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  • 1
    Keywords: Free radicals (Chemistry)-Pathophysiology. ; Organometallic compounds-Pathophysiology. ; Metal ions-Pathophysiology. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (849 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781351432146
    Series Statement: Metal Ions in Biological Systems ; v.36
    DDC: 572/.51
    Language: English
    Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- PREFACE TO THE SERIES -- PREFACE TO VOLUME 36 -- CONTRIBUTORS -- CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES -- HANDBOOK ON TOXICITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS -- HANDBOOK ON METALS IN CLINICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY -- Chapter 1: THE MECHANISM OF "FENTON-LIKE" REACTIONS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE FOR BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS. A BIOLOGIST'S VIEW -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Fenton Reaction and Fenton-Like Reactions -- 3. Significance of the Fenton-Like Reactions in vivo -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 2: REACTIONS OF ALIPHATIC CARBON-CENTERED AND ALIPHATIC-PEROXYL RADICALS WITH TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES AS A PLAUSIBLE SOURCE FOR BIOLOGICAL DAMAGE INDUCED BY RADICAL PROCESSES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sources of Radicals in Biological Systems -- 3. Redox Properties of Alkyl and Alkyl-Peroxyl Radicals -- 4. The Role of Transition Metal Complexes in Radical-Induced Biological Deleterious Processes -- 5. The "Site-Specific" Mechanism -- 6. Reactions of Aliphatic Carbon-Centered Radicals with Transition Metal Complexes in Aqueous Solutions -- 7. Mechanisms of Decomposition of the Transient Complexes, LmMn+l-R -- 8. Reactions of Alkyl-Peroxyl Radicals with Transition Metal Complexes in Aqueous Solution -- 9. Mechanisms of Decomposition of the Transient Complexes, LmMn+ l-OOR -- 10. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3: FREE RADICALS AS A RESULT OF DIOXYGEN METABOLISM -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Redox Chemistry, Acid-Base Chemistry and Bond Energies of Dioxygen and Reactive Oxygen Species -- 3. Major Radical Reactions of Dioxygen and Reactive Oxygen Species -- 4. Lipid Peroxidation, an Especially Facile and Major Type of Radical Chain Autoxidation -- 5. Lipid Hydroperoxides as a Major Source of Radicals. , 6. Production of Reactive Oxygen Species by Respiratory Burst of Phagocytes -- 7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 4: FREE RADICALS AS A SOURCE OF UNCOMMON OXIDATION STATES OF TRANSITION METALS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Properties of Free Radicals -- 3. Generation of Free Radicals -- 4. Measurement of Reaction Rates -- 5. Interaction of Free Radicals with Simple Transition Metal Ions -- 6. Interaction of Free Radicals with Complexed Transition Metal Ions -- 7. Conclusions -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 5: BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF COPPER-ZINC SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE AND ITS LINK TO AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biophysical Properties of Wild-Type Superoxide Dismutase -- 3. Enzymatic Activity -- 4. Evidence Concerning Biological Function -- 5. Role of Mutant Human CuZn Superoxide Dismutase in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 6: DNA DAMAGE MEDIATED BY METAL IONS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO COPPER AND IRON -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Binding of Metal Ions to DNA -- 3. DNA Lesions -- 4. Biological Implications of Metal-DNA Damage -- 5. Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 7: RADICAL MIGRATION THROUGH THE DNA HELIX: CHEMISTRY AT A DISTANCE -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Charge Transport in DNA: Chemical and Biological History -- 3. DNA as a Bridge for Long-Range Charge Transport -- 4. DNA as a Reactant in Long-Range Charge Transfer Reactions -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 8: INVOLVEMENT OF METAL IONS IN LIPID PEROXIDATION: BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Outline of the Mechanism of Lipid Peroxidation -- 3. Involvement of Metal Ions in Various Stages of the Lipid Peroxidation Process -- 4. Biological Examinations of the Effect of Metal Ions on Lipid Peroxidation. , 5. Considerations on Tissue Damage -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 9: FORMATION OF METHEMOGLOBIN AND FREE RADICALS IN ERYTHROCYTES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. ESR Detection of Free Radical Intermediates -- 3. Chemiluminescence Detection of the Ferryl Hemoglobin Protein Radical -- 4. Spin Labeling of the Erythrocyte Membrane -- 5. Iron Liberation -- 6. Reactions Involving Thiol Groups (R-SH) -- 7. Electrophoresis of Membranes with SDS-PAGE -- 8. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 10: ROLE OF FREE RADICALS AND METAL IONS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Normal Cerebral Transition Metal Ion Homeostasis and Oxidative Metabolism -- 3. Altered Cerebral Metal Ion and Oxidative Metabolism in Alzheimer's Disease -- 4. Cerebral Amyloid Deposition in Neurological Diseases and Aging -- 5. Neurochemical Factors that Precipitate Alzheimer Aβ Protein -- 6. Sources of Neuronal Free Radicals -- 7. Neurochemical Environments Leading to Amyloid Deposition and Neuronal Death in Alzheimer's Disease -- 8. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 11: METAL BINDING AND RADICAL GENERATION OF PROTEINS IN HUMAN NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES AND AGING -- 1. Introduction: Transition Metal Ions in Biological Systems -- 2. Free Radicals and Human Diseases -- 3. Superoxide Dismutase in Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Gain of Function -- 4. Radical Generation of Amyloid Precursor Protein in Alzheimer's Disease -- 5. Involvement of Oxygen Radicals in Aβ Amyloid Formation -- 6. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants -- 7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 12: THIYL RADICALS IN BIOCHEMICALLY IMPORTANT THIOLS IN THE PRESENCE OF METAL IONS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Thiyl Radicals. , 3. Thiyl Radicals in the Presence of Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Manganese, Chromium, and Vanadium -- 4. Copper(I)-Stabilized Thiyl Radicals -- 5. Improved Stabilization of Copper(I)-Thiyl Radicals Embedded in Inorganic and Biological Matrices -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 13: METHYLMERCURY-INDUCED GENERATION OF FREE RADICALS: BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS -- 1. Introduction: The Toxicity and Pathology of Mercury -- 2. Mercury Chemistry -- 3. Mercurial-Induced Oxidative Stress in Biological Systems -- 4. Protective Mechanisms Against Mercury Toxicity -- 5. Biological Implications -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 14: ROLE OF FREE RADICALS IN METAL-INDUCED CARCINOGENESIS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Role of Free Radicals in Chromium Carcinogenesis -- 3. The Role of Free Radicals in Nickel Carcinogenesis -- 4. The Possible Role of Free Radicals in Arsenic Carcinogenesis -- 5. Beryllium Pulmonary Fibrosis and Carcinogenesis: Is There a Role for Free Radicals? -- 6. Iron and Free Radicals: Is There a Role in Carcinogenesis or Tumor Promotion? -- 7. Copper and Free Radicals: Is There a Role in Carcinogenesis? -- 8. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 15: pH-DEPENDENT ORGANOCOBALT SOURCES FOR ACTIVE RADICAL SPECIES: A NEW TYPE OF ANTICANCER AGENTS -- 1. Introduction: Prerequisites for the Search for Potential Anticancer Drugs Among Organocobalt Complexes -- 2. Alkylcobalt(III) Chelates with Tridentate Schiff Bases -- 3. Biomedical Examinations -- 4. Conclusion and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 16: DETECTION OF CHROMATIN-ASSOCIATED HYDROXYL RADICALS GENERATED BY DNA-BOUND METAL COMPOUNDS AND ANTITUMOR ANTIBIOTICS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Chromatin-Associated Hydroxyl Radicals. , 3. Detection of Chromatin-Associated Hydroxyl Radicals -- 4. Methods for Attaching SECCA to In Vitro Chromatin Models -- 5. Metal Compounds and Antitumor Antibiotics that Generate Chromatin-Associated HO -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 17: NITRIC OXIDE (NO): FORMATION AND BIOLOGICAL ROLES IN MAMMALIAN SYSTEMS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biologically Relevant Chemistry of Nitric Oxide -- 3. Nitric Oxide Biosynthesis -- 4. Physiology and Pathophysiology of Nitric Oxide: A Chemical Perspective -- 5. Conclusions -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 18: CHEMISTRY OF PEROXYNITRITE AND ITS RELEVANCE TO BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS -- 1. Introduction and Brief Historical Overview -- 2. Is Peroxynitrite Formed in vivo? -- 3. Syntheses -- 4. Properties, Isomerization, and Decomposition -- 5. Reactions that Are First Order in Peroxynitrous Acid -- 6. Biomolecular Reactions -- 7. Superoxide Dismutase and Peroxynitrite -- 8. Peroxynitrite or Hydroxyl Radical? -- Note Added in Proof -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 19: NOVEL NITRIC OXIDE-LIBERATING HEME PROTEINS FROM THE SALIVA OF BLOODSUCKING INSECTS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Strategies Used by Bloodsucking Insects to Ensure that They Obtain a Sufficient Blood Meal -- 3. Properties of Nitric Oxide -- 4. Spectroscopy of the Nitrophorins of Rhodnius prolixus in Comparison to Other Heme Proteins -- 5. Redox Chemistry of Nitric Oxide-Heme Systems and the Nitrophorins of Rhodnius prolixus -- 6. X-Ray Crystallography -- 7. Other Metal-Nitric Oxide Complexes of Importance in Inorganic Chemistry and Biochemistry -- 8. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 20: NITROGEN MONOXIDE-RELATED DISEASE AND NITROGEN MONOXIDE SCAVENGERS AS POTENTIAL DRUGS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nitric Oxide and Disease -- 3. Therapeutic Strategies. , 4. Organic Molecules as Nitric Oxide Scavengers.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht :Springer Netherlands,
    Keywords: Metal ions. ; Nucleic acids--Biotechnology. ; Nucleic Acids--chemistry. ; Cations--chemistry. ; Metals--chemistry. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (386 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9789400721722
    Series Statement: Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series ; v.10
    DDC: 572.8
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Interplay between MetalIons and Nucleic Acids -- Historical Development and Perspectivesof the Series: Metal Ions in Life Sciences* -- Preface to Volume 10 -- Contents -- Contributors to Volume 10 -- Titles of Volumes 1-44 in the Metal Ionsin Biological Systems Series -- Contents of Volumes in theMetal Ions in Life Sciences Series -- Chapter 1: Characterization of Metal Ion-Nucleic Acid Interactions in Solution -- Chapter 2: Nucleic Acid-Metal Ion Interactions in the Solid State -- Chapter 3: Metal Ion-Promoted Conformational Changes of Oligonucleotides -- Chapter 4: G-Quadruplexes and Metal Ions -- Chapter 5: Metal Ion-Mediated DNA-Protein Interactions -- Chapter 6: Spectroscopic Investigations of Lanthanide Ion Binding to Nucleic Acids -- Chapter 7: Oxidative DNA Damage Mediated by Transition Metal Ions and Their Complexes -- Chapter 8: Metal Ion-Dependent DNAzymes and Their Applications as Biosensors -- Chapter 9: Enantioselective Catalysis at the DNA Scaffold -- Chapter 10: Alternative DNA Base Pairing through Metal Coordination -- Chapter 11: Metal-Mediated Base Pairs in Nucleic Acids with Purine- and Pyrimidine-Derived Nucleosides -- Chapter 12: Metal Complex Derivatives of Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNA) -- Index.
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  • 3
    Keywords: Molybdenum enzymes. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: Volume 39: Molybdenum and Tungsten: Their Roles in Biological Processes is devoted soley to the vital research area on molybdenum and tungsten and their role in biology. It offers a comprehensive and timely account of this fascinating topic by 40 distinguished international authorities. Topics include: transport, homeostasis, regulation and binding of molybdate and tungstate to proteins, crystallographic characterization, coordination of complexes, and biosynthesis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (874 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9780203909331
    Series Statement: Metal Ions in Biological Systems Series
    DDC: 572.52534
    Language: English
    Note: Front Cover -- Prefaces -- In Memoriam -- Contents -- Contributors -- Contents of Previous Volumes -- Chapter 1. The Biogeochemistry of Molybdenum and Tungsten -- Chapter 2. Transport, Homeostasis, Regulation, and Binding of Molybdate and Tungstate to Proteins -- Chapter 3. Molybdenum Nitrogenases: A Crystallographic and Mechanistic View -- Chapter 4. Chemical Dinitrogen Fixation by Molybdenum and Tungsten Complexes: Insights from Coordination Chemistry -- Chapter 5. Biosynthesis of the Nitrogenase Iron-Molybdenum-Cofactor from Azotobacter vinelandii -- Chapter 6. Molybdenum Enzymes Containing the Pyranopterin Cofactor: An Overview -- Chapter 7. The Molybdenum and Tungsten Cofactors: A Crystallographic View -- Chapter 8. Models for the Pyranopterin-Containing Molybdenum and Tungsten Cofactors -- Chapter 9. Biosynthesis and Molecular Biology of the Molybdenum Cofactor (Moco) -- Chapter 10. Molybdenum in Nitrate Reductase and Nitrite Oxidoreductase* -- Chapter 11. The Molybdenum-Containing Hydroxylases of Nicotinate, Isonicotinate, and Nicotine -- Chapter 12. The Molybdenum-Containing Xanthine Oxidoreductases and Picolinate Dehydrogenases -- Chapter 13. Enzymes of the Xanthine Oxidase Family: The Role of Molybdenum -- Chapter 14. The Molybdenum-Containing Hydroxylases of Quinoline, Isoquinoline, and Quinaldine -- Chapter 15. Molybdenum Enzymes in Reactions Involving Aldehydes and Acids -- Chapter 16. Molybdenum and Tungsten Enzymes in C1 Metabolism -- Chapter 17. Molybdenum Enzymes and Sulfur Metabolism -- Chapter 18. Comparison of Selenium-Containing Molybdoenzymes -- Chapter 19. Tungsten-Dependent Aldehyde Oxidoreductase: A New Family of Enzymes Containing the Pterin Cofactor -- Chapter 20. Tunsten-Substituted Molybdenum Enzymes -- Chapter 21. Molybdenum Metabolism and Requirements in Humans. , Chapter 22. Metabolism and Toxicity of Tungsten in Humans and Animals -- Subject Index -- Back Cover.
