Note: Front Cover -- Introduction to Supercritical Fluids: A Spreadsheet-based Approach -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Examples -- List of Tip Boxes -- Foreword -- Preface -- Tip Box #1. Instruction to Multidisciplinary Classes -- Tip Box #2. Instruction to Specialized Discipline Classes (Chemical-Related Fields) -- Tip Box #3. eBooks and MS Office -- Chapter 1: Chemical Vocabulary and Essentials -- 1.1. Philosophy of the Text -- Examples for Supercritical CO2 -- Examples for Supercritical H2O -- 1.2. Organization of the text -- 1.3. Basic Words -- Process and System -- What questions arise when considering this process? -- Solids, Liquids, Gases and Vapors -- State and Phase -- Temperature -- Pressure -- Density and Specific Volume -- Physical Properties -- Intensive Properties and Extensive Properties -- Physical Property Diagrams -- Phase Diagrams -- P-T Phase Diagram of CO2 -- Using a P-T Phase Diagram -- P-ρ Phase Diagram of CO2 -- Using a P-ρ Phase Diagram -- Phase Mass Fraction of a Two-Phase System -- Projection of Equilibrium Curves on a P-T Diagram -- Visualization of the P-ρ -T Phase Diagram of CO2 -- Concept of Path -- Energy Content of a System: The Internal Energy, U -- Obtaining Values of the Internal Energy -- Properties for Energy: Enthalpy, H and Entropy, S -- T-S Phase Diagram of CO2 -- P-T Phase Diagram of H2O -- P-ρ Phase Diagram of H2O -- Visualization of the P-ρ -T Phase Diagram of H2O -- T-S Phase Diagram of H2O -- 1.4. Some Notes on Pressure -- 1.5. Chapter Summary -- 1.6 Suggested Reading and References -- General chemical information and education -- Wikipedia selections -- References -- Phase diagrams [SL] -- Physical chemistry [PC] -- Thermodynamic problems [TP] -- 1.7. End of the Chapter Problems -- Tip Box#1 Chapter objectives -- Tip Box#2 The tip box -- Tip Box#3 Units and dimensions. , Tip Box#4 Common units definitions -- Tip Box#5 Types of systems -- Tip Box#6 Intensive and extensive properties -- Example 1.1 Expansion of water in a 3-L thermo hot pot -- Tip Box#7 Critical point of a pure substance -- Example 1.2 Initial and final pressure of a vessel containing CO2 -- Tip Box#8 Phase mass fractions -- Example 1.3 Determination of the mass fraction of a mixed phase system -- Example 1.4 Liquid contained in a compressed gas cylinder -- Tip Box#9 Compressibility factor of a pure substance -- Example 1.5 Location of paths on P-T and P-r phase diagrams -- Example 1.6 Visualization of paths on phase diagram -- Example 1.7 Energy requirements for heating a batch reactor -- Example 1.8 Energy requirements for heating a batch reactor with phase change -- Example 1.9 Energy required to vaporize liquid CO2 from the T-S diagram -- Chapter 2: Systems, Devices and Processes -- 2.1. Material, Energy, and Entropy Balances -- Material Balance -- Energy Balance -- Sign of Q and W -- Form of Energy Balance for Mixing of Streams -- Entropy Balance -- 2.2. Analysis of Devices and Processes -- Batch Reactor or Pressurized Vessel -- Variable Volume Batch Vessel or Reactor -- Turbine or Expander -- Pump or Compressor -- Operational Differences Between Pumps and Compressors -- Valves -- Heat Exchanger -- 2.3. Practical Process I: Transcritical CO2 System for Heating hot Water -- Coefficient of Performance (COP) -- 2.4. Practical Process II: Flavor Extraction with Supercritical CO2 -- Extractor Conditions -- 2.5. Practical Process III: Fine Particle Formation with Supercritical H2O -- Mixing Tee -- Plug Flow Tubular Reactor -- 2.6. Chapter Summary -- 2.7 Suggested Reading and References -- References -- Heat pumps [HP] -- Materials Synthesis [MS] -- Supercritical Fluid Extraction [SFE] -- Supercritical fluids -- Undergraduate texts. , 2.8. End of the Chapter Problems -- 2.9. End of the Chapter Projects -- 2.10. Report Format -- Tip Box#1 Chapter objectives -- Tip Box#2 Steps for analyzing systems with balances -- Example 2.1 Adiabatic mixing of streams at atmospheric pressure -- Tip Box#3 Using excel workbooks -- Example 2.2 Entropy generation and lost work for adiabatic mixing -- Tip Box#4 Independent variables of devices and processes -- Example 2.3 Energy production from a turbine -- Example 2.4 Energy requirements and temperature rise for compressing liquid CO2 -- Example 2.5 Energy requirements and temperature rise for compressing vapor CO2 -- Example 2.6 Depressurization of CO2 through a control valve -- Example 2.7 Depressurization of CO2 through a valve into the two-phase region -- Tip Box#5 Heat exchangers -- Example 2.8 Design of an air-water heat exchanger for hot water in the home -- Example 2.9 Design of a CO2 transcritical heat exchanger