Note: Front Cover -- The Determination of Organic Peroxides -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- PREFACE -- CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1. Lipid Peroxides -- 2 . Polymers -- 3 . Petrochemicals -- 4 . Irradiation -- 5. Miscellaneous -- References -- CHAPTER 2 . STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY -- 1 . Classification of peroxides -- 2 . Reactivity -- References -- CHAPTER 3. IODOMETRIC METHODS -- 1 . General comments -- 2. Choice of solvent -- 3 . Reaction conditions -- 4 . Titration with thiosulphate -- References -- CHAPTER 4 . FERROUS ION METHODS -- 1 . Introduction -- 2 . Choice of reagent -- 3. Choice of solvent -- 4 . Titration with titanous ions -- 5 . Titration with dichromate ions -- 6 . Titration with mercurous ions -- References -- CHAPTER 5. FURTHER TITRIMETRIC REAGENTS -- 1 . Introduction -- 2 . Arsenious methods -- 3 . Stannous methods -- 4 . Titanous methods -- 5 . Titration with anions -- 6. Sulphides and mercaptans -- References -- CHAPTER 6 . COLORIMETRIC METHODS -- 1 . Introduction -- 2 . Ferrous ions -- 3 . Leuco base of methylene blue -- 4 . Iodine -- 5. iV,A^'-Dimethyl-/?-phenylenediamme -- 6. Other colorimetric reagents -- References -- CHAPTER 7 . POLAROGRAPHIC METHODS -- 1 . Introduction -- 2 . Electrode reaction -- 3 . Polarographic teclmiques for peroxides -- 4 . Nature and concentration of peroxide -- 5 . Solvents and supporting electrolytes -- References -- CHAPTER 8. SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES -- 1 . Introduction -- 2 . Ultraviolet and visible absorption -- 3 . Infrared absorption -- 4 . Raman spectroscopy -- References -- CHAPTER 9 . CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS A. COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY -- 1 . Introduction -- 2 . Column techniques -- 3 . Solvent medium -- 4 . Stationary phase -- 5 . Type of peroxide -- References -- CHAPTER 10 . CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS B. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY -- 1 . Introduction -- 2 . Choice of paper. , 3. Mobile phase -- 4 . General techniques -- 5 . Chemical structure -- 6 . Detection -- 7 . Class of peroxide -- References -- CHAPTER 11 . CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS C. THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY -- 1 . Introduction -- 2 . Adsorbents -- 3 . Solvent systems -- 4. Detection -- 5. Techniques -- 6. Applications -- References -- CHAPTER 12. CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS D. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Solid support -- 3. Stationary phase -- 4. Column temperature -- 5. Functional groups -- 6. Quantitative analysis -- References -- CHAPTER 13. CHOICE OF METHOD -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Concentration of peroxide -- 3. Reactivity of peroxide -- 4. Nature of the sample -- INDEX.

Note: Front Cover -- The Determination of Epoxide Groups -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- PREFACE -- CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1. General considerations -- 2. The determination of epoxide groups -- 3. Analytical methods -- References -- CHAPTER 2. METHODS INVOLVING EPOXIDE RING-OPENING BY HALOGEN ACIDS -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. Procedures considered -- 2. General comments -- 3. Interference effects -- 4. Convenience of the various procedures -- 5. Accuracy -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- CHAPTER 3. OTHER METHODS FOR EPOXIDE DETERMINATION -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. Methods considered -- 2. General comments -- References -- CHAPTER 4. CONCLUSIONS -- Chemical methods -- Physical methods -- Very sensitive methods -- Final comments -- INDEX.

