Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- PREFACE TO THE SERIES -- PREFACE TO VOLUME 36 -- CONTRIBUTORS -- CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES -- HANDBOOK ON TOXICITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS -- HANDBOOK ON METALS IN CLINICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY -- Chapter 1: THE MECHANISM OF "FENTON-LIKE" REACTIONS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE FOR BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS. A BIOLOGIST'S VIEW -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Fenton Reaction and Fenton-Like Reactions -- 3. Significance of the Fenton-Like Reactions in vivo -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 2: REACTIONS OF ALIPHATIC CARBON-CENTERED AND ALIPHATIC-PEROXYL RADICALS WITH TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES AS A PLAUSIBLE SOURCE FOR BIOLOGICAL DAMAGE INDUCED BY RADICAL PROCESSES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sources of Radicals in Biological Systems -- 3. Redox Properties of Alkyl and Alkyl-Peroxyl Radicals -- 4. The Role of Transition Metal Complexes in Radical-Induced Biological Deleterious Processes -- 5. The "Site-Specific" Mechanism -- 6. Reactions of Aliphatic Carbon-Centered Radicals with Transition Metal Complexes in Aqueous Solutions -- 7. Mechanisms of Decomposition of the Transient Complexes, LmMn+l-R -- 8. Reactions of Alkyl-Peroxyl Radicals with Transition Metal Complexes in Aqueous Solution -- 9. Mechanisms of Decomposition of the Transient Complexes, LmMn+ l-OOR -- 10. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3: FREE RADICALS AS A RESULT OF DIOXYGEN METABOLISM -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Redox Chemistry, Acid-Base Chemistry and Bond Energies of Dioxygen and Reactive Oxygen Species -- 3. Major Radical Reactions of Dioxygen and Reactive Oxygen Species -- 4. Lipid Peroxidation, an Especially Facile and Major Type of Radical Chain Autoxidation -- 5. Lipid Hydroperoxides as a Major Source of Radicals. , 6. Production of Reactive Oxygen Species by Respiratory Burst of Phagocytes -- 7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 4: FREE RADICALS AS A SOURCE OF UNCOMMON OXIDATION STATES OF TRANSITION METALS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Properties of Free Radicals -- 3. Generation of Free Radicals -- 4. Measurement of Reaction Rates -- 5. Interaction of Free Radicals with Simple Transition Metal Ions -- 6. Interaction of Free Radicals with Complexed Transition Metal Ions -- 7. Conclusions -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 5: BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF COPPER-ZINC SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE AND ITS LINK TO AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biophysical Properties of Wild-Type Superoxide Dismutase -- 3. Enzymatic Activity -- 4. Evidence Concerning Biological Function -- 5. Role of Mutant Human CuZn Superoxide Dismutase in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 6: DNA DAMAGE MEDIATED BY METAL IONS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO COPPER AND IRON -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Binding of Metal Ions to DNA -- 3. DNA Lesions -- 4. Biological Implications of Metal-DNA Damage -- 5. Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 7: RADICAL MIGRATION THROUGH THE DNA HELIX: CHEMISTRY AT A DISTANCE -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Charge Transport in DNA: Chemical and Biological History -- 3. DNA as a Bridge for Long-Range Charge Transport -- 4. DNA as a Reactant in Long-Range Charge Transfer Reactions -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 8: INVOLVEMENT OF METAL IONS IN LIPID PEROXIDATION: BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Outline of the Mechanism of Lipid Peroxidation -- 3. Involvement of Metal Ions in Various Stages of the Lipid Peroxidation Process -- 4. Biological Examinations of the Effect of Metal Ions on Lipid Peroxidation. , 5. Considerations on Tissue Damage -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 9: FORMATION OF METHEMOGLOBIN AND FREE RADICALS IN ERYTHROCYTES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. ESR Detection of Free Radical Intermediates -- 3. Chemiluminescence Detection of the Ferryl Hemoglobin Protein Radical -- 4. Spin Labeling of the Erythrocyte Membrane -- 5. Iron Liberation -- 6. Reactions Involving Thiol Groups (R-SH) -- 7. Electrophoresis of Membranes with SDS-PAGE -- 8. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 10: ROLE OF FREE RADICALS AND METAL IONS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Normal Cerebral Transition Metal Ion Homeostasis and Oxidative Metabolism -- 3. Altered Cerebral Metal Ion and Oxidative Metabolism in Alzheimer's Disease -- 4. Cerebral Amyloid Deposition in Neurological Diseases and Aging -- 5. Neurochemical Factors that Precipitate Alzheimer Aβ Protein -- 6. Sources of Neuronal Free Radicals -- 7. Neurochemical Environments Leading to Amyloid Deposition and Neuronal Death in Alzheimer's Disease -- 8. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 11: METAL BINDING AND RADICAL GENERATION OF PROTEINS IN HUMAN NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES AND AGING -- 1. Introduction: Transition Metal Ions in Biological Systems -- 2. Free Radicals and Human Diseases -- 3. Superoxide Dismutase in Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Gain of Function -- 4. Radical Generation of Amyloid Precursor Protein in Alzheimer's Disease -- 5. Involvement of Oxygen Radicals in Aβ Amyloid Formation -- 6. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants -- 7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 12: THIYL RADICALS IN BIOCHEMICALLY IMPORTANT THIOLS IN THE PRESENCE OF METAL IONS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Thiyl Radicals. , 3. Thiyl Radicals in the Presence of Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Manganese, Chromium, and Vanadium -- 4. Copper(I)-Stabilized Thiyl Radicals -- 5. Improved Stabilization of Copper(I)-Thiyl Radicals Embedded in Inorganic and Biological Matrices -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 13: METHYLMERCURY-INDUCED GENERATION OF FREE RADICALS: BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS -- 1. Introduction: The Toxicity and Pathology of Mercury -- 2. Mercury Chemistry -- 3. Mercurial-Induced Oxidative Stress in Biological Systems -- 4. Protective Mechanisms Against Mercury Toxicity -- 5. Biological Implications -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 14: ROLE OF FREE RADICALS IN METAL-INDUCED CARCINOGENESIS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Role of Free Radicals in Chromium Carcinogenesis -- 3. The Role of Free Radicals in Nickel Carcinogenesis -- 4. The Possible Role of Free Radicals in Arsenic Carcinogenesis -- 5. Beryllium Pulmonary Fibrosis and Carcinogenesis: Is There a Role for Free Radicals? -- 6. Iron and Free Radicals: Is There a Role in Carcinogenesis or Tumor Promotion? -- 7. Copper and Free Radicals: Is There a Role in Carcinogenesis? -- 8. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 15: pH-DEPENDENT ORGANOCOBALT SOURCES FOR ACTIVE RADICAL SPECIES: A NEW TYPE OF ANTICANCER AGENTS -- 1. Introduction: Prerequisites for the Search for Potential Anticancer Drugs Among Organocobalt Complexes -- 2. Alkylcobalt(III) Chelates with Tridentate Schiff Bases -- 3. Biomedical Examinations -- 4. Conclusion and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 16: DETECTION OF CHROMATIN-ASSOCIATED HYDROXYL RADICALS GENERATED BY DNA-BOUND METAL COMPOUNDS AND ANTITUMOR ANTIBIOTICS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Chromatin-Associated Hydroxyl Radicals. , 3. Detection of Chromatin-Associated Hydroxyl Radicals -- 4. Methods for Attaching SECCA to In Vitro Chromatin Models -- 5. Metal Compounds and Antitumor Antibiotics that Generate Chromatin-Associated HO -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 17: NITRIC OXIDE (NO): FORMATION AND BIOLOGICAL ROLES IN MAMMALIAN SYSTEMS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biologically Relevant Chemistry of Nitric Oxide -- 3. Nitric Oxide Biosynthesis -- 4. Physiology and Pathophysiology of Nitric Oxide: A Chemical Perspective -- 5. Conclusions -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 18: CHEMISTRY OF PEROXYNITRITE AND ITS RELEVANCE TO BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS -- 1. Introduction and Brief Historical Overview -- 2. Is Peroxynitrite Formed in vivo? -- 3. Syntheses -- 4. Properties, Isomerization, and Decomposition -- 5. Reactions that Are First Order in Peroxynitrous Acid -- 6. Biomolecular Reactions -- 7. Superoxide Dismutase and Peroxynitrite -- 8. Peroxynitrite or Hydroxyl Radical? -- Note Added in Proof -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 19: NOVEL NITRIC OXIDE-LIBERATING HEME PROTEINS FROM THE SALIVA OF BLOODSUCKING INSECTS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Strategies Used by Bloodsucking Insects to Ensure that They Obtain a Sufficient Blood Meal -- 3. Properties of Nitric Oxide -- 4. Spectroscopy of the Nitrophorins of Rhodnius prolixus in Comparison to Other Heme Proteins -- 5. Redox Chemistry of Nitric Oxide-Heme Systems and the Nitrophorins of Rhodnius prolixus -- 6. X-Ray Crystallography -- 7. Other Metal-Nitric Oxide Complexes of Importance in Inorganic Chemistry and Biochemistry -- 8. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 20: NITROGEN MONOXIDE-RELATED DISEASE AND NITROGEN MONOXIDE SCAVENGERS AS POTENTIAL DRUGS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nitric Oxide and Disease -- 3. Therapeutic Strategies. , 4. Organic Molecules as Nitric Oxide Scavengers.

Note: Intro -- Interplay between MetalIons and Nucleic Acids -- Historical Development and Perspectivesof the Series: Metal Ions in Life Sciences* -- Preface to Volume 10 -- Contents -- Contributors to Volume 10 -- Titles of Volumes 1-44 in the Metal Ionsin Biological Systems Series -- Contents of Volumes in theMetal Ions in Life Sciences Series -- Chapter 1: Characterization of Metal Ion-Nucleic Acid Interactions in Solution -- Chapter 2: Nucleic Acid-Metal Ion Interactions in the Solid State -- Chapter 3: Metal Ion-Promoted Conformational Changes of Oligonucleotides -- Chapter 4: G-Quadruplexes and Metal Ions -- Chapter 5: Metal Ion-Mediated DNA-Protein Interactions -- Chapter 6: Spectroscopic Investigations of Lanthanide Ion Binding to Nucleic Acids -- Chapter 7: Oxidative DNA Damage Mediated by Transition Metal Ions and Their Complexes -- Chapter 8: Metal Ion-Dependent DNAzymes and Their Applications as Biosensors -- Chapter 9: Enantioselective Catalysis at the DNA Scaffold -- Chapter 10: Alternative DNA Base Pairing through Metal Coordination -- Chapter 11: Metal-Mediated Base Pairs in Nucleic Acids with Purine- and Pyrimidine-Derived Nucleosides -- Chapter 12: Metal Complex Derivatives of Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNA) -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Prefaces -- In Memoriam -- Contents -- Contributors -- Contents of Previous Volumes -- Chapter 1. The Biogeochemistry of Molybdenum and Tungsten -- Chapter 2. Transport, Homeostasis, Regulation, and Binding of Molybdate and Tungstate to Proteins -- Chapter 3. Molybdenum Nitrogenases: A Crystallographic and Mechanistic View -- Chapter 4. Chemical Dinitrogen Fixation by Molybdenum and Tungsten Complexes: Insights from Coordination Chemistry -- Chapter 5. Biosynthesis of the Nitrogenase Iron-Molybdenum-Cofactor from Azotobacter vinelandii -- Chapter 6. Molybdenum Enzymes Containing the Pyranopterin Cofactor: An Overview -- Chapter 7. The Molybdenum and Tungsten Cofactors: A Crystallographic View -- Chapter 8. Models for the Pyranopterin-Containing Molybdenum and Tungsten Cofactors -- Chapter 9. Biosynthesis and Molecular Biology of the Molybdenum Cofactor (Moco) -- Chapter 10. Molybdenum in Nitrate Reductase and Nitrite Oxidoreductase* -- Chapter 11. The Molybdenum-Containing Hydroxylases of Nicotinate, Isonicotinate, and Nicotine -- Chapter 12. The Molybdenum-Containing Xanthine Oxidoreductases and Picolinate Dehydrogenases -- Chapter 13. Enzymes of the Xanthine Oxidase Family: The Role of Molybdenum -- Chapter 14. The Molybdenum-Containing Hydroxylases of Quinoline, Isoquinoline, and Quinaldine -- Chapter 15. Molybdenum Enzymes in Reactions Involving Aldehydes and Acids -- Chapter 16. Molybdenum and Tungsten Enzymes in C1 Metabolism -- Chapter 17. Molybdenum Enzymes and Sulfur Metabolism -- Chapter 18. Comparison of Selenium-Containing Molybdoenzymes -- Chapter 19. Tungsten-Dependent Aldehyde Oxidoreductase: A New Family of Enzymes Containing the Pterin Cofactor -- Chapter 20. Tunsten-Substituted Molybdenum Enzymes -- Chapter 21. Molybdenum Metabolism and Requirements in Humans. , Chapter 22. Metabolism and Toxicity of Tungsten in Humans and Animals -- Subject Index -- Back Cover.

Note: i_iv -- v_vi -- vii_viii -- ix_xvi -- xvii_xx -- xxi_xxii -- xxiii_xxx -- 001_030 -- 031_050 -- 051_082 -- 083_106 -- 107_154 -- 155_182 -- 183_198 -- 199_238 -- 239_278 -- 279_318 -- 319_352 -- 353_398 -- 399_412 -- 413_440 -- 441_482 -- 483_514.

