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Note: Intro -- Positron and Positronium Chemistry -- Committees -- Preface -- Table of Contents -- Section 1. Fundamental Aspects of Positronium Chemistry and Symposium on Positronium Molecules -- Positronium Chemistry in Polymeric Membrane Systems -- Resonant Positron Annihilation on Molecules -- Prospects for Laser Spectroscopy of Ps2 -- Positronium Molecule Formation on Al (111)a -- Dipositronium and other Two-Positronium Compounds -- Ortho-Positronium Reemission Yield and Energy in Surfactant-Templated Mesoporous Silica Films -- Collisions Involving Positrons and Positronium -- Positronium Thermalization Process in Nanoporous Materials and its Influence on the Shape of PALS Spectrum -- S-Wave Resonances in Positron Scattering from Li and Na -- Positronium in Alkanes at High Pressure of Argon and Nitrogen -- Section 2. Polymer and Insulator -- A Phenomenological Description of the PALS Response in Glass - Forming Systems -- Momentum Distributions of Ortho-Positronium Dependent on Electronic State at Free Volume Walls in Insulators -- Free Volume and Oxygen Permeability in Polymers Related to Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells -- Effect of Oxygen on the Free Volume Property of Poly (Ether-Urethane) Irradiated by Neutron -- Seeking the Good Fitting Procedure of PALS Polymer Spectra -- Studying Polyamide Water Separation Film Using Slow Positron Beam -- Positron Annihilation Lifetime Study of Graft-Type Fluorinated Polymer Electrolyte Membranes -- Analysis of Radiation Induced Phenomena in a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane with Positron Annihilation Technique -- The Interface of Multi-Phase Polymer Systems Studied by Positron Annihilation -- The Effect of Anneal on PP and PA Blends Studied by Positron -- Investigation of Free Volume in Epoxy Resins Studied by PALS -- Positron Annihilation and Chemistry of Groups in Hyperbranched Polymers. , The Influence of Acrylic Acid Groups on the Microstructure of HDPE/PS/Clay System Studied by Positron Annihilation -- Influence of Free Volume on Damping Properties for CIIR and CIIR/PEA Investigated by Positron -- Section 3. Surface and Interface, Non-Metallic Solids -- Atomic Scale Study of Surface Structures and Phase Transitions with Reflection High-Energy Positron Diffraction -- Positron Beam Characterization of Silica Thin Films with Structurally Ordered Porosity -- Positron Beam Study of Co Doped ZnO Films Prepared by PLD -- Positron Implantation and Transmission Experiments on Free-Standing Nanometric Polymer Films -- Slow Positron Beam Probe for the ZnO/Silicone under Proton Irradiation -- Hydrogen- and Corrosion-Related Defect Characterization of Iron and Steels Using a Slow Positron Beam -- Disordered Structures of Adsorbed Hydrogens on Ni(111) Surface Studied by Slow Positron Beam and LEED -- Vacancy-Hydrogen Complexes in ZnO -- Positron Lifetime Study on Degradation of TiCrV Hydrogen Storage Alloy -- Structure and Positron Characteristics of Basic Open Volume Defects in Zirconia -- Luminescence and Defect Study of Ce3+-Doped Lu3Al5O12 Phosphors -- The Behavior of Oxygen and Defects in Si-Based Semiconductor Studied by Positron Annihilation Techniques -- Study of Compensation Defects and Electron Irradiation-Induced Defects in Undoped SI-InP by Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy -- Characterizing Native Point Defects in ZnO Bulk by Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy -- Defects in Electron