for making hot water -- Example 2.10 Design of an evaporator for liquid carbon dioxide -- Example 2.11 Solubility of paprika oleoresin in supercritical CO2 -- Example 2.12 Design of a process for supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of paprika oleoresin -- Example 2.13 Fine particle products from Fe(NO3)3 in supercritical water -- Example 2.14 Mixing tee conditions for a supercritical water particle formation process -- Example 2.15 Space time for a supercritical water reactor -- Example 2.16 Increase of reactor space time with pressure for a supercritical water reactor -- Chapter 3: Chemical Information and Know-How -- 3.1. Sources of Chemical Information -- ChemSpider -- EPI Suite -- Jmol and Symyx Draw-Chemical Structures -- Accelrys Draw -- Wikipedia -- 3.2. Chemical Property Databases -- NIST Chemistry WebBook -- REFPROP -- Thermofluids -- PROPATH -- 3.3. Chemical Property Databases: Nonreference Substances. , NIST Chemistry WebBook -- ThermoLit -- Beilstein/Reaxys -- SpringerMaterials-The Landolt-Börnstein Database -- DETHERM and CHEMSAFE -- INFOTHERM -- ILThermo -- DIPPR Database -- NIST Data Gateway -- AIST RIO-DB -- 3.4. Chemical Literature Databases -- Chemical Societies -- Commercial Databases -- SciFinder -- Scopus -- Beilstein/Reaxys -- SpringerMaterials-The Landolt-Börnstein Database -- SciDirect -- ISI Web of Science -- Google Scholar -- Scirus -- Open Access Journals -- Patent Databases -- 3.5. Bibliometrics -- Science Citation Index -- Impact Factor -- Author h-Index and Journal H-Index -- Journal Immediacy Index -- Cautions on Bibliometrics -- New Journal metrics SNIP and SJR -- 3.6. Chapter Summary -- 3.7 Suggested Additional Reading and References -- Impact Factor [IF] -- Official Web Site for the Properties of Water and Steam -- Overview of ChemSpider -- Overview of ILThermo Database -- Overview of ThermoLit -- Physical Properties for Many Substances Conveniently Presented in Tables and Correlation Equations -- Source Normalized Impact per Paper [SNIP] -- Texts Used in EPI Suite Program MPBPWIN -- 3.8. End of the Chapter Problems -- Tip Box#1 Chapter objectives -- Tip Box#2 How to use this chapter -- Example 3.1 Determine the chemical structure, SMILES formula, and basic physical properties of erythromycin -- Tip Box#3 ChemSpider -- Example 3.2 Estimate the sublimation pressure of erythromycin at 60 °C -- Example 3.3 Draw an editable chemical structure of erythromycin -- Tip Box#4 NIST Chemistry WebBook -- Example 3.4 Tabulate the thermophysical properties of CO2 at 60 °C from 0.0 to 30 MPa in 2 MPa increments -- Example 3.5 Locate some solubility data for the system CO2 and biphenyl -- Example 3.6 Determine whether solubility data have been reported for carbon dioxide and erythromycin. , Example 3.7 For dodecylbenzene, determine whether vapor pressure data exists -- Example 3.8 Determine the data that are available for 1-butyl-3- ethylimidazolium chloride, [bmim][Cl] -- Example 3.9 Determine the data that are available for 1-butyl-3- methylimidazolium chloride, [bmim][Cl], as a binary mixtu ... -- Tip Box#5 NIST Data Gateway -- Tip Box#6 Bibliometrics -- Example 3.10 Determine the most highly-cited research paper with the keyword "supercritical fluids" -- Tip Box#7 Tracing research threads with references and citations -- Example 3.11 Tracing a research thread -- Tip Box#8 Self-citation -- Tip Box#9 Citations and downloads -- Chapter 4: Historical Background and Applications -- 4.1. Historical Background -- 4.2. Characteristic Properties Common to All Supercritical Fluids -- Pure Substance -- Mixtures -- 4.3. Extraction with Supercritical CO2 -- Natural Product Categories and Essential Points for Extraction -- ABC List of Plant Materials -- Coffee Decaffeination -- Promotion of Caffeine Mass Transfer -- Retainment of Flavor Compounds -- Fractionation -- Hops Extraction -- 4.4. Commercial Food Products -- Decaffeinated Coffee -- Decaffeinated Tea -- Food-Grade/Refined Oils -- Hops Resins -- Pigments -- Powdered Foods -- Rice -- 4.5. Methods for Improving Yield and Modifying Selectivity -- Co-solvents -- Co-extractants -- 4.6. Dietary Supplements -- 4.7. Green Chemistry with Supercritical CO2 -- Atom Efficiency -- Hydrogenation and Oxidation -- Hydroformylation -- Carbonation -- 4.8. Polymer Synthesis -- Free Radical Polymerization -- Dispersion Polymerization -- 4.9. Separations -- Ternary Diagrams -- Ternary Phase Diagrams -- Lever Rule and Inverse Lever Rule -- Dehydration -- Deasphalting -- 4.10. Characteristic Features of Water -- Overview -- Ionization Constant Kw -- Relative Permittivity εr -- Hydrogen Bonding. , Ionic Solubility.