Note: i-iv -- v-vi -- vii-x -- xi-xvi -- xvii-xviii -- xix -- Ch001r -- Ch002r -- Ch003r -- CH004r -- CH005r -- CH006r -- CH007r -- CH008r -- Ch009r -- CH010r -- CH011r -- CH012r -- 461 -- 497.

Note: i-iv -- v-vi -- vii-x -- xi-xvi -- xvii-xx -- xxi-xxii -- xxiii-xxxii -- 1-36 -- 37-100 -- 101-124 -- 125-140 -- 141-174 -- 175-196 -- 197-234 -- 235-252 -- 253-276 -- 277-298 -- 299-346 -- 347-378 -- 379-392.

Note: Intro -- Historical Development and Perspectives of the Series -- Metal Ions in Life Sciences -- Metal Ions in Life Sciences. -- Preface to Volume 16 -- The Alkali Metal Ions: Their Role for Life -- Contents -- Contributors to Volume 16 -- Titles of Volumes 1-44 in the Metal Ions in Biological Systems Series -- Contents of Volumes in the Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series -- Volume 1 Neurodegenerative Diseases and Metal Ions -- Volume 2 Nickel and Its Surprising Impact in Nature -- Volume 3 The Ubiquitous Roles of Cytochrome P450 Proteins -- Volume 4 Biomineralization. From Nature to Application -- Volume 5 Metallothioneins and Related Chelators -- Volume 6 Metal-Carbon Bonds in Enzymes and Cofactors -- Volume 7 Organometallics in Environment and Toxicology -- Volume 8 Metal Ions in Toxicology: Effects, Interactions, Interdependencies -- Volume 9 Structural and Catalytic Roles of Metal Ions in RNA -- Volume 10 Interplay between Metal Ions and Nucleic Acids -- Volume 11 Cadmium: From Toxicity to Essentiality -- Volume 12 Metallomics and the Cell -- Volume 13 Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases -- Volume 14 The Metal-Driven Biogeochemistry of Gaseous Compounds in the Environment -- Volume 15 Sustaining Life on Planet Earth: Metalloenzymes Mastering Dioxygen and Other Chewy Gases -- Volume 16 The Alkali Metal Ions: Their Roles for Life (this book) -- Volume 17 Lead: Its Effects on Environment and Health (in preparation) -- Chapter 1: Bioinorganic Chemistry of the Alkali Metal Ions -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Spectroscopic Techniques and Other Physical Methods -- 3 Lithium -- 3.1 Introduction to the Coordination Chemistry of Li+ -- 3.2 Recent Research Trends Regarding Li+ -- 4 Sodium and Potassium -- 4.1 Introduction to the Coordination Chemistry of Na+ and K+ -- 4.2 Recent Research Trends Regarding Na+ and K+. , 5 Rubidium and Cesium -- 6 Francium -- 7 Conclusions, Outlook, and Further Considerations for Future Studies -- References -- Chapter 2: Determination of Alkali Ions in Biological and Environmental Samples -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Spectrophotometry -- 3 Atomic Spectroscopy -- 4 Ion-Selective Electrodes -- 5 Ion Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis -- 6 Clinical Analysis -- 7 Single Cell Analysis -- 8 Environmental Samples -- 9 General Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Solid State Structures of Alkali Metal Ion Complexes Formed by Low-Molecular-Weight Ligands of Biological Relevance -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Amino Acid and Small Peptide Complexes -- 2.1 Amino Acid Complexes -- 2.2 Small Peptide Complexes -- 3 Nucleic Acid Constituent Complexes -- 3.1 Nucleobase Complexes -- 3.2 Nucleoside Complexes -- 3.3 Nucleotide Complexes -- 3.3.1 Mononucleotide Complexes -- 3.3.2 Dinucleotide Complexes -- 4 Simple-Carbohydrate Complexes -- 5 Naturally Occurring Antibiotic Ionophore Complexes -- 5.1 Channel-Forming Ionophore Complexes -- 5.2 Ion Carrier Ionophore Complexes -- 5.2.1 Depsipeptide Ionophore Complexes -- 5.2.2 Macrotetrolide Ionophore Complexes -- 5.2.3 Polyether Ionophore Complexes -- 6 Concluding Remarks and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 4: Discriminating Properties of Alkali Metal Ions Towards the Constituents of Proteins and Nucleic Acids. Conclusions from Gas-­Phase and Theoretical Studies -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Experimental and Theoretical Methods -- 2.1 Infrared Multiple Photon Dissociation Experiments -- 2.2 Collision-Induced Dissociation Experiments -- 2.3 Other Experimental Approaches -- 2.3.1 Equilibrium Methods -- 2.3.2 Kinetic Method -- 2.3.3 Blackbody Infrared Radiative Dissociation -- 2.3.4 Ion Mobility -- 2.4 Theoretical Calculations -- 3 Alkali Metal Cations Interacting with Amino Acids -- 3.1 Structure. , 3.2 Thermodynamics -- 3.3 Periodic Trends -- 3.4 Effects of Hydration -- 4 Alkali Metal Cations Interacting with Peptides -- 4.1 Structure -- 4.1.1 Di- and Tripeptides -- 4.1.2 Larger Peptides -- 4.2 Thermodynamics -- 5 Alkali Metal Cations Interacting with Nucleobases -- 5.1 Structure -- 5.2 Thermodynamics -- 6 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 5: Alkali Metal Ion Complexes with Phosphates, Nucleotides, Amino Acids, and Related Ligands of Biological Relevance. Their Properties in Solution -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Alkali Metal Ion Complex Formation in Biological Fluids -- 2.1 Alkali Metal Concentration in Different Biofluids -- 2.2 Experimental Determination of Alkali Metal Complex Formation