Note: Front Cover -- Physiology Past, Present and Future: A Symposium in Honour of Yngve Zotterman -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- LIST OF PARTICIPANTS -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- INTRODUCTION -- CHAPTER 1. THE SAGA OF THE 'C' FIBRES -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY. WAVES AND UNIT POTENTIALS -- SINGLE UNIT ANALYSIS -- VISCERAL AFFERENT C-FIBRES -- CUTANEOUS C-FIBRES -- DEEPER SOMATIC C-FIBRES -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 2. TOUCH AND PAIN-FACTS AND CONCEPTS, OLD AND NEW -- THE ORIGINS OF TACTILE NEUROPHYSIOLOCGY -- THE PRESENT STATE OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF TOUCH -- THE BIOLOGICAL NOISE IN RECEPTOR DISCHARGES -- PSYCHO-NEURONAL CORRELATIONS -- EFFECTS OF ISCHEMIA IN THE SKIN SENSES -- NOCICEPTORS FROM 1936 TO 1979 -- NOCICEPTOR REGENERATION AFTER NERVE LESIONS -- INHIBITION OF PAIN INFORMATION IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM -- EPILOGUE -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 3. MULTIPLE TACTILE PATHS IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF MAMMALS -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- CLINICAL EVIDENCE -- EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FROM ANIMALS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 4. CEREBRAL CONTROL OF JAW REFLEXES -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 5. THERMORECEPTION -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- STATIC COLD RECEPTION -- ACROSS-FIBER PATTERN -- LOW-TEMPERATURE RECEPTORS -- WARM RECEPTION -- TRANSDUCER MECHANISMS -- EFFECT OF CALCIUM AND EDTA -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 6. TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY IN HUMAN AND NON-HUMAN PRIMATES -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- ADAPTING TEMPERATURE AND DETECTABILITY -- SPATIAL SUMMATION AND DETECTABILITY -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 7. SELECTED REMARKS ABOUT TASTE CELL TRANSDUCTION -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- FOREWORD -- INTRODUCTION -- STIMULUS TRANSPORT. , INITIAL BINDING ASSOCIATED WITH RECEPTOR STIMULATION -- TASTE RECEPTOR POTENTIALS -- MODELS OF TASTE CELL TRANSDUCTION -- NEURAL ACTIVITY -- SUMMARY -- Appendix -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 8. THE SENSE OF TASTE AND BEHAVIOR -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- TASTE AND BEHAVIOR -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 9. STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE EXCITABLE MEMBRANE DURING EXCITATION -- ABSTRACT -- KEYWORDS -- INTRODUCTION -- BIREFRINGENCE CHANGE DURING EXCITATION -- THE THERMAL SPIKE -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- Introduction -- Summary -- REFERENCES.

Note: Front Cover -- The Determination of Carboxylic Functional Groups -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION -- CHAPTER 2. THE DETERMINATION OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS -- 1. GENERAL -- 2. ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM IN WATER -- 3 . ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM IN NON-AQUEOUS MEDIA -- 4 . TITRIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF ACIDS -- 5. SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS -- 6. CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS -- 7. COUNTERCURRENT SEPARATION OF ORGANIC ACIDS -- 8. ELECTROPHORETIC SEPARATION OF ORGANIC ACIDS -- 9 . POLAROGRAPHY OF ORGANIC ACIDS -- 10. SOME OTHER CHEMICAL METHODS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 3. THE DETERMINATION OF ACID ANHYDRIDES AND ACID CHLORIDES -- A. ACID ANHYDRIDES -- B. ACID CHLORIDES -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 4. THE DETERMINATION OF ESTERS -- 1. GENERAL -- 2. SAPONIFICATION METHODS -- 3 . SOME SPECIFIC METHODS -- 4. SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS -- 5. CHROMATOGRAPHY OF ESTERS -- 6 . SOME OTHER PHYSICAL METHODS -- 7. DETERMINATION OF LACTONES -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 5. DETERMINATION OF AMIDES -- 1. GENERAL -- 2. GENERAL METHODS -- 3 . USE OF GRIGNARD'S REAGENT -- 4. SPECIFIC METHODS FOR PRIMARY AMIDES -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 6. THE ANALYSIS OF BINARY AND TERNARY MIXTURES -- 1. GENERAL -- 2. DIFFERENTIATION OF ACIDS -- 3. MIXTURES OF ACIDS AND ANHYDRIDES -- 4. MIXTURES