Note: Front Cover -- Analysis of Electrical Machines -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- CHAPTER 1. Introduction -- 1.1 TWO-WINDING TRANSFORMERS -- 1.2 MULTI-WINDING TRANSFORMERS -- 1.3 TRANSIENTS IN MAGNETICALLY COUPLED WINDINGS -- NO LEAKAGE -- 1.4 TRANSIENTS IN MAGNETICALLY COUPLED WINDINGS -- FINITE LEAKAGE -- 1.5 FORCES AND TORQUES IN UNSATURATED MAGNETIC SYSTEMS -- 1.6 SATURATED MAGNETIC SYSTEMS -- PROBLEMS -- CHAPTER 2. Commutator Machines -- 2.1 COMMUTATOR MACHINES -- 2.2 SATURATION -- PROBLEMS -- CHAPTER 3. Synchronous and Induction Machines -- 3.1 GENERAL EQUATIONS OF AC MACHINES IN PARK COORDINATES -- 3.2 PARK'S EQUATIONS IN PER UNIT FORM -- 3.3 EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS OF PARK'S EQUATIONS -- 3.4 UNBALANCED OPERATION AT SYNCHRONOUS SPEED, STEADY STATE ANALYSIS -- 3.5 AVERAGE TORQUE UNDER STEADY STATE UNBALANCED TERMINAL CONDITIONS ON A SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE USING SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS -- 3.6 SATURATION -- 3.7 ROTOR SMALL OSCILLATIONS -- PROBLEMS -- CHAPTER 4. Transient Analysis of Noncommutator Machines -- 4.1. INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 THREE-PHASE SHORT CIRCUIT OF A SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE -- PROBLEMS -- CHAPTER 5. Physical Basis for Machine Inductance Parameters -- 5.1 FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS FOR REACTANCES -- PROBLEMS -- Epilogue -- APPENDIX A: Matrices -- APPENDIX B: d- q Relationships for Two or More Machines on the Same System Bus -- APPENDIX C: Turbine Generator Constants -- Bibliography.

Note: Cover -- MAPPING CHINA AND MANAGING THE WORLD -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Content -- List of figures -- Preface and acknowledgements -- Note on the cover -- Introduction -- 1 The languages of the Yijing and the representation of reality -- 2 Mapping China's world: cultural cartography in late imperial China -- 3 Ritual in Qing culture -- 4 The teachings of ritual and the rectification of customs: echos of tradition in the political culture of modern China -- 5 Divination in the Qing -- 6 Jesuit interpretations of the Yijing in global perspective -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- A Note on the Names of Rivers in this Volume -- Introduction: China as an Environmental Rogue State -- 1. The "China Price": Police-State Capitalism and the Great Acceleration of Global Consumption -- 2. "Blind Growth": Scenes of Planetary Destruction from the Twelfth Five-Year Plan -- 3. The Damage Done: The Poisoning of China's Water, Soil, and Foods -- 4. Cooking the Planet for What End? -- 5. China's Engine of Environmental Collapse -- 6. Guanxi and the Game of Thrones: Wealth, Property, and Insecurity in a Lawless System -- 7. Grabbing the Emergency Brake -- 8. The Next Chinese Revolution -- Appendix -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the Editors -- Part I: Bioconversion -- Chapter 1: Dark Fermentative Hydrogen Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Fundamentals of Dark Hydrogen Fermentations -- 1.3 Advantages of Dark Hydrogen Fermentations -- 1.4 Effect of Process Parameters on Dark Hydrogen Fermentation -- 1.5 Lignocellulosic Biomass Sources -- 1.6 Methods of Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment for Dark Hydrogen Fermentations -- 1.7 Hydrogen Yields and Productivities from Lignocellulosic Hydrolysates -- 1.8 Coproduct Valorization -- 1.9 Challenges -- 1.10 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 2: Biohydrogen Production via Lignocellulose and Organic Waste Fermentation -- 2.1 Introduction to Feedstocks -- 2.1.1 Organic Wastes -- 2.1.2 Lignocelluloses -- 2.2 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Feedstock -- 2.2.1 Physical -- 2.2.2 Chemical -- 2.2.3 Physicochemical -- 2.2.4 Biological -- 2.2.5 Organosolv Pretreatment -- 2.3 Fermentative Hydrogen Production -- 2.3.1 Microorganisms -- 2.3.2 Fermenter Types -- 2.3.2.1 CSTR -- 2.3.2.2 UASB -- 2.3.2.3 Anaerobic Biofilm and Granule Reactor -- 2.3.2.4 Membrane Bioreactor -- 2.3.3 Environmental Operational Conditions -- 2.3.3.1 Substrate Concentration -- 2.3.3.2 Nutrients and Metals -- 2.3.3.3 pH -- 2.3.3.4 Temperature -- 2.3.3.5 HRT -- 2.