Constants and Calculation Problems -- 3 Inorganic Complexes -- 3.1 Hydroxide -- 3.2 Chloride -- 3.3 Sulfate -- 3.4 Carbonate -- 3.5 Phosphates -- 3.6 Other Inorganic Ligands -- 4 Nucleotide Complexes -- 5 Amino Acid and Peptide Complexes -- 6 Other Ligands of Biological Relevance -- 6.1 Amines -- 6.2 Carboxylates -- 6.3 Thiols -- 6.4 Complexones -- 6.5 Phosphonates -- 6.6 Phenols -- 6.7 Other Ligands -- 7 The Relevance of Alkali Metal Ion Complexes in Modelling Biofluids -- 8 Alkali Metal Ions as Probes in Biological Systems -- 9 General Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Sodium and Potassium Interactions with Nucleic Acids -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Identification of Na+ and K+ Ions in Structural Studies -- 2.1 X-ray Crystallography -- 2.1.1 Na+ Prevalence in Crystal Structures - A Brief Statistical Overview -- 2.1.2 Monovalent Ion Detection Based on Geometrical Considerations -- 2.1.2.1 Coordination Distances -- 2.1.2.2 Coordination Numbers and Coordination Geometry -- 2.1.3 Direct and Indirect Anomalous Signal-Based Approaches -- 2.1.3.1 K+ Anomalous Signals -- 2.1.3.2 Detection Based on K+/Tl+ Replacement. , 2.1.3.3 Detection Based on K+/Rb+ or K+/Cs+ Replacement -- 2.1.4 A Word of Caution -- 2.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance -- 2.2.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Detection of Na+/K+-Induced Effects -- 2.2.2 Prevalence of Na+ over K+ in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Buffers -- 2.3 Molecular Dynamics Simulations -- 3 Non-specific Versus Specific Binding of Na+/K+ Ions -- 3.1 Non-specific Binding of Monovalent Cations to Nucleic Acids -- 3.2 Binding of Monovalent Cations to Nucleic Acid Grooves -- 3.2.1 DNA Duplexes -- 3.2.1.1 Molecular Dynamics Perspective -- 3.2.1.2 Experimental Views -- 3.2.2 RNA Duplexes -- 3.3 Specific Binding of Monovalent Cations to Quadruplex Structures -- 3.3.1 DNA Quadruplexes - A Perfect K+ Coordination Geometry -- 3.3.2 RNA Quadruplex Switches -- 3.4 RNA Folding Needs Monovalent Cations -- 3.5 Specific Binding of Monovalent Cations to Complex RNA Folds -- 3.5.1 First Crystallographic Evidence: The P4-P6 Group I Intron Fragment -- 3.5.2 A Buried Backbone-K+ Complex in a rRNA Fragment -- 3.5.3 Pseudoknots Can Capture Monovalent Cations -- 3.5.4 Small Ribozymes Are Active at High Monovalent Concentrations -- 3.5.4.1 The Hammerhead Ribozyme -- 3.5.4.2 The Hepatitis Delta Virus and Glms Ribozymes -- 3.5.4.3 DNAzymes Are also Influenced by Monovalent Cations -- 3.5.5 Other Systematic and Less Systematic Ion Binding Studies on RNA Systems -- 3.5.5.1 Thirteen Metal Ions in the HIV-1 RNA Dimerization Initiation Site -- 3.5.5.2 Signal Recognition Particle - An Example of K+/Mg2+ Mixed Occupancy -- 3.5.5.3 Riboswitches and Monovalent Ions -- 3.5.5.4 Group I and Group II Introns -- 3.6 Monovalent Cation Influence on the Stability of Protein/DNA Complexes -- 3.7 Ribosomal Activities Are Altered or even Inhibited by Na+ Ions -- 3.8 Are Both Na+ and K+ Involved in Chromatin Compaction? -- 4 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 7: Role of Alkali Metal Ions in G-Quadruplex Nucleic Acid Structure and Stability -- 1 Introduction: G-Quadruplex Nucleic Acids -- 1.1 Overview of Structure -- 1.2 Stabilizing Interactions -- 1.2.1 Stacking -- 1.2.2 Hydrogen Bonding -- 1.3 Alkali Metal Ion Coordination in G-Quartets -- 1.3.1 Cation Preference -- 1.3.2 Cation Binding Energetics -- 1.3.3 Cation Location -- 2 Methods to Study G-Quadruplex Nucleic Acids -- 2.1 Folding Topology -- 2.1.1 X-Ray Crystallography -- 2.1.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 2.1.3 Molecular Modeling -- 2.1.4 Electronic Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy -- 2.1.5 UV Absorption Spectroscopy -- 2.1.6 Separative Techniques -- 2.1.7 Native Mass Spectrometry -- 2.1.8 Miscellaneous -- 2.2 Cation Coordination -- 2.2.1 X-Ray Crystallography -- 2.2.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 2.2.3 Native Mass Spectrometry -- 3 Role of Alkali Metal Ions in G-Quadruplex Stability -- 3.1 Case Study: dTG3-5T Tetramolecular G-Quadruplexes -- 3.2 General Trends -- 3.2.1 Libraries -- 3.2.2 Human Telomeric Sequences -- 3.2.3 Other Sequences and Overview -- 3.2.4 Summary -- 3.3 Kinetics of Strand Association, Dissociation, Folding, and Unfolding -- 3.4 Cation Exchange Mechanisms -- 4 Influence of Alkali Metal Ions on G-Quadruplex Structures -- 4.1 Case Study: The Human Telomeric G-Quadruplex Sequence -- 4.1.1 The Intramolecular Folding of dAGGG(TTAGGG)3 -- 4.1.2 Other Human Telomeric Sequences -- 4.1.3 Summary -- 4.2 Other Sequences -- 4.3 General Trends -- 5 Cation-Dependent Conformational Switching -- 6 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 8: Sodium and Potassium Ions in Proteins and Enzyme Catalysis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Coordination Chemistry of Sodium and Potassium Ions -- 3 Selectivity of Sodium(I) and Potassium(I) Enzyme Activation. , 4 Classification of Sodium(I)- and Potassium(I)-Activated Enzymes.