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Berlin/Boston :Walter de Gruyter GmbH,
    Keywords: Metals-Physiological effect. ; Metals in the body. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: Metal Ions in Life Sciences links coordination chemistry and biochemistry in their widest sense and thus increases our understanding of the relationship between the chemistry of metals and life processes; in fact, it is an old wisdom that metals are indispensable for life. The series reflects the interdisciplinary nature of Biological Inorganic Chemistry and coordinates the efforts of scientists in numerous interconnecting research fields.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (544 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9783110436273
    Series Statement: Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series ; v.5
    DDC: 572.68
    Language: English
    Note: i_iv -- v_vi -- vii_viii -- ix_xvi -- xvii_xx -- xxi_xxii -- xxiii_xxx -- 001_030 -- 031_050 -- 051_082 -- 083_106 -- 107_154 -- 155_182 -- 183_198 -- 199_238 -- 239_278 -- 279_318 -- 319_352 -- 353_398 -- 399_412 -- 413_440 -- 441_482 -- 483_514.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Berlin/Boston :Walter de Gruyter GmbH,
    Keywords: Metalloenzymes. ; Coenzymes. ; Organometallic compounds. ; Vitamin B12. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: Metal Ions in Life Sciences links coordination chemistry and biochemistry in their widest sense and thus increases our understanding of the relationship between the chemistry of metals and life processes; in fact, it is an old wisdom that metals are indispensable for life. The series reflects the interdisciplinary nature of Biological Inorganic Chemistry and coordinates the efforts of scientists in numerous interconnecting research fields.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (532 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9783110436587
    Series Statement: Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series ; v.6
    Language: English
    Note: i-iv -- v-vi -- vii-x -- xi-xvi -- xvii-xviii -- xix -- Ch001r -- Ch002r -- Ch003r -- CH004r -- CH005r -- CH006r -- CH007r -- CH008r -- Ch009r -- CH010r -- CH011r -- CH012r -- 461 -- 497.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Berlin/Boston :Walter de Gruyter GmbH,
    Keywords: Catalytic RNA. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: Metal Ions in Life Sciences links coordination chemistry and biochemistry in their widest sense and thus increases our understanding of the relationship between the chemistry of metals and life processes; in fact, it is an old wisdom that metals are indispensable for life. The series reflects the interdisciplinary nature of Biological Inorganic Chemistry and coordinates the efforts of scientists in numerous interconnecting research fields.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (424 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9783110436648
    Series Statement: Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series ; v.9
    DDC: 572.51
    Language: English
    Note: i-iv -- v-vi -- vii-x -- xi-xvi -- xvii-xx -- xxi-xxii -- xxiii-xxxii -- 1-36 -- 37-100 -- 101-124 -- 125-140 -- 141-174 -- 175-196 -- 197-234 -- 235-252 -- 253-276 -- 277-298 -- 299-346 -- 347-378 -- 379-392.
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham :Springer International Publishing AG,
    Keywords: Biochemistry. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (663 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9783319217567
    Series Statement: Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series ; v.16
    DDC: 546.38
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Historical Development and Perspectives of the Series -- Metal Ions in Life Sciences -- Metal Ions in Life Sciences. -- Preface to Volume 16 -- The Alkali Metal Ions: Their Role for Life -- Contents -- Contributors to Volume 16 -- Titles of Volumes 1-44 in the Metal Ions in Biological Systems Series -- Contents of Volumes in the Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series -- Volume 1 Neurodegenerative Diseases and Metal Ions -- Volume 2 Nickel and Its Surprising Impact in Nature -- Volume 3 The Ubiquitous Roles of Cytochrome P450 Proteins -- Volume 4 Biomineralization. From Nature to Application -- Volume 5 Metallothioneins and Related Chelators -- Volume 6 Metal-Carbon Bonds in Enzymes and Cofactors -- Volume 7 Organometallics in Environment and Toxicology -- Volume 8 Metal Ions in Toxicology: Effects, Interactions, Interdependencies -- Volume 9 Structural and Catalytic Roles of Metal Ions in RNA -- Volume 10 Interplay between Metal Ions and Nucleic Acids -- Volume 11 Cadmium: From Toxicity to Essentiality -- Volume 12 Metallomics and the Cell -- Volume 13 Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases -- Volume 14 The Metal-Driven Biogeochemistry of Gaseous Compounds in the Environment -- Volume 15 Sustaining Life on Planet Earth: Metalloenzymes Mastering Dioxygen and Other Chewy Gases -- Volume 16 The Alkali Metal Ions: Their Roles for Life (this book) -- Volume 17 Lead: Its Effects on Environment and Health (in preparation) -- Chapter 1: Bioinorganic Chemistry of the Alkali Metal Ions -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Spectroscopic Techniques and Other Physical Methods -- 3 Lithium -- 3.1 Introduction to the Coordination Chemistry of Li+ -- 3.2 Recent Research Trends Regarding Li+ -- 4 Sodium and Potassium -- 4.1 Introduction to the Coordination Chemistry of Na+ and K+ -- 4.2 Recent Research Trends Regarding Na+ and K+. , 5 Rubidium and Cesium -- 6 Francium -- 7 Conclusions, Outlook, and Further Considerations for Future Studies -- References -- Chapter 2: Determination of Alkali Ions in Biological and Environmental Samples -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Spectrophotometry -- 3 Atomic Spectroscopy -- 4 Ion-Selective Electrodes -- 5 Ion Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis -- 6 Clinical Analysis -- 7 Single Cell Analysis -- 8 Environmental Samples -- 9 General Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Solid State Structures of Alkali Metal Ion Complexes Formed by Low-Molecular-Weight Ligands of Biological Relevance -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Amino Acid and Small Peptide Complexes -- 2.1 Amino Acid Complexes -- 2.2 Small Peptide Complexes -- 3 Nucleic Acid Constituent Complexes -- 3.1 Nucleobase Complexes -- 3.2 Nucleoside Complexes -- 3.3 Nucleotide Complexes -- 3.3.1 Mononucleotide Complexes -- 3.3.2 Dinucleotide Complexes -- 4 Simple-Carbohydrate Complexes -- 5 Naturally Occurring Antibiotic Ionophore Complexes -- 5.1 Channel-Forming Ionophore Complexes -- 5.2 Ion Carrier Ionophore Complexes -- 5.2.1 Depsipeptide Ionophore Complexes -- 5.2.2 Macrotetrolide Ionophore Complexes -- 5.2.3 Polyether Ionophore Complexes -- 6 Concluding Remarks and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 4: Discriminating Properties of Alkali Metal Ions Towards the Constituents of Proteins and Nucleic Acids. Conclusions from Gas-­Phase and Theoretical Studies -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Experimental and Theoretical Methods -- 2.1 Infrared Multiple Photon Dissociation Experiments -- 2.2 Collision-Induced Dissociation Experiments -- 2.3 Other Experimental Approaches -- 2.3.1 Equilibrium Methods -- 2.3.2 Kinetic Method -- 2.3.3 Blackbody Infrared Radiative Dissociation -- 2.3.4 Ion Mobility -- 2.4 Theoretical Calculations -- 3 Alkali Metal Cations Interacting with Amino Acids -- 3.1 Structure. , 3.2 Thermodynamics -- 3.3 Periodic Trends -- 3.4 Effects of Hydration -- 4 Alkali Metal Cations Interacting with Peptides -- 4.1 Structure -- 4.1.1 Di- and Tripeptides -- 4.1.2 Larger Peptides -- 4.2 Thermodynamics -- 5 Alkali Metal Cations Interacting with Nucleobases -- 5.1 Structure -- 5.2 Thermodynamics -- 6 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 5: Alkali Metal Ion Complexes with Phosphates, Nucleotides, Amino Acids, and Related Ligands of Biological Relevance. Their Properties in Solution -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Alkali Metal Ion Complex Formation in Biological Fluids -- 2.1 Alkali Metal Concentration in Different Biofluids -- 2.2 Experimental Determination of Alkali Metal Complex Formation Constants and Calculation Problems -- 3 Inorganic Complexes -- 3.1 Hydroxide -- 3.2 Chloride -- 3.3 Sulfate -- 3.4 Carbonate -- 3.5 Phosphates -- 3.6 Other Inorganic Ligands -- 4 Nucleotide Complexes -- 5 Amino Acid and Peptide Complexes -- 6 Other Ligands of Biological Relevance -- 6.1 Amines -- 6.2 Carboxylates -- 6.3 Thiols -- 6.4 Complexones -- 6.5 Phosphonates -- 6.6 Phenols -- 6.7 Other Ligands -- 7 The Relevance of Alkali Metal Ion Complexes in Modelling Biofluids -- 8 Alkali Metal Ions as Probes in Biological Systems -- 9 General Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Sodium and Potassium Interactions with Nucleic Acids -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Identification of Na+ and K+ Ions in Structural Studies -- 2.1 X-ray Crystallography -- 2.1.1 Na+ Prevalence in Crystal Structures - A Brief Statistical Overview -- 2.1.2 Monovalent Ion Detection Based on Geometrical Considerations -- 2.1.2.1 Coordination Distances -- 2.1.2.2 Coordination Numbers and Coordination Geometry -- 2.1.3 Direct and Indirect Anomalous Signal-Based Approaches -- 2.1.3.1 K+ Anomalous Signals -- 2.1.3.2 Detection Based on K+/Tl+ Replacement. , 2.1.3.3 Detection Based on K+/Rb+ or K+/Cs+ Replacement -- 2.1.4 A Word of Caution -- 2.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance -- 2.2.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Detection of Na+/K+-Induced Effects -- 2.2.2 Prevalence of Na+ over K+ in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Buffers -- 2.3 Molecular Dynamics Simulations -- 3 Non-specific Versus Specific Binding of Na+/K+ Ions -- 3.1 Non-specific Binding of Monovalent Cations to Nucleic Acids -- 3.2 Binding of Monovalent Cations to Nucleic Acid Grooves -- 3.2.1 DNA Duplexes -- 3.2.1.1 Molecular Dynamics Perspective -- 3.2.1.2 Experimental Views -- 3.2.2 RNA Duplexes -- 3.3 Specific Binding of Monovalent Cations to Quadruplex Structures -- 3.3.1 DNA Quadruplexes - A Perfect K+ Coordination Geometry -- 3.3.2 RNA Quadruplex Switches -- 3.4 RNA Folding Needs Monovalent Cations -- 3.5 Specific Binding of Monovalent Cations to Complex RNA Folds -- 3.5.1 First Crystallographic Evidence: The P4-P6 Group I Intron Fragment -- 3.5.2 A Buried Backbone-K+ Complex in a rRNA Fragment -- 3.5.3 Pseudoknots Can Capture Monovalent Cations -- 3.5.4 Small Ribozymes Are Active at High Monovalent Concentrations -- 3.5.4.1 The Hammerhead Ribozyme -- 3.5.4.2 The Hepatitis Delta Virus and Glms Ribozymes -- 3.5.4.3 DNAzymes Are also Influenced by Monovalent Cations -- 3.5.5 Other Systematic and Less Systematic Ion Binding Studies on RNA Systems -- 3.5.5.1 Thirteen Metal Ions in the HIV-1 RNA Dimerization Initiation Site -- 3.5.5.2 Signal Recognition Particle - An Example of K+/Mg2+ Mixed Occupancy -- 3.5.5.3 Riboswitches and Monovalent Ions -- 3.5.5.4 Group I and Group II Introns -- 3.6 Monovalent Cation Influence on the Stability of Protein/DNA Complexes -- 3.7 Ribosomal Activities Are Altered or even Inhibited by Na+ Ions -- 3.8 Are Both Na+ and K+ Involved in Chromatin Compaction? -- 4 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 7: Role of Alkali Metal Ions in G-Quadruplex Nucleic Acid Structure and Stability -- 1 Introduction: G-Quadruplex Nucleic Acids -- 1.1 Overview of Structure -- 1.2 Stabilizing Interactions -- 1.2.1 Stacking -- 1.2.2 Hydrogen Bonding -- 1.3 Alkali Metal Ion Coordination in G-Quartets -- 1.3.1 Cation Preference -- 1.3.2 Cation Binding Energetics -- 1.3.3 Cation Location -- 2 Methods to Study G-Quadruplex Nucleic Acids -- 2.1 Folding Topology -- 2.1.1 X-Ray Crystallography -- 2.1.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 2.1.3 Molecular Modeling -- 2.1.4 Electronic Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy -- 2.1.5 UV Absorption Spectroscopy -- 2.1.6 Separative Techniques -- 2.1.7 Native Mass Spectrometry -- 2.1.8 Miscellaneous -- 2.2 Cation Coordination -- 2.2.1 X-Ray Crystallography -- 2.2.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 2.2.3 Native Mass Spectrometry -- 3 Role of Alkali Metal Ions in G-Quadruplex Stability -- 3.1 Case Study: dTG3-5T Tetramolecular G-Quadruplexes -- 3.2 General Trends -- 3.2.1 Libraries -- 3.2.2 Human Telomeric Sequences -- 3.2.3 Other Sequences and Overview -- 3.2.4 Summary -- 3.3 Kinetics of Strand Association, Dissociation, Folding, and Unfolding -- 3.4 Cation Exchange Mechanisms -- 4 Influence of Alkali Metal Ions on G-Quadruplex Structures -- 4.1 Case Study: The Human Telomeric G-Quadruplex Sequence -- 4.1.1 The Intramolecular Folding of dAGGG(TTAGGG)3 -- 4.1.2 Other Human Telomeric Sequences -- 4.1.3 Summary -- 4.2 Other Sequences -- 4.3 General Trends -- 5 Cation-Dependent Conformational Switching -- 6 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 8: Sodium and Potassium Ions in Proteins and Enzyme Catalysis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Coordination Chemistry of Sodium and Potassium Ions -- 3 Selectivity of Sodium(I) and Potassium(I) Enzyme Activation. , 4 Classification of Sodium(I)- and Potassium(I)-Activated Enzymes.