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 3: High-Yield Production of Biohydrogen from Carbohydrates and Water Based on In Vitro Synthetic (Enzymatic) Pathways -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Hydrogen -- 3.1.2 Hydrogen Production Approaches -- 3.1.3 In Vitro (Cell-Free) Enzymatic Pathways for Water Splitting -- 3.2 Design of In Vitro Synthetic Enzymatic Pathways -- 3.3 Examples of Hydrogen Production from Carbohydrates -- 3.3.1 Hydrogen Production from Starch and Cellodextrins. , 3.3.2 Hydrogen Production from Xylose -- 3.3.3 Hydrogen Production from Sucrose -- 3.3.4 Hydrogen Production from Biomass Sugars -- 3.3.5 High-Rate Hydrogen Production from Glucose 6-Phosphate -- 3.4 Technical Obstacles to Low-Cost H2 Production -- 3.4.1 Enzyme Cost and Stability -- 3.4.2 Enzymatic Reaction Rates -- 3.4.3 Cofactor Cost and Stability -- 3.5 Conceptual Obstacles to Enzymatic H2 Production -- 3.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Part II: Thermoconversion -- Chapter 4: Hydrogen Production from Biomass Gasification -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Biomass Gasification Technologies -- 4.3 Autothermal and Allothermal Gasification -- 4.4 Product Gas Quality -- 4.5 Supercritical Water Gasification Technology -- 4.6 Hydrogen Separation from Biomass Gasification -- 4.6.1 Membrane Separation -- 4.6.2 Membrane Integrated in the Gasification Reactor (Reformer) -- 4.6.3 Reformer and Membrane Modules -- 4.6.4 Water-Gas Shift Reaction -- 4.6.5 Water-Gas Shift with Pressure Swing Adsorption -- 4.6.6 Adsorption Enhanced Reforming -- 4.6.7 Typical Hydrogen Production Process Integrated in Biomass Gasification Systems -- 4.7 Hydrogen Production by Reaction Integrated Novel Gasification -- 4.8 Economics of Hydrogen Production from Biomass Gasification -- 4.9 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 5: Hydrogen Production from Catalytic Biomass Pyrolysis -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Fundamentals of Biomass Pyrolysis -- 5.2.1 Composition and Characteristics of Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 5.2.2 Reaction Pathways and Types of Pyrolysis -- 5.2.3 Product Distribution and Characteristics -- 5.2.4 Pyrolysis Reactors -- 5.3 Catalysts -- 5.4 One-Step Processes -- 5.5 Multi-step Processes -- 5.5.1 Catalytic Steam Reforming of Bio-Oil -- 5.5.2 Catalytic Cracking of Bio-Oil -- 5.5.3 Other Approaches -- 5.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook. , References -- Chapter 6: Low Carbon Production of Hydrogen by Methane Decarbonization -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Socioeconomic Benefits of Methane Decarbonization -- 6.3 Methane Pyrolysis Reaction -- 6.4 Technical Options for Methane Decarbonization -- 6.5 Concept Proposals -- 6.6 Economic Analysis -- 6.7 Application to Industrial Processes -- 6.7.1 Ammonia Production -- 6.7.2 Biofuel Production -- 6.8 Main Technological Problems -- 6.9 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 7: Hydrogen Production by Supercritical Water Gasification of Biomass -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Supercritical Fluids and Supercritical Water -- 7.2.1 The Physical Properties of Supercritical Water -- 7.2.2 The Role of Supercritical Water in Chemical Reactions -- 7.2.3 Gasification Reactions in Supercritical Water Media -- 7.3 Hydrogen Production by Supercritical Water Gasification -- 7.3.1 Influence of Process Parameters on Hydrogen Production -- 7.3.1.1 Temperature -- 7.3.1.2 Pressure -- 7.3.1.3 Residence Time -- 7.3.1.4 Feedstock Concentration -- 7.3.1.5 Oxidant Concentration -- 7.3.1.6 Use of Catalyst -- Alkali Catalysts -- NaOH -- KOH -- Na2CO3 -- K2CO3 -- Metal-Based Catalysts -- Nickel -- Ruthenium -- Other Metal Catalysts -- 7.3.2 Literature Studies -- 7.