Note: Intro -- Cadmium: From Toxicity to Essentiality -- Historical Development and Perspectives of the Series: Metal Ions in Life Sciences* -- Metal Ions in Life Sciences -- Preface to Volume 11 -- Cadmium: From Toxicity to Essentiality -- Contents -- Contributors to Volume 11 -- Titles of Volumes 1-44 in the Metal Ions in Biological Systems Series -- Contents of Volumes in the Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series -- Chapter 1: The Bioinorganic Chemistry of Cadmium in the Context of Its Toxicity -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cadmium Coordination Chemistry of Biological Relevance -- 2.1 Cadmium Complexes, Stabilities, and Properties -- 2.2 Cadmium Protein Complexes -- 2.3 Cadmium Interactions with Other Biomolecules -- 3 Cadmium Biochemistry -- 3.1 Tissue Concentrations, Distribution, and Speciation in Humans and Animals -- 3.2 Transport and Trafficking: General Principles and Main Actors in Animal Cells -- 3.2.1 Cadmium Trafficking -- 3.2.2 Transport of Cadmium Salts via Transporters for Other Cations -- 3.2.3 Transport of Complexed Forms of Cd2+ -- 3.2.4 Other Ways to Cross Membranes -- 4 Cadmium Toxicity -- 4.1 Exposure of Humans to Cadmium and Patho-Physiological Consequences -- 4.2 Mechanisms of Molecular Toxicity -- 4.2.1 Interference with Redox Homeostasis -- 4.2.2 Interference with Homeostasis of Essential Metal Ions -- 4.2.3 Interactions with Metalloproteins -- 4.2.4 Interaction with Other Proteins -- 4.2.5 Other Mechanisms -- 4.3 Toxicology with Reference to Specific Organs -- 5 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions -- 5.1 Reference Dose and Recommendations about Cadmium in Water, Soil, and Food -- 5.2 Where Is the Problem? Do We Know What We Need to Know? Problem Solved? -- References -- Chapter 2: Biogeochemistry of Cadmium and Its Release to the Environment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geochemistry of Cadmium -- 2.1 Chemical Properties. , 2.2 Abundance in the Continental Crust -- 3 Mobilization of Cadmium -- 3.1 Natural Sources -- 3.2 Anthropogenic Sources -- 4 Cadmium in the Atmosphere -- 4.1 Sources -- 4.2 Deposition and Fate -- 5 Cadmium in the Terrestrial and Freshwater Environment -- 5.1 Behavior in Soils -- 5.2 Speciation and Fate in Lakes and Rivers -- 6 Cadmium in Ocean Waters -- 6.1 Distribution -- 6.2 Speciation -- 6.3 Biogeochemical Cycling -- 7 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Speciation of Cadmium in the Environment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Presence in the Environment -- 2.1 Anthropogenic Emissions -- 3 Speciation in the Atmosphere -- 4 Speciation in Natural Waters -- 5 Speciation in Soils and Sediments -- 5.1 The Soil Solution -- 6 Chemical Reactivity towards Different Ligand Classes -- 6.1 Carboxylates, Amines, and Amino Acids -- 6.2 Complexones -- 6.3 Contributions of Other Functional Groups -- 6.4 General Considerations -- 6.4.1 Macrocycle/Chelate Effects and Enthalpic, Entropic Contributions -- 6.4.2 Other Empirical Correlations -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Determination of Cadmium in Biological Samples -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Biomarkers of Exposure -- 2.1 Overview -- 2.2 Pre-analytic Phase -- 2.3 Analytical Methods for the Determination of Cadmium -- 2.3.1 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry -- 2.3.2 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry -- 2.3.3 Electrochemical Methods -- 2.3.4 Further Methods -- 2.4 Quality Control -- 2.5 Body Burden after Environmental and Occupational Exposure -- 3 Biomarkers of Effect -- 3.1 Overview -- 3.2 Analytical Methods for beta2-Microglobulin Quantification -- 3.3 Analytical Methods for the Quantification of the Retinol Binding Protein -- 3.4 Analytical Methods for the Quantification of Further Effect Markers -- 3.5 Effect Biomarkers after Exposure to Cadmium -- 4 Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 5: Imaging and Sensing of Cadmium in Cells -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cadmium Toxicity in Cells -- 3 Detection of Intracellular Cadmium -- 3.1 Overview of Cadmium Detection -- 3.2 Principles of the Development of Fluorescence Probes for Metal Ions -- 3.3 Fluorescence Imaging of Cadmium with Calcium or Zinc Fluorescence Probes -- 4 Cadmium-Selective Fluorescent Probes -- 4.1 Intensity-Based Fluorescent Probes -- 4.1.1 Ultraviolet Excitation -- 4.1.2 UV-Visible Excitation -- 4.2 Ratiometric Detection of Cadmium -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 6: Use of 113Cd NMR to Probe the Native Metal Binding Sites in Metalloproteins: An Overview -- 1 Introduction -- 2 General Considerations and Basic Principles -- 3 113Cd NMR Chemical Shifts from 113Cd-Substituted Metalloproteins -- 4 Specific Highlights of Studies on Alkaline Phosphatase, Calcium Binding Proteins, and Metallothioneins -- 4.1 113Cd NMR and Alkaline Phosphatase -- 4.2 113Cd NMR and Calcium Binding Proteins -- 4.2.1 Calbindin D9k, a Study of Mutants -- 4.2.2 Calmodulin, Target Peptide Binding -- 4.3 113Cd NMR and Metallothionein -- 5 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 7: Solid State Structures of Cadmium Complexes with Relevance for Biological Systems -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cadmium Complexes with Nucleobases and Related Ligands -- 2.1 Adenine -- 2.2 N-Substituted Purines with Non-coordinating Pendant Arms -- 2.3 N-Substituted Purines with Potential Chelating Pendant Arms -- 2.4 6-Mercaptopurine -- 2.5 Oxopurines -- 2.6 Pyrimidines -- 3 Cadmium(II) Complexes with α-Amino Acids -- 3.1 Complexes of α-Amino Acids as the Sole Ligand -- 3.2 α-Amino Acid Complexes with Water as Co-ligand -- 3.3 α-Amino Acid Complexes with a Halogen as Co-ligand -- 3.4 Complexes with α-Amino Acids and Other Co-ligands -- 4 Complexes of Cadmium with Vitamins and Derivatives. , 4.1 Thiamine (Vitamin B1) -- 4.2 Nicotinic Acid (Vitamin B3) -- 4.3 Vitamin B6 -- 5 Other Cadmium Complexes -- 5.1 Cadmium-Thiolate Complexes -- 5.1.1 Monothiolate Ligands -- 5.1.1.1 Mononuclear and Dinuclear Complexes -- 5.1.1.2 Complexes with Higher Nuclearities -- 5.1.2 Dithiolate Ligands of the BAL Type -- 5.2 Dithiocarbamate Cadmium Complexes -- 5.3 Polycarboxylate Ligands of the EDTA Type -- 6 General Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Complex Formation of Cadmium with Sugar Residues, Nucleobases, Phosphates, Nucleotides, and Nucleic Acids -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Comparisons of the Properties of