OF ACIDS AND ACID CHLORIDES -- 5. MIXTURES OF ACIDS AND ESTERS -- 6. MIXTURES OF ACIDS AND AMIDES -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- 1 Introduction to advanced distance sampling -- 2 General formulation for distance sampling -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 CDS revisited -- 2.2.1 Conventional line transect estimator -- 2.2.2 Conventional point transect estimator -- 2.3 Horvitz-Thompson: a versatile estimator -- 2.3.1 Animals that occur as individuals -- 2.3.2 Animals that occur in clusters -- 2.3.3 CDS estimators -- 2.4 Maximum likelihood estimation -- 2.4.1 'Covered' animals -- 2.4.2 Random detection with known probability -- 2.4.3 CDS likelihoods -- 2.5 Summary so far and preview of advances -- 2.5.1 Summary -- 2.5.2 Preview of advances -- 2.6 Advanced methods for detection function estimation -- 2.6.1 Multiple covariate distance sampling -- 2.6.2 Mark-recapture distance sampling -- 2.6.3 Estimation when & -- #960 -- (y) is unknown -- 2.7 Estimating animal density surfaces -- 2.7.1 The count method -- 2.7.2 The waiting distance method -- 2.7.3 Cluster size surface estimation -- 2.8 Survey design -- 2.8.1 Likelihood-based inference -- 2.8.2 Design-based inference -- 2.8.3 Adaptive distance sampling -- 2.9 Model selection -- 2.10 Summary -- 3 Covariate models for the detection function -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 A conditional likelihood framework for distance sampling -- 3.3 Line transect sampling -- 3.3.1 The conditional likelihood -- 3.3.2 Incorporating covariates into semiparametric models for the detection function -- 3.3.3 Abundance estimation -- 3.4 Point transect sampling -- 3.5 Example -- 3.6 Discussion -- 4 Spatial distance sampling models -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Spatial line transect models -- 4.2.1 Deriving a likelihood -- 4.2.2 A likelihood based on inter-detection distances -- 4.2.3 Clustered populations -- 4.3 Practical implementations of spatial line transect models -- 4.3.1 A waiting distance model -- 4.3.2 A count model. , 4.4 Spatial distribution of Antarctic minke whales -- 4.5 Spatial point transect models -- 4.5.1 Deriving a likelihood -- 4.5.2 A point transect count model -- 4.6 Discussion -- 5 Temporal inferences from distance sampling surveys -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Concepts -- 5.2.1 Sampling and population variation -- 5.2.2 Sampling covariance -- 5.2.3 Empirical and process models -- 5.2.4 Trend -- 5.2.5 Abundance as a fixed or random quantity -- 5.3 Trend estimation from global abundance estimates -- 5.3.1 Graphical exploration -- 5.3.2 Linear trend models -- 5.3.3 Smoothing -- 5.3.4 Trend estimation when samples covary -- 5.4 Spatio-temporal analysis -- 5.4.1 Transect-level models of trend -- 5.4.2 Spatio-temporal modelling -- 5.5 Process models -- 5.5.1 State-space models -- 5.5.2 Generalizing state-space models -- 5.6 Other analysis methods -- 5.6.1 Time series methods -- 5.6.2 Quality control methods -- 5.7 Survey design -- 5.7.1 Repeating transects -- 5.7.2 Sample size -- 5.7.3 Planning long-term studies -- 6 Methods for incomplete detection at distance zero -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Likelihood and Horvitz-Thompson -- 6.2.1 Constant detection probability -- 6.2.2 Detection probability changing with distance -- 6.2.3 Independence issues -- 6.2.4 Multiple covariates -- 6.2.5 Unobserved heterogeneity -- 6.3 State and observation models -- 6.3.1 State models -- 6.3.2 Observation models -- 6.3.3 Observation configurations -- 6.4 Example data -- 6.5 Estimation for independent configuration -- 6.5.1 Distance only -- 6.5.2 Distance and covariates -- 6.6 Estimation for trial configuration -- 6.6.1 Distance and covariates -- 6.6.2 Distance, covariates, and responsive movement -- 6.7 Estimation for removal configuration -- 6.8 Dealing with availability bias -- 6.8.1 Static availability -- 6.8.2 Hazard-rate models for dynamic availability. , 6.8.3 Discrete availability: animal-based -- 6.8.4 Discrete availability: cue-based -- 6.8.5 Intermittent availability -- 6.8.6 Design-based availability estimation -- 6.9 Special topics -- 6.9.1 Uncertain duplicate identification -- 6.9.2 When should double-observer methods be used? -- 6.10 Field methods -- 6.10.1 Marked animals -- 6.10.2 Observation configuration -- 6.10.3 Data collection and recording -- 7 Design of distance sampling surveys and