levels -- 21.4 Recognizing the Presence of C3 and C4 Ecosystems in the Paleorecord -- 21.5 The Global Expansion of C4 Ecosystems -- 21.6 C3/C4 Dynamics During Glacial-Interglacial Periods -- 21.7 Photosynthetic Pathway Distribution in The Modern World -- 21.8 Photosynthetic Pathway Impacts Herbivores -- 21.9 Summary -- References -- Chapter 22. Biological Diversity, Evolution and Biogeochemistry -- 22.1 What Do We Have and What Are We Losing? -- 22.2 Do Species Losses Matter for Biogeochemical Cycling? -- 22.3 Kinds of Diversity -- 22.4 The Evolution of Functional Diversity -- 22.5 Cellulose -- 22.6 Evolution of Polyphenolic Compounds -- 22.7 The Build Up of Carbon and Evolution of Decomposers -- 22.8 Analysis of the Role of Diversity and Biogeochemistry -- 22.10 Summary -- References. , Chapter 23 Atmospheric Perspectives on the Ocean Carbon Cycle -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Long-term Mean Ocean Uptake -- 23.3 Interannual Variability -- 23.4 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 24 International Instruments for the Protection of the Climate and Their National Implementation -- 24.1 Introduction -- 24.2 Commitments of States Parties Under the Climate Change Regime -- 24.3 Implementation Measures -- 24.4 Monitoring Compliance and Enforcement -- 24.5 The Kyoto Protocol as a Learning Treaty -- 24.6 Conclusions -- Chapter 25. A New Tool to Characterizing and Managing Risks -- 25.1 Introduction -- 25.2 Risk Evaluation and Risk Classification -- 25.3 Risk Management -- 25.4 Application to Environmental Risks of Substances -- 25.5 Some Conclusions for a Deliberative Process -- References -- Chapter 26. Contrasting Approaches: The Ozone Layer, Climate Change and Resolving The Kyoto Dilemma -- 26.1 Introduction: Apples and Oranges? -- 26.2 Montreal: An Unlikely Success Story -- 26.3 Lessons From The Ozone Layer -- 26.4 Climate Change: The Road to Rio -- 26.5 The Framework Convention on Climate Change -- 26.6 Tortuous Targets in Kyoto -- 26.7 When Will the Kyoto Protocol Enter Into Force? -- 26.8 Unlearned Lessons -- 26.9 Time To Move on: A longer Term Perspective -- 26.10 A Technology-based Strategy For The Future: Eight Points For Action -- References -- Chapter 27. Optimizing Long-Term Climate Management -- 27.1 Introduction -- 27.2 Global Environment and Society Models -- 27.3 Impulse-Response Climate Models -- 27.4 Optimizing CO2 Emissions -- 27.5 Conclusions -- References -- Subject Index.

Note: Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Table of Contents -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- Sampling Design of the Present Study -- Limitations of the Study -- Comparison with Other Studies -- 2. Material and Methods -- Geographic Origin of the Material -- Families and Number of Species Treated in this Volume -- Families Treated in Vol. 2 -- Internet Data -- Preparation of the Plant Material -- 3. Vegetation and Plant Parameters -- Definition of Vegetation/Climate Types -- Definition of Life Forms (after Ellenberg et al. 1992) -- Definition of Plant Height (after Aeschimann et al. 2004) -- 4. Definition of Anatomical Features -- Classification of Ring Distinctness after Schweingruber and Poschlod 2005 -- Definition of Features According to the IAWA List (Wheeler et al. 1989), and Complements -- Bark Features -- 5. Monographic Descriptions -- Aizoaceae -- Amaranthaceae -- Amborellaceae -- Anacardiaceae -- Apocyanaceae and Asclepiadaceae -- Aristolochiaceae -- Berberidaceae -- Betulaceae -- Brassicaceae -- Buxaceae -- Cannabaceae -- Capparaceae -- Caryophyllaceae -- Celastraceae -- Ceratophyllaceae -- Cercidiphyllaceae -- Cistaceae -- Clusiaceae -- Cneoraceae -- Crassulaceae -- Cucurbitaceae -- Droseraceae -- Elaeagnaceae -- Ericaceae -- Euphorbiaceae -- Fabaceae -- Fagaceae -- Gentianaceae -- Geraniaceae -- Grossulariaceae -- Haloragaceae -- Hamamelidaceae and Altingiaceae -- Juglandaceae -- Krameriaceae -- Lardizabalaceae -- Lauraceae -- Linaceae -- Loranthaceae and Viscaceae -- Lythraceae -- Magnoliaceae -- Malvaceae -- Menispermaceae -- Menyanthaceae -- Moraceae -- Myricaceae -- Myrtaceae -- Nepenthaceae -- Nyctaginaceae -- Nymphaeaceae -- Onagraceae -- Oxalidaceae -- Paeoniaceae -- Papaveraceae -- Phytolaccaceae -- Piperaceae -- Platanaceae -- Plumbaginaceae -- Polygalaceae -- Polygonaceae -- Portulacaceae -- Primulaceae -- Ranunculaceae. , Resedaceae -- Rhamnaceae -- Rosaceae -- Rubiaceae -- Rutaceae -- Salicaceae -- Salvadoraceae -- Santalaceae -- Sapindaceae -- Saxifragaceae -- Simmondsiaceae -- Staphyleaceae -- Tamaricaceae -- Thymelaeaceae -- Tiliaceae -- Trochodendraceae -- Ulmaceae -- Urticaceae -- Violaceae -- Vitaceae -- Winteraceae -- Zygophyllaceae -- References -- Alphabetic List of Species.

Note: Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Table of Contents -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction to Volume 2 -- 1.1 Phylogeny and Taxonomy -- 1.2 Geographic and Climatic Origin -- 1.3 Life Forms -- 1.4 Anatomical Features -- 1.5 Morphological and Ecological Interpretation of Features -- 2. Monographic Descriptions -- Actinidiaceae -- Adoxaceae -- Apiaceae -- Aquifoliaceae -- Araliaceae -- Asteraceae -- Asteraceae - Mutisieae -- Asteraceae - Cardueae -- Asteraceae - Lactuceae -- Asteraceae - Inuleae -- Asteraceae - Gnaphalieae -- Asteraceae - Calenduleae -- Asteraceae - Astereae -- Asteraceae - Anthemideae -- Asteraceae - Senecioneae -- Asteraceae - Heleniae -- Asteraceae - Heliantheae -- Asteraceae - Eupatorieae -- Asteraceae - Tageteae -- Balsaminaceae -- Boraginaceae -- Callitrichaceae -- Campanulaceae -- Caprifoliaceae -- Clethraceae -- Convolvulaceae -- Cornaceae -- Diapensiaceae -- Diervillaceae -- Dipsacaceae -- Ebenaceae -- Frankeniaceae -- Garryaceae -- Hippuridaceae -- Hydrangeaceae -- Lamiaceae -- Lentibulariaceae -- Linnaeaceae -- Myrsinaceae -- Oleaceae -- Orobanchaceae -- Plantaginaceae -- Polemoniaceae -- Rafflesiaceae -- Roridulaceae -- Sapotaceae -- Sarraceniaceae -- Scrophulariaceae -- Solanaceae -- Styracaceae -- Valerianaceae -- Verbenaceae -- 3. Ecological, Morphological, Taxonomical and Functional Significance of Stem Features Within the Dicotyledons -- 3.1 Stem Constructions -- 3.2 Annual Rings -- 3.3 The Hydrological System -- 3.4 The Axial Stabilization System -- 3.5 The Storage System -- 3.6 Secretory Structures -- 3.7 Intercellular Spaces (Aerenchyma) in Stems of Aquatic Plants -- 4. Anatomical Adaptations to EnvironmentalConditions -- 4.1 Anatomical Diversity within Plant Communities -- 4.2 Anatomical Features of Species in Relation to Plant Size and Age. , 4.3 Anatomical Variability of Species in Relation to Different Site Conditions -- 4.4 Anatomical Adaptations of Xylem Characteristics -- 5. Ontogeny of the Xylem -- 5.1 The Study of Cambial Development by Observation and by Modeling -- 5.2 The Availability of Space as Controlling Factor -- 5.3 Hormonal Regulation of Cell Differentiation -- 5.4 Whole Plant Integration of Cell Development -- 6. Secondary Woodinessand Paedomorphosis -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- Alphabetic List of Species.