Cadmium(II) with Those of Zinc(II), Calcium(II), Magnesium(II), and Other Related Metal Ions -- 3 Cadmium(II)-Sugar Interactions -- 3.1 Hydroxyl Coordination in Carboxyhydrates Is Rare -- 3.2 The Metal Ion Affinity of Ribose-Hydroxyl Groups Is Small -- 3.3 A Favorable Steric Setting and a Reduced Solvent Polarity May Promote Metal Ion-Hydroxyl (or -Carbonyl) Group Binding -- 4 Interactions of Cadmium(II) with Nucleobase Residues -- 4.1 Cadmium(II) Complexes of Purine Derivatives -- 4.2 Cadmium(II) Complexes of Pyrimidine Derivatives -- 4.3 Cadmium(II) Complexes of Some Less Common Nucleobase Residues -- 4.3.1 Tubercidin -- 4.3.2 Orotidine -- 4.3.3 Xanthosine -- 4.3.4 Thiouridines -- 4.3.5 2-Thiocytidine -- 5 Complexes of Cadmium(II) with Phosphates -- 6 Cadmium(II) Complexes of Nucleotides -- 6.1 Some General Considerations -- 6.2 Complexes of Nucleoside 5´-Monophosphates -- 6.2.1 Equilibrium Constants to Be Considered -- 6.2.2 Properties of Pyrimidine-Nucleoside 5´-Monophosphate Complexes -- 6.2.3 Properties of Purine-Nucleoside 5´-Monophosphate Complexes -- 6.3 Complexes of Nucleoside 5´-Di- and -Triphosphates -- 6.4 Complexes of Less Common Nucleotides -- 6.4.1 Tubercidin 5´-Monophosphate -- 6.4.2 Nucleoside 2´- and 3´-Monophosphates. , 6.4.3 Orotidinate 5´-Monophosphate -- 6.4.4 Xanthosinate 5´-Monophosphate -- 6.4.5 Thiouracil Nucleotides -- 6.4.6 Flavin Mononucleotide -- 7 Cadmium(II) Complexes of Nucleotide Analogues -- 7.1 Properties of 1,N6-Ethenoadenosine and of Its Phosphates -- 7.2 Complexes of Nucleoside 5´-O-Thiomonophosphates -- 7.3 Complexes of Acyclic Nucleotide Analogues -- 7.4 Cadmium(II) Binding to Nucleotides Containing a Platinum(II)-Coordinated Nucleobase Residue -- 8 A Short Appraisal of Mixed Ligand Complexes Containing a Nucleotide -- 8.1 Definitions and General Comments -- 8.2 Ternary Cadmium(II) Complexes Containing ATP4- and a Buffer Molecule -- 8.3 Mixed Ligand Complexes Containing a Nucleotide and a Further Monodentate or Bidentate Ligand. Release of Purine-N7 and For Stacks -- 9 Cadmium(II) Binding in Dinucleotides and Dinucleoside Monophosphates -- 9.1 The Phosphodiester Link -- 9.2 The Guanine Residue in a Dinucleotide -- 9.3 The Non-bridging Sulfur of the Thiophosphodiester Link -- 9.4 Dinucleoside Monophosphates -- 10 Cadmium(II) Binding to Nucleic Acids -- 10.1 Cadmium(II)-Rescue Experiments -- 10.2 Crystal Structures of RNA or DNA-Protein Complexes Containing Cd(II) -- 10.3 Cadmium(II) as Probe in EPR and NMR Spectroscopy -- 11 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 9: Cadmium(II) Complexes of Amino Acids and Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Complexes of Amino Acids and Derivatives -- 2.1 General Characteristics of Cadmium(II) Complexes of Amino Acids -- 2.2 Complexes of Amino Acids with Non-coordinating Side Chains -- 2.3 Complexes of Amino Acids with Coordinating Side Chains -- 2.3.1 Complexes of Amino Acids with O-Donor Side Chains -- 2.3.2 Complexes of Amino Acids with N-Donor Side Chains -- 2.3.3 Complexes of Amino Acids Containing Sulfur Donor Atoms -- 2.3.4 Complexes of Thioether Ligands -- 2.3.5 Complexes of Cysteine and Derivatives. , 3 Complexes of Peptides and Related Ligands.

Note: Intro -- Historical Development and Perspectives of the Series: Metal Ions in Life Sciences* -- Preface to Volume 13 -- Interrelations Between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases -- Contents -- Contributors to Volume 13 -- Titles of Volumes 1-44 in the Metal Ions in Biological Systems Series -- Contents of Volumes in the Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series -- Chapter 1: Metal Ions and Infectious Diseases. An Overview from the Clinic -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Role of Antioxidants -- 1.2 Host Defense Responses to Infection -- 1.3 Alterations in Serum Levels of Trace Elements -- 1.4 Nutritional Immunity -- 1.5 Natural Resistance-Associated Macrophage Protein (Nramp) -- 1.6 Calprotectin -- 2 Iron -- 2.1 Human Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics -- 2.2 The Complex Defense-Counter Defense System in the Battle for Iron -- 2.3 Role of Iron in Infectious Diseases -- 2.3.1 Dialysis Patients -- 2.3.2 Malaria -- 2.3.3 Human Immunodeficiency Virus -- 2.3.4 Diabetes -- 2.3.5 Iron Overload -- 2.3.6 Role of Iron Chelators in Infection -- 3 Zinc -- 3.1 Human Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics -- 3.1.1 Zn-Metallothionein (Zn-MT) -- 3.1.2 Zn-Metallo β-Lactamases -- 3.2 Role of Zinc in Infectious Diseases -- 3.2.1 Cystic Fibrosis -- 3.2.2 Prevention of Childhood Diarrhea and Respiratory Tract Infections -- 3.2.2.1 Treatment of Childhood Diarrhea -- 3.2.3 The Common Cold -- 3.2.4 Prevention or Treatment of Malaria -- 3.2.5 Burn Patients -- 3.2.6 Wound Healing -- 3.2.7 Critically Ill Patients -- 3.2.8 Sickle Cell Disease -- 4 Selenium -- 4.1 Human Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics -- 4.2 Role of Selenium in Infectious Diseases -- 4.2.1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus -- 4.2.1.1 Selenium Supplementation in HIV -- 4.2.2 Intensive Care Unit Sepsis -- 4.2.3 Role of Selenium in Other Infections -- 5 Copper -- 5.1 Human Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics. , 5.2 Role of Copper in Infectious Diseases -- 5.2.1 Copper/Zinc Ratio -- 6 Chromium -- 6.1 Human Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics -- 6.2 Role of Chromium in Infectious Diseases -- 7 Manganese -- 7.1 Human Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics -- 7.2 Role of Manganese in Infectious Diseases -- 7.2.1 Arginase -- 7.2.2 Manganese Superoxide Dismutase -- 8 Summary and Future Developments -- References -- Chapter 2: Sodium and Potassium in Health and Disease -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physiology of Sodium and Potassium in Humans -- 2.1 Action of Sodium and Potassium on Membranes -- 2.1.1 Nervous System -- 2.1.2 Muscular System -- 2.2 Homeostasis of Sodium and Potassium -- 2.2.1 Absorption and Distribution of Potassium -- 2.2.2 Absorption and Distribution of Sodium -- 2.2.3 Potassium Excretion and Secretion in the Kidneys -- 2.2.4 Sodium Excretion and Secretion in the Kidneys -- 2.3 Mechanism of Other Physiological Systems Influencing Sodium and Potassium Homeostasis -- 2.3.1 Potassium -- 2.3.2 Sodium -- 3 Pathology Associated with Sodium Levels -- 3.1 Hyponatremia -- 3.2 Hypernatremia -- 4 Pathology Associated with Potassium Levels -- 4.1 Hypokalemia -- 4.2 Hyperkalemia -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Magnesium