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Part III: Electrochemical and Solar Conversions -- Chapter 8: Hydrogen Production from Water and Air Through Solid Oxide Electrolysis -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Water Electrolysis -- 8.2.1 Alkaline Electrolyzer -- 8.2.2 PEM Electrolyzer -- 8.2.3 Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells -- 8.3 Assessment and Application Status -- 8.3.1 Technical Assessment -- 8.3.2 Economic Assessment -- 8.3.3 Co-electrolysis of Steam and CO2 -- 8.4 Key Materials for SOECs -- 8.4.1 Electrolyte -- 8.4.2 Oxygen Electrode -- 8.4.3 Hydrogen Electrode. , 8.5 Performance Degradation of SOEC Electrodes -- 8.5.1 Oxygen Electrodes -- 8.5.1.1 LSM -- 8.5.1.2 MIEC Oxygen Electrodes -- 8.5.1.3 Degradation by Contaminants -- 8.5.1.4 Improved Durability via Reversible Operations -- 8.5.1.5 Development of Robust Oxygen Electrodes -- 8.5.2 Ni Cermet Hydrogen Electrodes -- 8.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 9: Bioelectrochemical Production of Hydrogen from Organic Waste -- 9.1 What Is Bioelectrochemical Production of Hydrogen? -- 9.2 MEC Principles and Advantages -- 9.3 MEC Architecture -- 9.4 Factors Affecting MEC Performance -- 9.4.1 Anode Electrode Materials and Anodic Biocatalysts -- 9.4.2 Cathode Electrode Materials and Cathodic Catalysts -- 9.4.3 Chamber Volume, Electrode Size, and Electrode Position -- 9.4.4 Separator -- 9.4.5 Power Supply -- 9.4.6 Substrates -- 9.4.7 Electrolyte -- 9.4.8 Other Operational Factors -- 9.5 Hydrogen Yield of Organic Waste-Fed and Scaled-Up MECs -- 9.5.1 Hydrogen Yield from Organic Waste in MECs -- 9.5.2 Hydrogen Yield in Scaled-Up MECs -- 9.6 Anodic Bacterial Community -- 9.7 Technological Challenges for Practical Implementation -- 9.7.1 Challenges Associated with the Anode and Electrolyte -- 9.7.1.1 Metabolic Diversity -- 9.7.1.2 Electron Losses by Methanogens -- 9.7.1.3 Electrode Resistance -- 9.7.1.4 Electrolyte Buffer Capacity and Conductivity -- 9.7.2 Challenges Associated with the Cathode -- 9.7.2.1 Expensive Catalysts and High Potential Losses -- 9.7.3 Challenges Associated with Cell Design and Separator -- 9.7.3.1 pH Imbalance Between Anode and Cathode Chambers -- 9.7.3.2 Biofouling on Surface of Membranes -- 9.7.3.3 Gas Crossover Through Membranes -- 9.7.3.4 Membraneless Single-Chambered Design -- 9.8 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 10: Solar Hydrogen Production -- 10.1 Introduction. , 10.2 The Growing Energy Demand Challenge -- 10.3 Solar Technologies -- 10.4 Solar Hydrogen Production -- 10.5 Thermochemical Processes -- 10.6 Materials for Hydrogen Production -- 10.7 Solar Reactor Concepts -- 10.8 Solar Fuels -- 10.9 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Part IV: Separations and Applications with Fuel Cells -- Chapter 11: Separation and Purification of Hydrogen Using CO2-Selective Facilitated Transport Membranes -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Membranes for H2 Purification -- 11.3 Polymeric Facilitated Transport Membranes for H2 Purification -- 11.4 Membranes for Low-Pressure H2 Purification -- 11.4.1 CO2 Transport Properties -- 11.4.2 H2S Transport Properties -- 11.4.3 Membrane Stability -- 11.4.4 Water-Gas-Shift (WGS) Membrane Reactor -- 11.4.5 Pilot-Scale Membrane Fabrication -- 11.5 Membranes for High-Pressure H2 Purification -- 11.5.1 Mixed Matrix Membranes -- 11.6 Potential Industrial Applications -- 11.6.1 Low-Pressure H2 Purification for Fuel Cells -- 11.6.2 High-Pressure H2 Purification -- 11.7 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- Nomenclature -- Greek Letter -- Subscripts -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 12: Hydrogen Production for PEM Fuel Cells -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Membrane Reactors -- 12.2.1 Membrane Categories -- 12.2.2 Palladium-Based Membranes -- 12.3 High-Grade Hydrogen Generation for Fuel Cells from Reforming of Renewables in MRs -- 12.3.1 Ethanol Steam Reforming in MRs -- 12.3.2 Methanol Steam Reforming in MRs -- 12.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1. The Foundations of Holistic Agriculture -- 2. The Nature of Life: Looking to the Cosmos -- 3. The Living Earth and the Farm Organism -- 4. The Working of Cosmic Energies in Plant and Soil -- 5. Supporting and Regulating Natural Processes -- 6. Working Practically with Astronomical Rhythms -- 7. Seeds: Nurturing a Vital Resource -- 8. Water: The Foundation of Life -- 9. Healing Outer and Inner Landscapes, by Margaret Colquhoun -- 10. Food Quality, Nutrition and Health -- 11. Community supported Agriculture, by Bernard Jarman -- 12. Looking to the Future -- Appendix: Biodynamic Contacts and Publications -- Notes -- Further Reading.