Irradiation Te-Doped GaSb Studied by Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy -- Defect Study of As-Grown Single Crystal ZnO by Positron -- The Calculation of Positron Lifetime in Ni3Al Alloy -- Defects in Carbon Allotropes Studied by Positron Annihilation -- Positron Annihilation on the Surfaces of Single Crystals of Si, SiO2, Graphite and Cu. , Section 4. Porous Materials and Nanostructures -- Some Problems of the Free Volume Studies in Porous Polymers Using Positron Annihilation and Auxiliary Techniques -- Spontaneous Emission of Positronium Negative Ions from Tungsten (100) Surface -- Temperature and Pressure Measurements of PALS Spectra in Photonic Glasses -- Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy on Controlled Pore Glass Porosimetry and Pore Size Distribution -- Monitoring the Crystallization Stages of Silicalite by Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy -- Free Volumes in Polymer Nanocomposites -- n-Nonadecane Embedded in Mesopores -- Investigation of Interfacial Interaction and Microstructure for Epoxy/CNTs Nanocomposites by PALS -- Positron Study of Carbon Black Parameters: Structure and Surface Area -- Open-Nano Pores in Natural Minerals Studied by Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy -- Study of the Defect Formation of Helium in Nanocrystalline Titanium Films -- Tungsten Oxide Nanostructures Growth in HFCVD System by Slow Positron Beam -- Positron Annihilation in Carbon Nanotubes -- Formation of Ordered Pores Determined by Positronium Time of Flight Spectroscopy -- Influence of Sintering Temperature on Defects in Porous Silica Monoliths Studied by Positron Annihilation Techniques -- Porous Structure of Mesoporous Silica Studied by Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy -- Temperature Dependence of Free Volume in Epoxy/Rectorite Nanocomposites by Positron Annihilation -- Section 5. Liquids and Bio-Application -- Influence of Temperature on Intratrack Processes and Ps Formation and Behaviour in Liquid Water -- Freezing of Nanodroplets: Phase Transition of Organic Liquids Confined in Nanopores Studied by Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy -- Positron Method for Diagnostics of Carcinogens -- Hydrogen Bonded Supra Molecular Structure as Studied by Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy. , Positronium Formation in Room Temperature Ionic Liquids -- Free Volume Seen by Positronium in Bulk and Confined Molecular Liquid -- Section 6. Advances in Experimental Methods -- Development of Positron Microbeam in AIST -- Development of the Positron Facility at the Argonne National Laboratory's 20 MeV Linac -- Interlaboratory Comparison of Positron Annihilation Lifetime Measurements -- Optimization of Positron Lifetime Spectrometer Using Monte-Carlo Simulation of the Detectors -- 4-Channel Digital Positron Lifetime Spectrometer for Studying Biological Samples -- Advanced Algorithms for PALS Analysis of Self-Assembled Amphiphiles -- A Novel Approach to the Interpretation of PAL Spectra in Glycerol -- Guiding of a Slow Positron Beam with a Glass Capillary -- Application of Positron Microprobe for Nuclear Materials -- Keywords Index -- Authors Index.

