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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cambridge :Cambridge University Press,
    Keywords: Geology, Structural. ; Earth. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: Fully updated and revised, this rigorous but accessible second edition explores Earth's evolution over 4.6 billion years, explaining the underlying physical and chemical principles without heavy mathematics. It provides an ideal supplementary text for students in isotope geochemistry and planetary science and an enjoyable overview for professionals and general readers.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (166 pages)
    Edition: 2nd ed.
    ISBN: 9781139375115
    DDC: 550
    Language: English
    Note: Cover -- The Earth: Its Birth and Growth -- Title -- Contents -- Preface to the second edition -- Preface to the first edition -- Preface to the English edition -- 1: Heat from within: energy supporting the dynamic Earth -- THE ENERGY HIDDEN IN ROCKS -- THE AMOUNT OF RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS IN ROCKS -- RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS IN THE WHOLE EARTH -- HEAT GENERATION IN THE EARTH'S INTERIOR -- COMPARISON WITH SOLAR ENERGY -- NOTES -- 2: At the time of the Earth's birth -- NUCLEOSYNTHESIS IN THE GALAXY -- CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM -- FROM A GASEOUS NEBULA TO PLANETESIMALS -- FROM PLANETESIMALS TO PLANETS -- CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH -- AGE OF THE EARTH -- HOLMES, HOUTERMANS, AND PATTERSON -- NOTES -- 3: Formation of the layered structure of the Earth -- DISTINCTIVE LAYERED STRUCTURE -- HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS ACCRETION HYPOTHESIS -- CHEMICAL DIFFERENTIATION AND PLANETARY ACCRETION -- IRON CORE AND SILICATE MANTLE SEPARATION -- HAFNIUM-TUNGSTEN CHRONOMETER: A GEOLOGICAL SANDGLASS -- FORMATION OF THE INNER CORE -- THE EARTH'S CORE AND THE GEOMAGNETIC FIELD -- MANTLE, CRUST, AND ATMOSPHERE -- NOTES -- 4: Time scale of the Earth's evolution -- MEASURING THOUSANDS OF MILLIONS OF YEARS -- GEOLOGICAL CLOCK USING NUCLEAR DISINTEGRATION -- CORROBORATION OF THE GEOLOGICAL CLOCK -- POTASSIUM-ARGON METHOD -- REVERSALS OF THE EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD -- AGE OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS -- SHORT-LIVED ISOTOPE: A GEOLOGICAL SANDGLASS -- CAI: THE OLDEST MINERAL IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM -- NOTES -- 5: Plate tectonics revolution -- PALEOMAGNETISM AND APPARENT POLAR WANDER -- CONTINENTAL DRIFT HYPOTHESIS -- SEAFLOOR SPREADING THEORY -- PLATE TECTONICS THEORY -- WHAT DRIVES PLATES? -- NOTES -- 6: Evolution of the mantle -- MANTLE EVOLUTION AND CRUSTAL GROWTH -- NEODYMIUM ISOTOPE AS A MARKER FOR MANTLE EVOLUTION -- WHY AND HOW MANTLE MELTS. , OCEANIC CRUST AND CONTINENTAL CRUST -- INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE MANTLE -- CHEMICAL STRATIFICATION IN THE MANTLE? -- STRUCTURE OF MANTLE CONVECTION -- NOTES -- 7: Origin of the atmosphere and oceans -- SECONDARY ORIGIN OF THE ATMOSPHERE -- DEGASSING FROM THE EARTH -- IS THE DEGASSING CONTINUOUS? -- USING THE ARGON ISOTOPIC RATIO -- FORMATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE OCCURRED SUDDENLY -- XENON - 129: A MORE PRECISE CHRONOMETER FOR MANTLE DEGASSING -- RARE GASES IN MANTLE MATERIALS -- THE ORIGIN OF LIFE AND THE ATMOSPHERE -- THE MYSTERY OF THE COMPOSITION OF THE EARLY ATMOSPHERE -- BANDED IRON FORMATIONS AND PRODUCTION OF OXYGEN -- APPEARANCE OF OXYGEN AND CARBON ISOTOPES -- SULFUR ISOTOPES, A PHOTOSYNTHESIS MARKER? -- NOTES -- 8: Isotopes as DNA of nature -- NON-RADIOGENIC STABLE ISOTOPES -- STABLE ISOTOPES AS COSMIC DNA -- OXYGEN ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION AND ITS VARIABILITY -- PALEOTEMPERATURE AND CLIMATE -- MASS-INDEPENDENT ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION -- MASS-INDEPENDENT ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION OF MERCURY -- STARDUST -- NOTES -- 9: The Earth's magnetism -- MAGNETIC MINERALS IN ROCKS: SMALLER IS BETTER -- THERMO-REMANENT MAGNETIZATION CAN PERSIST FOREVER -- GENERATION OF THE GEOMAGNETIC FIELD BY GEODYNAMO -- MANTLE CONTROL OVER THE