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht :Springer Netherlands,
    Keywords: Cadmium. ; Cadmium -- Metallurgy. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (587 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9789400751798
    Series Statement: Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series ; v.11
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Cadmium: From Toxicity to Essentiality -- Historical Development and Perspectives of the Series: Metal Ions in Life Sciences* -- Metal Ions in Life Sciences -- Preface to Volume 11 -- Cadmium: From Toxicity to Essentiality -- Contents -- Contributors to Volume 11 -- Titles of Volumes 1-44 in the Metal Ions in Biological Systems Series -- Contents of Volumes in the Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series -- Chapter 1: The Bioinorganic Chemistry of Cadmium in the Context of Its Toxicity -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cadmium Coordination Chemistry of Biological Relevance -- 2.1 Cadmium Complexes, Stabilities, and Properties -- 2.2 Cadmium Protein Complexes -- 2.3 Cadmium Interactions with Other Biomolecules -- 3 Cadmium Biochemistry -- 3.1 Tissue Concentrations, Distribution, and Speciation in Humans and Animals -- 3.2 Transport and Trafficking: General Principles and Main Actors in Animal Cells -- 3.2.1 Cadmium Trafficking -- 3.2.2 Transport of Cadmium Salts via Transporters for Other Cations -- 3.2.3 Transport of Complexed Forms of Cd2+ -- 3.2.4 Other Ways to Cross Membranes -- 4 Cadmium Toxicity -- 4.1 Exposure of Humans to Cadmium and Patho-Physiological Consequences -- 4.2 Mechanisms of Molecular Toxicity -- 4.2.1 Interference with Redox Homeostasis -- 4.2.2 Interference with Homeostasis of Essential Metal Ions -- 4.2.3 Interactions with Metalloproteins -- 4.2.4 Interaction with Other Proteins -- 4.2.5 Other Mechanisms -- 4.3 Toxicology with Reference to Specific Organs -- 5 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions -- 5.1 Reference Dose and Recommendations about Cadmium in Water, Soil, and Food -- 5.2 Where Is the Problem? Do We Know What We Need to Know? Problem Solved? -- References -- Chapter 2: Biogeochemistry of Cadmium and Its Release to the Environment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geochemistry of Cadmium -- 2.1 Chemical Properties. , 2.2 Abundance in the Continental Crust -- 3 Mobilization of Cadmium -- 3.1 Natural Sources -- 3.2 Anthropogenic Sources -- 4 Cadmium in the Atmosphere -- 4.1 Sources -- 4.2 Deposition and Fate -- 5 Cadmium in the Terrestrial and Freshwater Environment -- 5.1 Behavior in Soils -- 5.2 Speciation and Fate in Lakes and Rivers -- 6 Cadmium in Ocean Waters -- 6.1 Distribution -- 6.2 Speciation -- 6.3 Biogeochemical Cycling -- 7 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Speciation of Cadmium in the Environment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Presence in the Environment -- 2.1 Anthropogenic Emissions -- 3 Speciation in the Atmosphere -- 4 Speciation in Natural Waters -- 5 Speciation in Soils and Sediments -- 5.1 The Soil Solution -- 6 Chemical Reactivity towards Different Ligand Classes -- 6.1 Carboxylates, Amines, and Amino Acids -- 6.2 Complexones -- 6.3 Contributions of Other Functional Groups -- 6.4 General Considerations -- 6.4.1 Macrocycle/Chelate Effects and Enthalpic, Entropic Contributions -- 6.4.2 Other Empirical Correlations -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Determination of Cadmium in Biological Samples -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Biomarkers of Exposure -- 2.1 Overview -- 2.2 Pre-analytic Phase -- 2.3 Analytical Methods for the Determination of Cadmium -- 2.3.1 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry -- 2.3.2 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry -- 2.3.3 Electrochemical Methods -- 2.3.4 Further Methods -- 2.4 Quality Control -- 2.5 Body Burden after Environmental and Occupational Exposure -- 3 Biomarkers of Effect -- 3.1 Overview -- 3.2 Analytical Methods for beta2-Microglobulin Quantification -- 3.3 Analytical Methods for the Quantification of the Retinol Binding Protein -- 3.4 Analytical Methods for the Quantification of Further Effect Markers -- 3.5 Effect Biomarkers after Exposure to Cadmium -- 4 Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 5: Imaging and Sensing of Cadmium in Cells -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cadmium Toxicity in Cells -- 3 Detection of Intracellular Cadmium -- 3.1 Overview of Cadmium Detection -- 3.2 Principles of the Development of Fluorescence Probes for Metal Ions -- 3.3 Fluorescence Imaging of Cadmium with Calcium or Zinc Fluorescence Probes -- 4 Cadmium-Selective Fluorescent Probes -- 4.1 Intensity-Based Fluorescent Probes -- 4.1.1 Ultraviolet Excitation -- 4.1.2 UV-Visible Excitation -- 4.2 Ratiometric Detection of Cadmium -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 6: Use of 113Cd NMR to Probe the Native Metal Binding Sites in Metalloproteins: An Overview -- 1 Introduction -- 2 General Considerations and Basic Principles -- 3 113Cd NMR Chemical Shifts from 113Cd-Substituted Metalloproteins -- 4 Specific Highlights of Studies on Alkaline Phosphatase, Calcium Binding Proteins, and Metallothioneins -- 4.1 113Cd NMR and Alkaline Phosphatase -- 4.2 113Cd NMR and Calcium Binding Proteins -- 4.2.1 Calbindin D9k, a Study of Mutants -- 4.2.2 Calmodulin, Target Peptide Binding -- 4.3 113Cd NMR and Metallothionein -- 5 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 7: Solid State Structures of Cadmium Complexes with Relevance for Biological Systems -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cadmium Complexes with Nucleobases and Related Ligands -- 2.1 Adenine -- 2.2 N-Substituted Purines with Non-coordinating Pendant Arms -- 2.3 N-Substituted Purines with Potential Chelating Pendant Arms -- 2.4 6-Mercaptopurine -- 2.5 Oxopurines -- 2.6 Pyrimidines -- 3 Cadmium(II) Complexes with α-Amino Acids -- 3.1 Complexes of α-Amino Acids as the Sole Ligand -- 3.2 α-Amino Acid Complexes with Water as Co-ligand -- 3.3 α-Amino Acid Complexes with a Halogen as Co-ligand -- 3.4 Complexes with α-Amino Acids and Other Co-ligands -- 4 Complexes of Cadmium with Vitamins and Derivatives. , 4.1 Thiamine (Vitamin B1) -- 4.2 Nicotinic Acid (Vitamin B3) -- 4.3 Vitamin B6 -- 5 Other Cadmium Complexes -- 5.1 Cadmium-Thiolate Complexes -- 5.1.1 Monothiolate Ligands -- 5.1.1.1 Mononuclear and Dinuclear Complexes -- 5.1.1.2 Complexes with Higher Nuclearities -- 5.1.2 Dithiolate Ligands of the BAL Type -- 5.2 Dithiocarbamate Cadmium Complexes -- 5.3 Polycarboxylate Ligands of the EDTA Type -- 6 General Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Complex Formation of Cadmium with Sugar Residues, Nucleobases, Phosphates, Nucleotides, and