Note: Cover -- Advances in Protein Chemistry -- Copyright -- Contents -- Proteomics in the Postgenomic Age -- I. Introduction -- II. Deciphering the Genome -- III. Gene Expression Profiles -- IV. A Niche for Proteomics -- V. The Proteome: Greater than the Sum of its Parts -- VI. Biological and Clinical Applications -- VII. Proteomics Meets Cell Biology -- VIII. Summary -- References -- The Tools of Proteomics -- I. Introduction -- II. Ionization Methods -- III. Mass Analyzers -- IV. Sample Fractionation -- V. Software Tools -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Proteomic Analysis by Two-Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis -- I. Introduction -- II. Historical Development of 2D-PAGE -- III. Limitations and Advances -- IV. Protein Visualization Methods -- V. Proteome Application of 2D-PAGE -- VI. The Future -- Acknowledgments -- References -- High-Performance Separations and Mass Spectrometric Methods for High-Throughput Proteomics Using Accurate Mass Tags -- I. Introduction -- II. Proteome Measurement Technology and Applications -- III. Technology Advances for Expanding Proteome Coverage -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Current Strategies for Quantitative Proteomics -- I. Introduction -- II. Quantitative Two-Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis -- III. Metabolic Labeling Applications for Quantitative Proteomics -- IV. Chemical Modification Strategies for Quantitative Proteome Measurements -- V. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Proteome Analysis of Posttranslational Modifications -- I. Introduction -- II. Phosphorylation -- III. Mass Spectral Identification of Phosphopeptides -- IV. Glycosylation -- V. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Mapping Protein Modifications with Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and the SALSA Algorithm -- I. Introduction -- II. MS-MS Fragmentation of Modified Peptides. , III. SALSA: A Pattern Recognition Algorithm to Identify MS-MS Spectra for Modified Peptides -- IV. Mapping Protein Modifications with SALSA -- V. Comparison of SALSA with Other Software for Analysis of MS-MS Data -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Emerging Role of Mass Spectrometry in Structural and Functional Proteomics -- I. Introduction -- II. Application of ESI-MS in Structural and Functional Proteomics -- III. Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Application of Separation Technologies to Proteomics Research -- I. Introduction -- II. What Is Proteomics? -- III. What Needs to Be Separated? -- IV. Slab Gel Electophoresis, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, or Capillary Electrophoresis? -- V. Multidimensional Separations of Proteins -- VI. On-Column HPLC and CE Protein Concentration -- VII. Detection -- VIII. Proteome Quantitation Strategies -- IX. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Proteomics of Membrane Proteins -- I. Introduction -- II. Techniques -- III. Applications: The Thylakoid Membrane Proteome -- IV. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Proteomics in Drug Discovery -- I. Introduction -- II. The Complexity of Proteomic Analysis in Drug Discovery -- III. Proteomic Strategies in Drug Discovery -- IV. Quantification in Proteomic Studies -- V. Applications -- VI. Functional Proteomics Approach -- VII. Future Trends in Proteomics -- References -- From Clone to Crystal: Maximizing the Amount of Protein Samples for Structure Determination -- I. Introduction -- II. Technology Drives the Process -- III. From Sequence to Solubility: The First Step -- IV. Alternative Expression Systems -- V. Screening for the Most Soluble Ortholog -- VI. Cofactor Screens -- VII. Solubility Screens -- VIII. From Solubility to Structure: The Second Step -- IX. Conclusions -- References -- Proteomics and Bioinformatics. , I. Introduction -- II. Bioinformatics Tools -- III. Proteomics Tools -- IV. Database Integration -- V. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- AUTHOR INDEX -- SUBJECT INDEX.