in Health and Disease -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Distribution of Magnesium in the Human Body -- 1.2 Intestinal Magnesium Absorption and Release into the Blood -- 1.2.1 Apical Side -- 1.2.2 Cellular Transport -- 1.2.3 Basolateral Side -- 1.3 Renal Magnesium Handling and Reabsorption -- 2 Cellular Magnesium Homeostasis -- 2.1 Cellular Magnesium Transport Mechanisms -- 2.2 Regulation of Magnesium Transport -- 3 Magnesium in Disease -- 3.1 Hypermagnesemia -- 3.1.1 Hypermagnesemia in Renal Failure -- 3.2 Hypomagnesemia -- 3.2.1 Cardiovascular Pathologies -- 3.2.1.1 Cardiac Arrhythmias -- 3.2.1.2 Hypertension -- 3.2.2 Hyperaldosteronism. , 3.2.3 Diabetes -- 3.2.3.1 Diabetes Complications -- 3.2.4 Metabolic Syndrome -- 3.2.5 Alcoholism -- 3.2.6 Inflammation -- 3.2.7 Renal Pathologies -- 3.2.7.1 Bartter's Syndrome -- 3.2.7.2 Gitelman's Syndrome -- 3.2.7.3 Defects in Claudin Expression -- 3.2.7.4 Defects in TRPM6 Expression -- 3.2.7.5 Defects in Epidermal Growth Factor Signaling -- 3.2.8 Magnesium and Tumors -- 3.2.9 Magnesium and Prenatal Pathologies -- 3.3 Pharmacological Agents Causing Hypomagnesemia -- 3.3.1 Proton Pump Inhibitors -- 3.3.2 Anti-epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Antibodies -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Calcium in Health and Disease -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Calcium in Nature and in Living Organisms -- 1.2 Regulation of Calcium in Biological Fluids -- 1.3 Calcium in the Mineralized Compartment of the Organisms -- 2 General Properties of Calcium as a Signaling Agent -- 3 Intracellular Calcium Handling -- 3.1 Transport of Calcium Across Membrane Boundaries -- 3.2 Spatiotemporal Dynamics of the Calcium Signal -- 3.3 Regulation of the Calcium Signal by the Cell Organelles -- 4 Calcium as a Regulator of Biological Processes -- 4.1 Gene Transcription -- 4.2 Intracellular Proteolysis -- 4.3 Protein Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation -- 4.4 Calcium and Bioenergetics -- 4.5 Muscle Contraction -- 4.6 Secretion -- 4.7 Calcium in the Beginning of Cell Life -- 4.8 Apoptotic Cell Death and Autophagy -- 5 The Ambivalence of the Calcium Signal: Defects of Calcium Regulation and Disease -- 5.1 Neuronal Diseases -- 5.1.1 Ataxia -- 5.1.2 Migraine -- 5.2 Neurodegenerative Diseases -- 5.2.1 Parkinson's Disease -- 5.2.2 Alzheimer's Disease -- 5.2.3 Huntington's Disease -- 5.2.4 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis -- 5.3 Genetic Hearing Loss -- 5.4 Cardiac Diseases (Cardiomyopathies) -- 5.5 Skeletal Muscle Diseases -- 5.5.1 Malignant Hyperthermia -- 5.5.2 Central Core Disease. , 5.5.3 Brody's Disease -- 5.5.4 Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Vanadium. Its Role for Humans -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Distribution and Cycling of Vanadium -- 2.1 Vanadium in Nature -- 2.2 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics -- 3 The Aqueous Chemistry of Vanadium and the Vanadate- Phosphate Antagonism -- 4 The Medicinal Potential of Vanadium -- 4.1 Diabetes Mellitus -- 4.2 Activity in Health Hazards Other than Diabetes -- 4.2.1 Treatment of Cancer -- 4.2.2 Cardiovascular Effects -- Bacterial and Viral Diseases -- 4.2.3 Diseases Caused by Parasites -- 5 Concluding Remarks and Prospects -- References -- Chapter 6: Chromium: Is It Essential, Pharmacologically Relevant, or Toxic? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Is Chromium Essential? -- 2.1 Current Opinions -- 2.2 Evidence -- 2.2.1 "Low Chromium" Rodent Diets -- 2.2.2 Absorption and Transport -- 2.2.3 Total Parenteral Nutrition -- 3 Is Chromium Pharmacologically Relevant? -- 3.1 Rodent Disease Model Studies -- 3.2 Clinical Studies -- 3.3 Proposed Mechanisms of Action -- 3.3.1 Insulin Signaling -- 3.3.2 Cholesterol and Fatty Acid Metabolism -- 3.3.3 Inflammation and Oxidative Stress -- 4 Is Chromium Toxic? -- 4.1 Chromate -- 4.2 Chromium Picolinate and Other Cr(III) Complexes -- 5 Concluding Remarks and Future Direction -- References -- Chapter 7: Manganese in Health and Disease -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Manganese Essentiality -- 1.2 Manganese Pharmacokinetics -- 1.3 Manganese Biochemistry and Physiology -- 2 Manganese Transport -- 2.1 Manganese Uptake in Relation to Oxidative State -- 2.2 Cellular Manganese Uptake -- 2.3 Cellular Manganese Efflux -- 3 Manganism. A Neurodegenerative Disease -- 4 Symptoms and Sensitive Populations -- 5 Manganism versus Parkinson's Disease -- 6 Manganese in the Etiology of Other Neurodegenerative Disorders. , 6.1 Manganese and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis -- 6.2 Manganese and Alzheimer's Disease -- 6.3 Manganese and Huntington's Disease -- 7 Molecular Mechanisms of Toxicity -- 7.1 Dopamine Oxidation -- 7.2 Mitochondrial Dysfunction -- 7.3 Astrocytosis -- 8 Genetic Susceptibility -- 9 Treatment -- 10 General Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Iron: Effect of Overload and Deficiency -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Aqueous Iron Solution Chemistry -- 1.2 Iron-Dependent Proteins. The Nature of the Iron Binding Sites -- 1.2.1 Heme-Containing Proteins -- 1.2.2 Iron-Sulfur Proteins -- 1.2.3 Non-heme, Non-sulfur, Iron-Dependent Enzymes -- 1.2.4 Transport and Iron Storage Proteins -- 1.3 Iron Transport -- 1.3.1 Cellular Iron Transport -- 1.3.1.1 Transport of Iron-Loaded Transferrin -- 1.3.1.2 Absorption of Dietary Iron -- 1.3.1.3 Mitochondrial Iron Transport -- 1.3.1.4 Ferroportin-Mediated Iron Efflux -- 1.3.1.5 Iron Metabolism Facilitated by the Macrophage -- 1.3.2 Regulation of Iron Metabolism -- 1.4 Iron Physiology -- 1.4.1 The Role of Hepcidin -- 2 Iron Deficiency and Anemia -- 2.1 Iron Requirements of Man -- 2.2 The Influence of Anemia on Human Physiology -- 2.3 Dietary Sources of Iron -- 2.4 Iron Fortification -- 2.5 Oral Iron Supplementation -- 2.6 Anemia of Chronic Disease -- 3 Systemic Iron Overload -- 3.1 Non-transferrin Bound Iron -- 3.2 Hereditary Hemochromatosis -- 3.2.1 HFE Hemochromatosis -- 3.2.2 Juvenile Hemochromatosis -- 3.2.3 Ferroportin Disease -- 3.2.4 Treatment by Iron Chelation -- 3.3 Transfusional Siderosis -- 3.3.1 The Hemoglobinopathies -- 3.3.1.1 Thalassemia -- 3.3.1.2 Sickle Cell Disease -- 3.3.2 Myelodysplastic Syndrome -- 3.4 Hereditary Disorders of Mitochondrial Iron Overload -- 3.4.1 Sideroblastic Anemia -- 3.4.2 Friedreich's Ataxia -- 3.4.3 Glutaredoxin-5 Deficiency -- 3.5 Animal Models of Iron Overload. , 3.6 Genetic Screening for Thalassemia.