HISTORY OF THE GEOMAGNETIC FIELD -- ONSET OF THE GEOMAGNETIC FIELD IN THE EARTH'S HISTORY -- NOTES -- 10: The Moon: a looking glass to mirror the ancient Earth -- GEOCHEMICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL FOSSILS -- ORIGIN OF THE EARTH-MOON SYSTEM -- SOLAR WIND ON LUNAR SOILS -- THE EARTH WIND: IONS ESCAPING FROM THE EARTH -- GEOMAGNETIC FIELD MIRRORED ON THE MOON -- 11: The past and future of the evolving Earth -- USEFULNESS OF THE EARTH'S HISTORY -- THE EARTH'S EVOLUTION, PAST AND FUTURE -- RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL -- OKLO NATURAL NUCLEAR REACTOR -- OKLO NATURAL REACTOR AS A "FOSSIL -- CURSE AND BLESSINGS OF POPULATION GROWTH -- References. , Chapter 1 -- Chapter 2 -- Chapter 3 -- Chapter 4 -- Chapter 5 -- Chapter 6 -- Chapter 7 -- Chapter 8 -- Chapter 9 -- Chapter 10 -- Chapter 11 -- Index.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cambridge :Cambridge University Press,
    Keywords: Gases, Rare. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: This fully revised and updated second edition discusses the fundamental concepts of using noble gas geochemistry to resolve problems in the earth and planetary sciences. It will be invaluable to graduate students and researchers who use noble gas geochemistry techniques.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (302 pages)
    Edition: 2nd ed.
    ISBN: 9780511157110
    DDC: 551.9
    Language: English
    Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the First Edition -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Retrospect and Prospect -- 1.2 Geochemical Characteristics of the Noble Gases -- 1.3 Constants and Conventions -- 1.4 Nomenclature -- 1.5 Air -- 1.6 Atmosphere -- 1.7 Nuclear Chemistry -- 1.8 Three-Isotope Diagrams -- Chapter 2 Physical Chemistry -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Adsorption -- 2.3 Solution -- 2.4 Crystal-Melt Partitioning -- 2.5 Trapping and Implanting -- 2.6 Clathrates and Fullerene C -- 2.7 Diffusion -- 2.8 Stepwise Degassing -- 2.9 Isotopic Fractionation -- Chapter 3 Cosmochemistry -- 3.1 Cosmic Abundances -- 3.2 Solar Noble Gases -- 3.3 Planetary Noble Gases -- 3.4 Extrasolar Noble Gases -- Chapter 4 Water -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Solubility Data -- 4.3 Seawater -- 4.4 Meteoric Water -- 4.5 Juvenile… -- 4.6 Juvenile… -- 4.7 Paleotemperature: Noble Gas Record -- Chapter 5 Crust -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Sediments -- 5.3 Cosmic Dusts -- 5.4 Noble Gases in Aquifer System -- 5.5 Cosmogenic Noble Gases -- 5.6 Crustal He and Ne - Nucleogenic Components -- 5.7 The… -- 5.8 Cyclo-Silicate Minerals -- Chapter 6 The Mantle -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Mantle-Derived Volcanic Rocks -- 6.3 Diamonds -- 6.4 Volcanic Gases, Fumaroles, and Hydrothermal Waters -- 6.5 Mantle Xenoliths -- 6.6 Mantle Noble Gas (Abundance) -- 6.7 Mantle Noble Gas (Isotopic Ratios) -- 6.8 Degassed, Less-Degassed, and Regassed Mantle -- 6.9 Mantle Degassing Mechanism -- 6.10 Mantle Degassing Chronology -- 6.11 Excess Xe… -- 6.12 The Mantle He Flux -- 6.13…Heat and Mantle Dichotomy -- Chapter 7 Noble Gases in the Earth -- 7.1 Overview -- 7.2 Primordial Noble Gas in the Earth -- 7.3 SW, Q, and Terrestrial Noble Gases -- 7.4 Ne Fractionation -- 7.5 Missing Xe -- 7.6 Radiogenic… -- 7.7…Systematics. , 7.8 Origin of Terrestrial Noble Gas -- 7.9 Inventory -- References -- Index.
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  • 3
    Book
    Book
    Cambridge [u.a.] : Univ. Pr.
    Keywords: gases, rare ; Edelgas ; Geochemie
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: X, 367 S , graph. Darst
    ISBN: 0521239397
    DDC: 551.9
    Language: English
    Note: Literaturverz. S. [339] - 358
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  • 4
    Book
    Book
    Berlin : Springer
    Keywords: Isotope geology ; Earth (Planet) Origin ; Historische Geologie ; Historische Geologie
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: VIII, 165 S. , graph. Darst.
    ISBN: 3540165959 , 0387165959
    DDC: 551.7
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Note: Literaturverz. S. 156 - 159. - Aus d. Japan. übers , Aus dem Japan. übers.