Note: Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- A Note on the Name of Rivers in this Volume -- Introduction: China as an Environmental Rogue State -- 1. The "China Price": Police-State Capitalism and the Great Acceleration of Global Consumption -- 2. "Blind Growth": Scenes of Planetary Destruction from the Twelfth Five-Year Plan -- 3. The Damage Done: The Poisoning of China's Water, Soil and Foods -- 4. Cooking the Planet for What End? -- 5. China's Engine of Environmental Collapse -- 6. Guanxi and the Game of Thrones: Wealth, Property, and Insecurity in a Lawless System -- 7. Grabbing the Emergency Brake -- 8. The Next Chinese Revolution -- Appendix -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the Editors -- Part I: Production of Sugars -- Chapter 1: Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Sugars -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 1.1.1.1 Biomass Cell Wall Structure -- 1.1.1.2 Cellulose -- 1.1.1.3 Hemicellulose -- 1.1.1.4 Lignin -- 1.1.2 Conversion Pathways from Lignocellulose Biomass to Sugars -- 1.1.3 Biomass Recalcitrance -- 1.2 Pretreatment -- 1.2.1 Thermochemical Pretreatment -- 1.2.1.1 Dilute Acid (DA) Pretreatment -- 1.2.1.2 Steam Explosion (SE) Pretreatment -- 1.2.1.3 Liquid Hot Water (LHW) Pretreatment -- 1.2.1.4 Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) Pretreatment -- 1.2.1.5 Ethylenediamine (EDA) Pretreatment -- 1.2.1.6 Aqueous Ammonia (AA) Pretreatment -- 1.2.1.7 Lime Pretreatment -- 1.2.1.8 Ionic Liquid (IL) Pretreatment -- 1.2.1.9 Organosolv Pretreatment -- 1.2.1.10 COSLIF Pretreatment -- 1.2.1.11 Sulfite Pretreatment -- 1.2.1.12 Wet Oxidation Pretreatment -- 1.2.2 Biological Pretreatment -- 1.2.3 Biomass Harvest and Storage -- 1.2.4 Mechanical Comminution -- 1.2.5 Fractionation -- 1.3 Enzymes for Lignocellulose Hydrolysis -- 1.3.1 Classification of Enzymes -- 1.3.2 Enzyme-Cellulose Interaction -- 1.4 Factors Affecting Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulose -- 1.4.1 Inhibitors to Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- 1.4.1.1 Lignin Non-productive Adsorption -- 1.4.1.2 Lignin Derived Phenolics -- 1.4.1.3 Oligo-saccharides -- 1.4.1.4 Products Inhibition -- 1.4.2 Additives to Improve Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- 1.4.2.1 Non-hydrolytic Proteins -- 1.4.2.2 Surfactants -- 1.4.2.3 Metal Ions -- 1.4.3 Synergistic Effect -- 1.4.4 High Solids Loading -- 1.5 Hydrolysis Strategy -- 1.5.1 Enzyme Recycling -- 1.5.2 Pelletization -- 1.5.3 Application of Bioconversion from Lignocellulose to Sugars-SSF Process and Fed-Batch for Bioethanol Production. , 1.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Part II: Production of Aldehydes -- Chapter 2: Sustainable Catalytic Strategies for C5-Sugars and Biomass Hemicellulose Conversion Towards Furfural Production -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Mechanistic Considerations of Furfural Formation -- 2.1.2 Industrial Furfural Manufacturing and Their Recent Updates -- 2.2 Emerging Strategies of Furfural Production -- 2.2.1 Homogeneous Catalysis -- 2.2.1.1 Metal Halides -- Fundamentals and Mechanism -- Interaction of Metal Halides with Water -- Furfural from C5-Sugars and Lignocellulosic Feedstocks -- Monophasic Aqueous and Non-aqueous Systems -- Biphasic Systems -- 2.2.1.2 Supercritical Fluids -- Supercritical Carbon Dioxide -- Furfural Formation from Pentoses and Biomass in Supercritical CO2 -- 2.2.1.3 Ionic Liquids -- Ionic Liquids Used as Acidic Catalysts -- Ionic Liquids Used as Both Solvents and Acidic Catalysts -- 2.2.2 Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 2.2.2.1 Zeolites (Microporous Catalysts) -- 2.2.2.2 Mesoporous Acid-Catalysts -- 2.2.2.3 Metal Oxides -- 2.3 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 3: Catalytic Production of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural from Biomass and Biomass-Derived Sugars -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Platform Chemical 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural -- 3.3 Catalytic Production of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) from Fructose -- 3.3.1 Mineral Acid and Organic Acid as Catalysts -- 3.3.2 Solid Acids as Catalysts -- 3.3.3 Metal-Containing Catalysts -- 3.3.4 Other Catalytic Systems -- 3.4 Catalytic Production of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) from Glucose -- 3.4.1 Mineral Acids as Catalysts -- 3.4.2 Solid Acids as Catalysts -- 3.4.3 Metal-Containing Catalysts -- 3.4.4 Other Catalytic Systems -- 3.5 Catalytic Production of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) from Polysaccharides. , 3.6 Catalytic Production of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) from Biomass Feedstocks -- 3.7 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 4: 5-(Halomethyl)furfurals from Biomass and Biomass-Derived Sugars -- 4.1 Perspective on the 5-(Halomethyl)furfurals -- 4.2 Historical Reports of 5-(Halomethyl)furfural Preparation -- 4.3 Modern Approaches