Note: Intro -- Metal Ions in Life Sciences -- Historical Development and Perspectives of the Series -- Preface to Volume 4 -- Contents -- Contributors to Volume 4 -- Titles of Volumes 1-44 in the Metal Ions in Biological Systems Series -- Contents of Volumes in the Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series -- 1 Crystals and Life: An Introduction -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Global Effects -- 3. Minerals within Living Systems -- 4. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 2 What Genes and Genomes Tell Us about Calcium Carbonate Biomineralization -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. One Gene-One Protein Approaches -- 3. Many Genes-One Structure Approaches -- 4. General Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 3 The Role of Enzymes in Biomineralization Processes -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. From Ions to Minerals: A Pathway Paved by Enzymes -- 3. The "Evolution" of Solids: A Complex Network of Regulation -- 4. Mimicking Nature: How Far Can the Design of Biomineralization Enzymes Take Us? -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 4 Metal-Bacteria Interactions at Both the Planktonic Cell and Biofilm Levels -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Planktonic Bacterial Cells -- 3. Metal-Microbe Interactions -- 4. Microbial Biofilm Communities -- 5. Biofilm Microenvironments and Their Impact on Geochemical Interactions -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- 5 Biomineralization of Calcium Carbonate. The Interplay with Biosubstrates -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Control in Biological Mineralization -- 3. Recent Perspectives on Mineralization Strategies -- 4. CaCO3 Growth in Confinement -- 5. Crystal Assembly -- 6. In Vitro Studies of CaCO3 Mineralization. , 7. Calcium Carbonate Nucleation and Growth on Artificial Substrates -- 8. Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 6 Sulfate-Containing Biominerals -- Abstract -- 1. Sulfate-Containing Biominerals: An Overview -- 2. Gypsum and Bassanite (Calcium Sulfates) -- 3. Celestite (Strontium Sulfate) -- 4. Barite (Barium Sulfate) -- 5. Jarosite (Potassium Iron Hydroxide Sulfate) -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Oxalate Biominerals -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Metallic Oxalates: Physico-Chemical and Structural Properties -- 3. Calcium Oxalates in Plants -- 4. Calcium Oxalates in Other Forms of Life -- 5. Other Oxalate Biominerals -- 6. Pathological Oxalates -- 7. Oxalates in the Environment -- 8. Oxalate Degrading Systems -- 9. Conclusions and Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 8 Molecular Processes of Biosilicification in Diatoms -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Silicon Transport -- 3. Silica Structure Formation -- 4. Regulation of Structure Formation -- 5. Manipulation of Diatom Silica Structure -- 6. Concluding Remarks and Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 9 Heavy Metals in the Jaws of Invertebrates -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Iron Biomineralization in Chitons and Limpets -- 3. Copper and Zinc in Marine Worm Jaws -- 4. Zinc and Manganese in Arthropods -- 5. Heavy Metals and Jaw Mechanics -- 6. General Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- 10 Ferritin. Biomineralization of Iron -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Protein Nanocage Structures -- 3. Iron Entry: The Protein Ferroxidase Site -- 4. Mineral Precursor Translocation, Nucleation, and Mineralization -- 5. Ferritin Demineralization and the Nanocage Gated Pores -- 6. Summary and Perspective -- Acknowledgments. , Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- 11 Magnetism and Molecular Biology of Magnetic Iron Minerals in Bacteria -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction. Magnetotactic Bacteria -- 2. Molecular Biology of Magnetosome Chain Formation -- 3. Magnetic Properties of Magnetosomes -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 12 Biominerals. Recorders of the Past? -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. What Are Biominerals? -- 3. Biominerals as Biosignatures? -- 4. Tools to Study Biosignatures -- 5. General Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 13 Dynamics of Biomineralization and Biodemineralization -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nucleation and Crystal Growth -- 3. Dissolution -- 4. Conclusion and Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- List of Symbols -- References -- 14 Mechanism of Mineralization of Collagen-Based Connective Tissues -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Function of Collagen in the Regulation of Vertebrate Biomineralization -- 3. Comparative Composition of the Organic Components of Collagenous Mineralized Tissues -- 4. Is there a Uniform Theory of Vertebrate Mineralization? -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 15 Mammalian Enamel Formation -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Delineation of the Extracellular Space -- 3. Ion Composition and Transport -- 4. The Organic Matrix Components -- 5. Function of Organic Matrix in Enamel Formation -- 6. Matrix Degradation -- 7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 16 Mechanical Design of Biomineralized Tissues. Bone and Other Hierarchical Materials -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Growth, Self-Repair, and Structural Hierarchies -- 3. Hierarchical Structure of Bone -- 4. Hierarchical Structure of a Silica Sponge Skeleton. , 5. Some Structural Elements with Mechanical Function -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 17 Bioinspired Growth of Mineralized Tissue -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Natural Development of Bone -- 3. Connective Tissue Progenitor Cells -- 4. Inductive Soluble Factors -- 5. Bone Structural Properties -- 6. Scaffold Materials for Bioinspired Mineralized Tissue Fabrication -- 7. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- 18 Polymer-Controlled Biomimetic Mineralization of Novel Inorganic Materials -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Different Crystallization Modes and Ways to Modify Crystallization -- 3. Polymer-Controlled Crystallization -- 4. Conclusion -- 5. Current Trends and Outlook to the Future -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Subject Index.