Note: Intro -- TITLE PAGE -- COPYRIGHT PAGE -- CONTENTS -- CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- PART I FORCINGS OF CLIMATE EXTREMES -- CHAPTER 1 THE CHANGING EL NIÑO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION AND ASSOCIATED CLIMATE EXTREMES -- 1.1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.2. CHANGES IN ENSO PROPERTIES -- 1.3. CHANGES IN ENSO DYNAMICS -- 1.4. CHANGES IN ENSO TELECONNECTIONS AND ASSOCIATED CLIMATE EXTREMES -- 1.5. ENSO IN THE FUTURE -- 1.6. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 2 WEATHER EXTREMES LINKED TO INTERACTION OF THE ARCTIC AND MIDLATITUDES -- 2.1. INTRODUCTION -- 2.2. ARCTIC EFFECTS ON MIDLATITUDE EXTREMES -- 2.3. MIDLATITUDE EFFECTS ON ARCTIC EXTREMES -- 2.4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 3 IMPACT OF AEROSOLS ON REGIONAL CHANGES IN CLIMATE EXTREMES -- 3.1. INTRODUCTION -- 3.2. DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF AEROSOLS ON CLOUDS AND RADIATION -- 3.3. AEROSOL IMPACT ON REGIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE -- 3.4. Mitigation scenarios for aerosol emissions -- 3.5. AEROSOL EFFECT ON TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION EXTREMES -- 3.6. FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 4 WEAKENED FLOW, PERSISTENT CIRCULATION, AND PROLONGED WEATHER EXTREMES IN BOREAL SUMMER -- 4.1. INTRODUCTION -- 4.2. RESONANT CIRCULATION REGIMES -- 4.3. REAL EVENTS -- 4.4. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 5 LAND PROCESSES AS THE FORCING OF EXTREMES: A REVIEW -- 5.1. INTRODUCTION -- 5.2. FORCINGS OF LAND PROCESSES ON CLIMATE EXTREMES -- 5.3. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- PART II PROCESSES OF CLIMATE EXTREMES -- CHAPTER 6 TIMING OF ANTHROPOGENIC EMERGENCE IN CLIMATE EXTREMES -- 6.1. INTRODUCTION -- 6.2. DEFINING TIME OF EMERGENCE -- 6.3. DATA AND METHODS -- 6.4. RESULTS -- 6.5. DISCUSSION -- 6.6. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES. , CHAPTER 7 RECENT INCREASES IN EXTREME TEMPERATURE OCCURRENCE OVER LAND -- 7.1. INTRODUCTION -- 7.2. DATA AND METHODOLOGY -- 7.3. RESULTS -- 7.4. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 8 WHY FUTURE SHIFTS IN TROPICAL PRECIPITATION WILL LIKELY BE SMALL: THE LOCATION OF THE TROPICAL RAIN BELT AND THE HEMISPHERIC CONTRAST OF ENERGY INPUT TO THE ATMOSPHERE -- 8.1. INTRODUCTION -- 8.2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ITCZ POSITION AND HEMISPHERIC CONTRAST OF ATMOSPHERIC HEATING -- 8.3. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SEASONAL CYCLE OF ITCZ MIGRATION AND THE ANNUAL MEAN PRECIPITATION DISTRIBUTION -- 8.4. IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE ITCZ SHIFTS UNDER GLOBAL WARMING -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 9 WEATHER-CLIMATE INTERACTIONS AND MJO INFLUENCES -- 9.1. INTRODUCTION -- 9.2. THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE MJO, BACKGROUND STATE, AND SYNOPTIC WEATHER -- 9.3. A CASE STUDY ON INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION AND EL NIÑO -- 9.4. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE MJO AND BREAKING WAVES -- 9.5. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE MJO, TROPICAL CYCLONES, AND THE EXTRATROPICAL CIRCULATION -- 9.6. SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 10 RECENT CLIMATE EXTREMES ASSOCIATED WITH THE WEST PACIFIC WARMING MODE -- 10.1. INTRODUCTION -- 10.2. BACKGROUND -- 10.3. DATA AND METHODS -- 10.4. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 11 CONNECTIONS BETWEEN HEAT WAVES AND CIRCUMGLOBAL TELECONNECTION PATTERNS IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE SUMMER -- 11.1. INTRODUCTION -- 11.2. DATA AND METHODS -- 11.3. DISTRIBUTION OF HEAT WAVES -- 11.4. PLANETARY WAVES ASSOCIATED WITH THE HEAT WAVES -- 11.5. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- PART III REGIONAL CLIMATE EXTREMES -- CHAPTER 12 NORTH AMERICAN DROUGHT AND LINKS TO NORTHERN EURASIA: THE ROLE OF STATIONARY ROSSBY WAVES -- 12.1. INTRODUCTION -- 12.2. REANALYSIS DATA AND THE GEOS-5 AGCM EXPERIMENTS -- 12.3. RESULTS -- 12.4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. , ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 13 THE CALIFORNIA DROUGHT: TRENDS AND IMPACTS -- 13.1. INTRODUCTION -- 13.2. THE PROLONGED DROUGHT OF 2012-2016 -- 13.3. ROLE OF ENSO CYCLE -- 13.4. ARCTIC INFLUENCES -- 13.5. DROUGHT IMPACTS ON CALIFORNIA -- 13.6. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 14 OBSERVED TRENDS IN US TORNADO FREQUENCY -- 14.1. INTRODUCTION -- 14.2. STORM DATA TORNADO DATABASE -- 14.3. US TORNADO CLIMATOLOGY -- 14.4. CHANGES IN US TORNADO STATISTICS -- 14.5. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 15 MECHANISMS EXPLAINING RECENT CHANGES IN AUSTRALIAN CLIMATE EXTREMES -- 15.1. INTRODUCTION -- 15.2. AUSTRALIAN RAINFALL EXTREMES OF 2010-2012 -- 15.3. AUSTRALIA'S TEMPERATURE EXTREMES OF 2013 -- 15.4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 16 UNRAVELING EAST AFRICA'S CLIMATE PARADOX -- 16.1. INTRODUCTION -- 16.2. THE NATURE OF THE RECENT EAST AFRICAN LONG RAINS DECLINE -- 16.3. LINKS TO PACIFIC DECADAL VARIABILITY -- 16.4. PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- 16.5. CLIMATE MODEL SIMULATIONS OF EAST AFRICAN CLIMATE -- 16.6. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 17 A PHYSICAL MODEL FOR EXTREME DROUGHT OVER SOUTHWEST ASIA -- 17.1. INTRODUCTION -- 17.2. PRECIPITATION PATTERNS -- 17.3. SST RELATIONSHIPS -- 17.4. ATMOSPHERIC TELECONNECTIONS -- 17.5. SUMMARY -- APPENDIX: DATA -- REFERENCES -- PART IV PREDICTION OF CLIMATE EXTREMES -- CHAPTER 18 EXTRATROPICAL PRECURSORS OF THE EL NIÑO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION -- 18.1. INTRODUCTION -- 18.2. OVERVIEW OF PRECURSORS AND THEIR IMPACT ON ENSO -- 18.3. DATA AND DEFINITIONS -- 18.4. EVALUATION OF PRECURSOR VARIABILITY AND COVARIABILITY -- 18.5. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRECURSORS AND ENSO -- 18.6. DIAGNOSING PRECURSORS AS ENSO PREDICTORS -- 18.7. RELATIONSHIP OF EXTRATROPICAL PRECURSORS TO 2014 AND 2015 EL NIñO -- 18.8. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION. , REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 19 NORTH ATLANTIC SEASONAL HURRICANE PREDICTION: UNDERLYING SCIENCE AND AN EVALUATION OF STATISTICAL MODELS -- 19.1. INTRODUCTION -- 19.2. STATISTICALLY BASED SEASONAL HURRICANE OUTLOOK MODELS -- 19.3. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 20 PREDICTING SUBSEASONAL PRECIPITATION VARIATIONS BASED ON THE MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION -- 20.1. INTRODUCTION -- 20.2. THE MJO INFLUENCE ON THE VARIABILITY OF PRECIPITATION -- 20.3. FORECASTING THE MJO -- 20.4. THE MJO AND PREDICTABILITY OF PRECIPITATION -- 20.5. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 21 PREDICTION OF SHORT-TERM CLIMATE EXTREMES WITH A MULTIMODEL ENSEMBLE -- 21.1. INTRODUCTION -- 21.2. PREDICTION SKILL -- 21.3. PREDICTABILITY -- 21.4. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 22 TOWARD PREDICTING US TORNADOES IN THE LATE 21ST CENTURY -- 22.1. PROJECTING CHANGES IN US TORNADO ACTIVITY USING ENVIRONMENTAL PROXIES -- 22.2. SHORT-TERM TORNADO PREDICTION USING HIGH RESOLUTION MODELS AND APPLICATIONS TO DYNAMICAL DOWNSCALING -- 22.3. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- INDEX -- SUPPLEMENTAL IMAGES -- EULA.