Geographic Information Systems -- 7.1 The potential role of GIS in survey design -- 7.2 Automated survey design -- 7.2.1 Point transect design -- 7.2.2 Line transect design using lines of fixed length -- 7.2.3 Line transect design using lines that span the full width of the survey region -- 7.2.4 Zigzag samplers -- 7.3 Estimation for uneven coverage probability designs -- 7.3.1 Objects that occur singly -- 7.3.2 Objects that occur in clusters -- 7.3.3 Variance estimation -- 7.4 Choosing between survey designs by simulation -- 8 Adaptive distance sampling surveys -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Design-unbiased adaptive point transect surveys -- 8.2.1 Survey design -- 8.2.2 Estimation -- 8.2.3 Simulated example -- 8.2.4 Discussion -- 8.3 Design-unbiased adaptive line transect surveys -- 8.3.1 Survey design -- 8.3.2 Estimation -- 8.3.3 Discussion -- 8.4 Fixed-effort adaptive line transect surveys -- 8.4.1 Survey design -- 8.4.2 Estimation -- 8.4.3 Simulation -- 8.4.4 Discussion -- 9 Passive approaches to detection in distance sampling -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Trapping webs -- 9.2.1 Density estimation -- 9.2.2 Including data from recaptures -- 9.2.3 Design of trapping webs -- 9.2.4 An example -- 9.2.5 A critique of the trapping web -- 9.3 Trapping line transects -- 9.3.1 Density estimation -- 9.3.2 Including data from recaptures -- 9.3.3 Design of trapping line transects -- 9.3.4 An example. , 9.3.5 A critique of the trapping line transect -- 9.4 Discussion and summary -- 10 Assessment of distance sampling estimators -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Notation -- 10.2 Estimation framework -- 10.3 Model and design -- 10.3.1 Model-based inference -- 10.3.2 Design-based inference -- 10.3.3 Distance sampling: a composite approach -- 10.4 Simulation framework -- 10.4.1 Testing the design -- 10.4.2 Testing the model -- 10.4.3 Testing the full line transect estimation procedure -- 10.5 Example: testing the design -- 10.5.1 Testing equal coverage designs for var( N) -- 10.5.2 A design without equal coverage probability -- 10.6 Example: non-uniformity within the strip -- 10.6.1 Estimation of N[sub(c)] -- 10.6.2 Asymptotic result when & -- #952 -- is estimated -- 10.7 Example: full estimation procedure -- 10.8 Trial by simulation: a completely model-based approach -- 10.9 Summary -- 11 Further topics in distance sampling -- 11.1 Distance sampling in three dimensions -- 11.1.1 Three-dimensional line transect sampling -- 11.1.2 Three-dimensional point transect sampling -- 11.2 Conventional distance sampling: full likelihood examples -- 11.2.1 Line transects: simple examples -- 11.2.2 Point transects: simple examples -- 11.2.3 Some numerical confidence interval comparisons -- 11.3 Line transect surveys with random line length -- 11.3.1 Introduction -- 11.3.2 Line transect sampling with fixed n and random L, under Poisson object distribution -- 11.3.3 Technical comments -- 11.3.4 Discussion -- 11.4 Models for the search process -- 11.4.1 Continuous hazard-rate models -- 11.4.2 Discrete hazard-rate models -- 11.4.3 Further modelling of the detection process -- 11.5 Combining mark-recapture and distance sampling surveys -- 11.6 Combining removal methods and distance sampling -- 11.6.1 Introduction -- 11.6.2 Combining removal methods with distance sampling. , 11.7 Point transect sampling of cues -- 11.7.1 Introduction -- 11.7.2 Estimation -- 11.8 Migration counts -- 11.8.1 Background -- 11.8.2 Modelling migration rate -- 11.8.3 Modelling detection probabilities -- 11.8.4 An example: gray whales -- 11.9 Estimation with distance measurement errors -- 11.9.1 Conventional distance sampling: g(0) = 1 -- 11.9.2 Independent multiplicative measurement errors -- 11.9.3 Mark-recapture distance sampling: p(0) < -- 1 -- 11.9.4 Maximum likelihood vs pdf correction approach -- 11.10 Relating object abundance to population abundance for indirect sampling -- 11.10.1 Introduction -- 11.10.2 Discrete-time modelling -- 11.10.3 Continuous-time modelling -- 11.10.4 Conclusions -- 11.11 Goodness of fit tests and q-q plots -- 11.11.1 Quantile-quantile plots -- 11.11.2 Kolmogorov-Smirnov test -- 11.11.3 Cramér-von Mises test -- 11.11.4 The Cramér-von Mises family of tests -- 11.12 Pooling robustness -- References -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- K -- L -- M -- N -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- V -- Z.