Nucleic Acids -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Comparisons of the Properties of Cadmium(II) with Those of Zinc(II), Calcium(II), Magnesium(II), and Other Related Metal Ions -- 3 Cadmium(II)-Sugar Interactions -- 3.1 Hydroxyl Coordination in Carboxyhydrates Is Rare -- 3.2 The Metal Ion Affinity of Ribose-Hydroxyl Groups Is Small -- 3.3 A Favorable Steric Setting and a Reduced Solvent Polarity May Promote Metal Ion-Hydroxyl (or -Carbonyl) Group Binding -- 4 Interactions of Cadmium(II) with Nucleobase Residues -- 4.1 Cadmium(II) Complexes of Purine Derivatives -- 4.2 Cadmium(II) Complexes of Pyrimidine Derivatives -- 4.3 Cadmium(II) Complexes of Some Less Common Nucleobase Residues -- 4.3.1 Tubercidin -- 4.3.2 Orotidine -- 4.3.3 Xanthosine -- 4.3.4 Thiouridines -- 4.3.5 2-Thiocytidine -- 5 Complexes of Cadmium(II) with Phosphates -- 6 Cadmium(II) Complexes of Nucleotides -- 6.1 Some General Considerations -- 6.2 Complexes of Nucleoside 5´-Monophosphates -- 6.2.1 Equilibrium Constants to Be Considered -- 6.2.2 Properties of Pyrimidine-Nucleoside 5´-Monophosphate Complexes -- 6.2.3 Properties of Purine-Nucleoside 5´-Monophosphate Complexes -- 6.3 Complexes of Nucleoside 5´-Di- and -Triphosphates -- 6.4 Complexes of Less Common Nucleotides -- 6.4.1 Tubercidin 5´-Monophosphate -- 6.4.2 Nucleoside 2´- and 3´-Monophosphates. , 6.4.3 Orotidinate 5´-Monophosphate -- 6.4.4 Xanthosinate 5´-Monophosphate -- 6.4.5 Thiouracil Nucleotides -- 6.4.6 Flavin Mononucleotide -- 7 Cadmium(II) Complexes of Nucleotide Analogues -- 7.1 Properties of 1,N6-Ethenoadenosine and of Its Phosphates -- 7.2 Complexes of Nucleoside 5´-O-Thiomonophosphates -- 7.3 Complexes of Acyclic Nucleotide Analogues -- 7.4 Cadmium(II) Binding to Nucleotides Containing a Platinum(II)-Coordinated Nucleobase Residue -- 8 A Short Appraisal of Mixed Ligand Complexes Containing a Nucleotide -- 8.1 Definitions and General Comments -- 8.2 Ternary Cadmium(II) Complexes Containing ATP4- and a Buffer Molecule -- 8.3 Mixed Ligand Complexes Containing a Nucleotide and a Further Monodentate or Bidentate Ligand. Release of Purine-N7 and For Stacks -- 9 Cadmium(II) Binding in Dinucleotides and Dinucleoside Monophosphates -- 9.1 The Phosphodiester Link -- 9.2 The Guanine Residue in a Dinucleotide -- 9.3 The Non-bridging Sulfur of the Thiophosphodiester Link -- 9.4 Dinucleoside Monophosphates -- 10 Cadmium(II) Binding to Nucleic Acids -- 10.1 Cadmium(II)-Rescue Experiments -- 10.2 Crystal Structures of RNA or DNA-Protein Complexes Containing Cd(II) -- 10.3 Cadmium(II) as Probe in EPR and NMR Spectroscopy -- 11 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 9: Cadmium(II) Complexes of Amino Acids and Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Complexes of Amino Acids and Derivatives -- 2.1 General Characteristics of Cadmium(II) Complexes of Amino Acids -- 2.2 Complexes of Amino Acids with Non-coordinating Side Chains -- 2.3 Complexes of Amino Acids with Coordinating Side Chains -- 2.3.1 Complexes of Amino Acids with O-Donor Side Chains -- 2.3.2 Complexes of Amino Acids with N-Donor Side Chains -- 2.3.3 Complexes of Amino Acids Containing Sulfur Donor Atoms -- 2.3.4 Complexes of Thioether Ligands -- 2.3.5 Complexes of Cysteine and Derivatives. , 3 Complexes of Peptides and Related Ligands.
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht :Springer Netherlands,
    Keywords: Metal ions -- Physiological effect. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (603 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9789400775008
    Series Statement: Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series ; v.13
    DDC: 616
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Historical Development and Perspectives of the Series: Metal Ions in Life Sciences* -- Preface to Volume 13 -- Interrelations Between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases -- Contents -- Contributors to Volume 13 -- Titles of Volumes 1-44 in the Metal Ions in Biological Systems Series -- Contents of Volumes in the Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series -- Chapter 1: Metal Ions and Infectious Diseases. An Overview from the Clinic -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Role of Antioxidants -- 1.2 Host Defense Responses to Infection -- 1.3 Alterations in Serum Levels of Trace Elements -- 1.4 Nutritional Immunity -- 1.5 Natural Resistance-Associated Macrophage Protein (Nramp) -- 1.6 Calprotectin -- 2 Iron -- 2.1 Human Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics -- 2.2 The Complex Defense-Counter Defense System in the Battle for Iron -- 2.3 Role of Iron in Infectious Diseases -- 2.3.1 Dialysis Patients -- 2.3.2 Malaria -- 2.3.3 Human Immunodeficiency Virus -- 2.3.4 Diabetes -- 2.3.5 Iron Overload -- 2.3.6 Role of Iron Chelators in Infection -- 3 Zinc -- 3.1 Human Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics -- 3.1.1 Zn-Metallothionein (Zn-MT) -- 3.1.2 Zn-Metallo β-Lactamases -- 3.2 Role of Zinc in Infectious Diseases -- 3.2.1 Cystic Fibrosis -- 3.2.2 Prevention of Childhood Diarrhea and Respiratory Tract Infections -- 3.2.2.1 Treatment of Childhood Diarrhea -- 3.2.3 The Common Cold -- 3.2.4 Prevention or Treatment of Malaria -- 3.2.5 Burn Patients -- 3.2.6 Wound Healing -- 3.2.7 Critically Ill Patients -- 3.2.8 Sickle Cell Disease -- 4 Selenium -- 4.1 Human Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics -- 4.2 Role of Selenium in Infectious Diseases -- 4.2.1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus -- 4.2.1.1 Selenium Supplementation in HIV -- 4.2.2 Intensive Care Unit Sepsis -- 4.2.3 Role of Selenium in Other Infections -- 5 Copper -- 5.1 Human Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics. , 5.2 Role of Copper in Infectious Diseases -- 5.2.1 Copper/Zinc Ratio -- 6 Chromium -- 6.1 Human Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics -- 6.2 Role of Chromium in Infectious Diseases -- 7 Manganese -- 7.1 Human Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics -- 7.2 Role of Manganese in Infectious Diseases -- 7.2.1 Arginase -- 7.2.2 Manganese Superoxide Dismutase -- 8 Summary and Future Developments -- References -- Chapter 2: Sodium and Potassium in Health and Disease -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physiology of Sodium and Potassium in Humans -- 2.1 Action of Sodium and Potassium on Membranes -- 2.1.1 Nervous System -- 2.1.2 Muscular System -- 2.2 Homeostasis of Sodium and Potassium -- 2.2.1 Absorption and Distribution of Potassium -- 2.2.2 Absorption and Distribution of Sodium -- 2.2.3 Potassium Excretion and Secretion in the Kidneys -- 2.2.4 Sodium Excretion and Secretion in the Kidneys -- 2.3 Mechanism of Other Physiological Systems Influencing Sodium and Potassium Homeostasis -- 