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  • 5
    Book
    Book
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Keywords: Geochemistry ; Gases, Rare ; Geochemistry ; Gases, Rare ; gases, rare ; Geochemie ; Edelgas ; geochemistry ; Geochemie ; Edelgas ; Edelgas ; Geochemie ; Edelgas ; Geochemie
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: XIV, 286 S. , graph. Darst.
    Edition: 2. ed.
    ISBN: 0521803667
    DDC: 551.9
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index. - Previous ed.: 1983
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 284 (1980), S. 313-316 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Although terrestrial rare gases have elemental abundances similar to those of meteorites (planetary-type rare gases), their Ne and Xe isotopic compositions are quite different which suggests that degassing of meteoritic materials alone cannot explain the atmospheric rare gases. The terrestrial rare ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 271 (1978), S. 45-46 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Industrial diamonds we studied are believed to have come from Kimberley Mines, South Africa. The size of the diamonds ranges from about 1 mm to about 5 mm. Some contain black inclusions, some of which are ferromagnetic and appears to be pyrrhotite under a microscope. Existence of pyrrhotite ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 393 (1998), S. 303-304 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] New results imply that we may be in for a surprise about how argon, krypton and xenon behave in the Earth's mantle. Laboratory experiments show that these noble gases, which are used as geochemical tracers, do not act as expected under high pressure. How did the Earth's atmosphere arise? ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 197 (1963), S. 444-445 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IT is conventionally understood that thermo-remanont magnetization (TRM) is produced by cooling a ferromagnetic body from a certain high temperature in a magnetic field1. However, in the course of an investigation of the magnetic behaviour of magnetite at low temperatures (from liquid nitrogen ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird nachgewiesen, dass der Magnetit eine stabile und starke remanente Magnetisierung bei der Erwärmung von −150°C bis normale Temperatur im magnetischen Feld annehmen kann. Wegen des umgekehrten Temperaturgangs bei der Erzeugung der TRM, wird diese Remanenz die umgekehrte Thermoremanenz (ITRM, die Abkürzung von «Inverse type of TRM») genannt. Die ITRM entwickelt besonders merkwürdig um etwa −125°C bei stoichiometrisches Magnetit und um −165°C bei 8% Ulvöspinel Titanomagnetit, wobei die Energie der Kristallanisotropie des Magnetits verschwindet. Die experimentalen Resultate zeigen gewiss, dass die Energie der Kristallanisotropie eine wichtige Rolle in der Erwerbung von ITRM spielt. Eine Theorie ist hier vorgeschlagen worden, die die Entwicklung von ITRM quantitativ erklärt. Man setzt voraus, dass die Magnetitprobe aus viel elementaren Bezirken besteht, deren Werte der mikroskopischen Koerzivität der Gaussschen Normalverteilung. Dann wird die folgende einfache Gleichung abgeleitet, nämlich $$(ITRM)_{T_1 ,H}^{T_2 } = (IRM)_{T_2 ,H} \times \frac{{(H_c (T_2 ))_{bulk} }}{{(H_c (T_1 ))_{bulk} }}$$ wobei $$(ITRM)_{T_1 ,H}^{T_2 }$$ die Magnetisierung bei der Aufheizung der Gesteinsprobe vonT 1 bisT 2 im magnetischen FeldH ist, und(H c (T 2)) bulk und(H c (T 1)) bulk sind die Koerzivität umT 1 undT 2. Diese Beziehung erklärt die allgemeine Eigenschaft der ITRM, und die von der Gleichung gerechnete Intensität der ITRM stimmen mit dem experimentalen Wert überein.
    Notes: Summary It is found that magnetite can acquire stable and intense remanent magnetization by heating it from −150°C to room temperature in a magnetic field. Because of the inversed direction of the temperature change for acquiring the remanent magnetization, the remanent magnetization may be called «inverse type of TRM (ITRM)». The production of ITRM is most effective near the zero point of the crystalline anisotropy energy of magnetite, namely, at about −125°C for stoichiometric magnetite and at about −165°C for 8% ulvöspinel titanomagnetite. Experimental results show that the crystalline anisotropy energy is a key factor in the acquisition of ITRM. A theory is presented to account for the production of ITRM quantitatively. Assuming that a multidomain magnetite sample consists of numerous elementary domains characterized by the microscopic coercivity and the distribution of the microscopic coercivity is of a Gaussian type, a simple formula. $$(ITRM)_{T_1 ,H}^{T_2 } = (IRM)_{T_2 ,H} \times \frac{{(H_c (T_2 ))_{bulk} }}{{(H_c (T_1 ))_{bulk} }}$$ is derived as a relation between IRM and ITRM, where $$(ITRM)_{T_1 ,H}^{T_2 }$$ is ITRM produced by heating the sample fromT 1 toT 2 inH and(H c (T 1)) bulk and(H c (T 2)) bulk are the values of the coercivity atT 1 andT 2 respectively. This formula explains the general feature of ITRM production, the value of ITRM calculated based on this formula agreeing well with the observed one.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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