Note: Front Cover -- Analytical Methods for Organic Cyano Groups -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- PREFACE -- CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION -- References -- PART A: CHEMICAL METHODS -- GENERAL INTRODUCTION -- CHAPTER 2. REACTIONS OF (ADDITION TO) THE CYANO GROUP -- Introduction -- 1. Reduction: -CN-CH2-NH2 -- 2. Hydrolysis -- 3. Addition of Hydrogen Sulphide -- 4. Addition of Alcohols -- 5. Addition of Ammonia -- 6. Addition of Hydroxylamine -- 7. Addition of Hydrazine -- 8. Addition of Mercaptans -- 9. Addition of Polyphenols -- 10. Addition of Grignard Reagent -- 11. Preparation of N-(2-Chloroalkyl) amides -- 12. Formation of Metal Complexes -- References -- CHAPTER 3. REACTIONS OF GROUPS ACTIVATED BY THE CYANO GROUP -- Introduction -- 1. α,β-Unsaturated Nitriles -- 2. Compounds Containing the - CH2CN or =CHCN Group -- 3. Compounds Containing the - NH - or NH2 Group Attached to -CN -- References -- CHAPTER 4. REACTIONS OF GROUPS SENSIBLY UNAFFECTED BY THE CYANO GROUP -- 1. Higher Aliphatic Nitriles -- 2.β,γ-Unsaturated Nitriles -- 3. Aromatic Groups in Nitriles -- 4. Halogen Atoms in Trichloroacetonitrile -- 5. Azo Group in Azobisisobutyronitrile -- 6. Hydrazo Group in 2,2'-Hydrazobisisobutyronitrile -- 7. Ester Group in Nitriles -- 8. Amino Groups (not Directly Linked to a Cyano Group) -- 9. Amidino or Guanidino Group in Dicyanodiamide -- 10. Cobalt in Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) -- 11. 5,6-Dimethylbenzimidazole in Vitamin B12 -- References -- CHAPTER 5. DEGRADATION REACTIONS DURING WHICH THE CYANO GROUP REMAINS INTACT -- Introduction -- 1. Pyrolysis without Added Reagent -- 2. Pyrolysis in Presence of Oxidising Agents -- 3. Pyrolysis in Presence of a Base -- 4. Reductive Fission of N-cyano Compounds -- 5. Hydrolytic Fission of Cyanohydrins -- 6. Formation of Bromine Cyanide, BrCN. , 7. Elimination of the Cyano Group in the Analytical Methods for Ethyl Dimethylphosphoramidocyanidate (Tabun) -- 8. Elimination of the Cyano Group as Hydrocyanic Acid in Determination of Vitamin B12 -- 9. Formation of Thiocyanic Acid by Reaction with Sulphur -- References -- CHAPTER 6. DEGRADATION REACTIONS INVOLVING DESTRUCTION OF THE CYANO GROUP -- References -- CHAPTER 7. MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAL METHODS -- References -- PART B: PHYSICAL METHODS -- GENERAL INTRODUCTION -- CHAPTER 8. SPECTROSCOPIC AND SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS -- 1. Infrared -- 2. Ultraviolet and Visible -- 3. Mass Spectrometry -- 4. Flame Spectroscopy -- 5. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance -- References -- CHAPTER 9. CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS -- 1. Gas Chromatography -- 2. Other Chromatographic Methods, Principally PC and TLC -- References -- CHAPTER 10. ION EXCHANGE -- References -- CHAPTER 11. POLAROGRAPHY -- References -- CHAPTER 12. AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATION -- References -- AUTHOR INDEX -- SUBJECT INDEX.