2.3.1 Potassium -- 2.3.2 Sodium -- 3 Pathology Associated with Sodium Levels -- 3.1 Hyponatremia -- 3.2 Hypernatremia -- 4 Pathology Associated with Potassium Levels -- 4.1 Hypokalemia -- 4.2 Hyperkalemia -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Magnesium in Health and Disease -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Distribution of Magnesium in the Human Body -- 1.2 Intestinal Magnesium Absorption and Release into the Blood -- 1.2.1 Apical Side -- 1.2.2 Cellular Transport -- 1.2.3 Basolateral Side -- 1.3 Renal Magnesium Handling and Reabsorption -- 2 Cellular Magnesium Homeostasis -- 2.1 Cellular Magnesium Transport Mechanisms -- 2.2 Regulation of Magnesium Transport -- 3 Magnesium in Disease -- 3.1 Hypermagnesemia -- 3.1.1 Hypermagnesemia in Renal Failure -- 3.2 Hypomagnesemia -- 3.2.1 Cardiovascular Pathologies -- 3.2.1.1 Cardiac Arrhythmias -- 3.2.1.2 Hypertension -- 3.2.2 Hyperaldosteronism. , 3.2.3 Diabetes -- 3.2.3.1 Diabetes Complications -- 3.2.4 Metabolic Syndrome -- 3.2.5 Alcoholism -- 3.2.6 Inflammation -- 3.2.7 Renal Pathologies -- 3.2.7.1 Bartter's Syndrome -- 3.2.7.2 Gitelman's Syndrome -- 3.2.7.3 Defects in Claudin Expression -- 3.2.7.4 Defects in TRPM6 Expression -- 3.2.7.5 Defects in Epidermal Growth Factor Signaling -- 3.2.8 Magnesium and Tumors -- 3.2.9 Magnesium and Prenatal Pathologies -- 3.3 Pharmacological Agents Causing Hypomagnesemia -- 3.3.1 Proton Pump Inhibitors -- 3.3.2 Anti-epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Antibodies -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Calcium in Health and Disease -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Calcium in Nature and in Living Organisms -- 1.2 Regulation of Calcium in Biological Fluids -- 1.3 Calcium in the Mineralized Compartment of the Organisms -- 2 General Properties of Calcium as a Signaling Agent -- 3 Intracellular Calcium Handling -- 3.1 Transport of Calcium Across Membrane Boundaries -- 3.2 Spatiotemporal Dynamics of the Calcium Signal -- 3.3 Regulation of the Calcium Signal by the Cell Organelles -- 4 Calcium as a Regulator of Biological Processes -- 4.1 Gene Transcription -- 4.2 Intracellular Proteolysis -- 4.3 Protein Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation -- 4.4 Calcium and Bioenergetics -- 4.5 Muscle Contraction -- 4.6 Secretion -- 4.7 Calcium in the Beginning of Cell Life -- 4.8 Apoptotic Cell Death and Autophagy -- 5 The Ambivalence of the Calcium Signal: Defects of Calcium Regulation and Disease -- 5.1 Neuronal Diseases -- 5.1.1 Ataxia -- 5.1.2 Migraine -- 5.2 Neurodegenerative Diseases -- 5.2.1 Parkinson's Disease -- 5.2.2 Alzheimer's Disease -- 5.2.3 Huntington's Disease -- 5.2.4 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis -- 5.3 Genetic Hearing Loss -- 5.4 Cardiac Diseases (Cardiomyopathies) -- 5.5 Skeletal Muscle Diseases -- 5.5.1 Malignant Hyperthermia -- 5.5.2 Central Core Disease. , 5.5.3 Brody's Disease -- 5.5.4 Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Vanadium. Its Role for Humans -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Distribution and Cycling of Vanadium -- 2.1 Vanadium in Nature -- 2.2 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics -- 3 The Aqueous Chemistry of Vanadium and the Vanadate- Phosphate Antagonism -- 4 The Medicinal Potential of Vanadium -- 4.1 Diabetes Mellitus -- 4.2 Activity in Health Hazards Other than Diabetes -- 4.2.1 Treatment of Cancer -- 4.2.2 Cardiovascular Effects -- Bacterial and Viral Diseases -- 4.2.3 Diseases Caused by Parasites -- 5 Concluding Remarks and Prospects -- References -- Chapter 6: Chromium: Is It Essential, Pharmacologically Relevant, or Toxic? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Is Chromium Essential? -- 2.1 Current Opinions -- 2.2 Evidence -- 2.2.1 "Low Chromium" Rodent Diets -- 2.2.2 Absorption and Transport -- 2.2.3 Total Parenteral Nutrition -- 3 Is Chromium Pharmacologically Relevant? -- 3.1 Rodent Disease Model Studies -- 3.2 Clinical Studies -- 3.3 Proposed Mechanisms of Action -- 3.3.1 Insulin Signaling -- 3.3.2 Cholesterol and Fatty Acid Metabolism -- 3.3.3 Inflammation and Oxidative Stress -- 4 Is Chromium Toxic? -- 4.1 Chromate -- 4.2 Chromium Picolinate and Other Cr(III) Complexes -- 5 Concluding Remarks and Future Direction -- References -- Chapter 7: Manganese in Health and Disease -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Manganese Essentiality -- 1.2 Manganese Pharmacokinetics -- 1.3 Manganese Biochemistry and Physiology -- 2 Manganese Transport -- 2.1 Manganese Uptake in Relation to Oxidative State -- 2.2 Cellular Manganese Uptake -- 2.3 Cellular Manganese Efflux -- 3 Manganism. A Neurodegenerative Disease -- 4 Symptoms and Sensitive Populations -- 5 Manganism versus Parkinson's Disease -- 6 Manganese in the Etiology of Other Neurodegenerative Disorders. , 6.1 Manganese and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis -- 6.2 Manganese and Alzheimer's Disease -- 6.3 Manganese and Huntington's Disease -- 7 Molecular Mechanisms of Toxicity -- 7.1 Dopamine Oxidation -- 7.2 Mitochondrial Dysfunction -- 7.3 Astrocytosis -- 8 Genetic Susceptibility -- 9 Treatment -- 10 General Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Iron: Effect of Overload and Deficiency -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Aqueous Iron Solution Chemistry -- 1.2 Iron-Dependent Proteins. The Nature of the Iron Binding Sites -- 1.2.1 Heme-Containing Proteins -- 1.2.2 Iron-Sulfur Proteins -- 1.2.3 Non-heme, Non-sulfur, Iron-Dependent Enzymes -- 1.2.4 Transport and Iron Storage Proteins -- 1.3 Iron Transport -- 1.3.1 Cellular Iron Transport -- 1.3.1.1 Transport of Iron-Loaded Transferrin -- 1.3.1.2 Absorption of Dietary Iron -- 1.3.1.3 Mitochondrial Iron Transport -- 1.3.1.4 Ferroportin-Mediated Iron Efflux -- 1.3.1.5 Iron Metabolism Facilitated by the Macrophage -- 1.3.2 Regulation of Iron Metabolism -- 1.4 Iron Physiology -- 1.4.1 The Role of Hepcidin -- 2 Iron Deficiency and Anemia -- 2.1 Iron Requirements of Man -- 2.2 The Influence of Anemia on Human Physiology -- 2.3 Dietary Sources of Iron -- 2.4 Iron Fortification -- 2.5 Oral Iron Supplementation -- 2.6 Anemia of Chronic Disease -- 3 Systemic Iron Overload -- 3.1 Non-transferrin Bound Iron -- 3.2 Hereditary Hemochromatosis -- 3.2.1 HFE Hemochromatosis -- 3.2.2 Juvenile Hemochromatosis -- 3.2.3 Ferroportin Disease -- 3.2.4 Treatment by Iron Chelation -- 3.3 Transfusional Siderosis -- 3.3.1 The Hemoglobinopathies -- 3.3.1.1 Thalassemia -- 3.3.1.2 Sickle Cell Disease -- 3.3.2 Myelodysplastic Syndrome -- 3.4 Hereditary Disorders of Mitochondrial Iron Overload -- 3.4.1 Sideroblastic Anemia -- 3.4.2 Friedreich's Ataxia -- 3.4.3 Glutaredoxin-5 Deficiency -- 3.5 Animal Models of Iron Overload. , 3.6 Genetic Screening for Thalassemia.
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Newark :John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated,
    Keywords: Minerals in the body. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (701 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9780470986318
    Series Statement: Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series ; v.12
    DDC: 572.51
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Metal Ions in Life Sciences -- Historical Development and Perspectives of the Series -- Preface to Volume 4 -- Contents -- Contributors to Volume 4 -- Titles of Volumes 1-44 in the Metal Ions in Biological Systems Series -- Contents of Volumes in the Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series -- 1 Crystals and Life: An Introduction -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Global Effects -- 3. Minerals within Living Systems -- 4. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 2 What Genes and Genomes Tell Us about Calcium Carbonate Biomineralization -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. One Gene-One Protein Approaches -- 3. Many Genes-One Structure Approaches -- 4. General Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 3 The Role of Enzymes in Biomineralization Processes -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. From Ions to Minerals: A Pathway Paved by Enzymes -- 3. The "Evolution" of Solids: A Complex Network of Regulation -- 4. Mimicking Nature: How Far Can the Design of Biomineralization Enzymes Take Us? -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 4 Metal-Bacteria Interactions at Both the Planktonic Cell and Biofilm Levels -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Planktonic Bacterial Cells -- 3. Metal-Microbe Interactions -- 4. Microbial Biofilm Communities -- 5. Biofilm Microenvironments and Their Impact on Geochemical Interactions -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- 5 Biomineralization of Calcium Carbonate. The Interplay with Biosubstrates -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Control in Biological Mineralization -- 3. Recent Perspectives on Mineralization Strategies -- 4. CaCO3 Growth in Confinement -- 5. Crystal Assembly -- 6. In Vitro Studies of CaCO3 Mineralization. , 7. Calcium Carbonate Nucleation and Growth on Artificial Substrates -- 8. Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 6 Sulfate-Containing Biominerals -- Abstract -- 1. Sulfate-Containing Biominerals: An Overview -- 2. Gypsum and Bassanite (Calcium Sulfates) -- 3. Celestite (Strontium Sulfate) -- 4. Barite (Barium Sulfate) -- 5. Jarosite (Potassium Iron Hydroxide Sulfate) -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Oxalate Biominerals -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Metallic Oxalates: Physico-Chemical and Structural Properties -- 3. Calcium Oxalates in Plants -- 4. Calcium Oxalates in Other Forms of Life -- 5. Other Oxalate Biominerals -- 6. Pathological Oxalates -- 7. Oxalates in the Environment -- 8. Oxalate Degrading Systems -- 9. Conclusions and Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 8 Molecular Processes of Biosilicification in Diatoms -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Silicon Transport -- 3. Silica Structure Formation -- 4. Regulation of Structure Formation -- 5. Manipulation of Diatom Silica Structure -- 6. Concluding Remarks and Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 9 Heavy Metals in the Jaws of Invertebrates -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Iron Biomineralization in Chitons and Limpets -- 3. Copper and Zinc in Marine Worm Jaws -- 4. Zinc and Manganese in Arthropods -- 5. Heavy Metals and Jaw Mechanics -- 6. General Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- 10 Ferritin. Biomineralization of Iron -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Protein Nanocage Structures -- 3. Iron Entry: The Protein Ferroxidase Site -- 4. Mineral Precursor Translocation, Nucleation, and Mineralization -- 5. Ferritin Demineralization and the Nanocage Gated Pores -- 6. Summary and Perspective -- Acknowledgments. , Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- 11 Magnetism and Molecular Biology of Magnetic Iron Minerals in Bacteria -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction. Magnetotactic Bacteria -- 2. Molecular Biology of Magnetosome Chain Formation -- 3. Magnetic Properties of Magnetosomes -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 12 Biominerals. Recorders of the Past? -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. What Are Biominerals? -- 3. Biominerals as Biosignatures? -- 4. Tools to Study Biosignatures -- 5. General Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 13 Dynamics of Biomineralization and Biodemineralization -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nucleation and Crystal Growth -- 3. Dissolution -- 4. Conclusion and Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- List of Symbols -- References -- 14 Mechanism of Mineralization of Collagen-Based Connective Tissues -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Function of Collagen in the Regulation of Vertebrate Biomineralization -- 3. Comparative Composition of the Organic Components of Collagenous Mineralized Tissues -- 4. Is there a Uniform Theory of Vertebrate Mineralization? -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 15 Mammalian Enamel Formation -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Delineation of the Extracellular Space -- 3. Ion Composition and Transport -- 4. The Organic Matrix Components -- 5. Function of Organic Matrix in Enamel Formation -- 6. Matrix Degradation -- 7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 16 Mechanical Design of Biomineralized Tissues. Bone and Other Hierarchical Materials -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Growth, Self-Repair, and Structural Hierarchies -- 3. Hierarchical Structure of Bone -- 4. Hierarchical Structure of a Silica Sponge Skeleton. , 5. Some Structural Elements with Mechanical Function -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 17 Bioinspired Growth of Mineralized Tissue -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Natural Development of Bone -- 3. Connective Tissue Progenitor Cells -- 4. Inductive Soluble Factors -- 5. Bone Structural Properties -- 6. Scaffold Materials for Bioinspired Mineralized Tissue Fabrication -- 7. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- 18 Polymer-Controlled Biomimetic Mineralization of Novel Inorganic Materials -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Different Crystallization Modes and Ways to Modify Crystallization -- 3. Polymer-Controlled Crystallization -- 4. Conclusion -- 5. Current Trends and Outlook to the Future -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Subject Index.
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