to 5-(Halomethyl)furfural Preparation -- 4.4 Halomethylfurfural Derivative Chemistry - Furanic Manifold -- 4.5 Halomethylfurfural Derivative Chemistry - Levulinic Manifold -- 4.6 Halomethylfurfural Derivative Chemistry - Advanced Targets -- 4.6.1 Medicinal Chemistry -- 4.6.2 Macrocyclic and Polymer Chemistry -- 4.6.3 Biofuels -- 4.6.4 Miscellaneous Value-Added Products -- 4.7 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Part III: Production of Acids -- Chapter 5: Levulinic Acid from Biomass: Synthesis and Applications -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Chemistry and Catalysis Towards the Formation of LA -- 5.2.1 Reaction Mechanism of LA Formation from Sugars -- 5.2.2 Synthesis of LA -- 5.2.2.1 Homogeneous Catalysts -- 5.2.2.2 Heterogeneous Catalysts -- 5.2.2.3 Biphasic Systems -- 5.3 Process Technology -- 5.3.1 Kinetic Studies on LA Synthesis -- 5.3.2 Product Separation and Isolation -- 5.3.3 Commercial Status of LA Production -- 5.4 Potential Applications of LA and Its Derivatives -- 5.4.1 Diphenolic Acid -- 5.4.2 Pyrrolidones -- 5.4.3 Levulinic Ketals -- 5.4.4 δ-Aminolevulinic Acid -- 5.4.5 Succinic Acid -- 5.4.6 γ-Valerolactone -- 5.4.7 Levulinate Esters -- 5.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 6: Catalytic Aerobic Oxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) into 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid and Its Derivatives -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 FDCA Production Using Different Methods in the Past -- 6.3 Current Methods for the Oxidation of HMF into FDCA. , 6.3.1 Electrocatalytic Synthesis of FDCA from HMF -- 6.3.2 Biocatalyst Method for the Synthesis of FDCA from HMF -- 6.3.3 Chemical Synthesis of FDCA from HMF by Homogeneous Catalyst -- 6.4 Catalytic Synthesis of FDCA from HMF by Supported Noble Metal Catalysts -- 6.4.1 Synthesis of FDCA from HMF Over Supported Pt Catalysts -- 6.4.2 Synthesis of FDCA from HMF Over Supported Pd Catalysts -- 6.4.3 Synthesis of FDCA from HMF Over Supported Au Catalysts -- 6.4.4 Synthesis of FDCA from HMF Over Supported Ru Catalysts -- 6.4.5 Mechanism of the Oxidation of HMF into FDCA Over Supported Metal Catalysts -- 6.4.6 Catalytic Synthesis of FDCA Over Non-Noble Metal Heterogeneous Catalysts -- 6.5 Catalytic Synthesis of FDCA from Carbohydrates -- 6.6 Catalytic Synthesis of FDCA Derivatives -- 6.7 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- 6.7.1 Conclusions -- 6.7.2 Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 7: Production of Glucaric/Gluconic Acid from Biomass by Chemical Processes Using Heterogeneous Catalysts -- 7.1 Production of Gluconic Acid from Glucose Over Heterogeneous Catalysts -- 7.1.1 Pd and Pt Monometallic Catalysts -- 7.1.2 Pd-M and Pt-M Bimetallic Catalysts -- 7.1.3 Supported Au Catalysts -- 7.2 Production of Glucaric Acid Over Heterogeneous Catalysts -- 7.2.1 Productions of Glucaric Acid Using Solid Catalysts -- 7.2.2 Oxidation of Uronic Acid Using Solid Catalysts -- 7.3 Bifunctional Catalysts for Direct Production of Gluconic Acid -- 7.3.1 Bifunctional Sulfonated Activated-Carbon Supported Platinum Catalyst -- 7.3.2 Conversion of Starch -- 7.3.3 Conversion of Various Polysaccharides -- 7.3.4 Comparison of Pt/AC-SO3H Catalyst to Mixed Catalyst of AC-SO3H with Pt/AC -- 7.3.5 Cellobiose Conversion into Gluconic Acid Over Various Gold Catalysts -- 7.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References. , Chapter 8: Production of 1,4-Diacids (Succinic, Fumaric, and Malic) from Biomass -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Platform Chemical Production Using a Biorefinery Concept -- 8.1.2 Current State and Perspectives of C4 Dicarboxylic Acids-Succinic, Malic, and Fumaric Acids -- 8.2 Upstream Processing -- 8.2.1 Microbial Producers -- 8.2.2 Metabolic Engineering Toward Higher Yield -- 8.2.3 Cofactor Engineering of Strains -- 8.3 Fermentation Process Engineering -- 8.3.1 Production of Succinic, Fumaric and Malic Acids Acid from Sugar -- 8.3.2 Alternative Substrates from Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 8.3.3 Cultivation Strategies with High Production Levels -- 8.4 Downstream Processing -- 8.4.1 Main Separation Unit Operations -- 8.4.2 Separation and Purification from the Crude Broth -- 8.4.3 In Situ Product Recovery (ISPR) -- 8.5 Final Remarks -- 8.5.1 Techno-Economics Challenges -- 8.5.2 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Part IV: Production of Alcohols -- Chapter 9: Production of Sorbitol from Biomass -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Sorbitol Industrial Importance -- 9.2.1 Sorbitol Market -- 9.2.2 Sorbitol as a Platform Chemical -- 9.3 Sorbitol Production from Biomass -- 9.3.1 Chemical Production of Sorbitol -- 9.3.2 Electrochemical Production of Sorbitol -- 9.3.3 Biotechnological Production of Sorbitol -- 9.3.4 Recovery and Purification of Sorbitol -- 9.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 10: Biotechnological Production of Xylitol from Biomass -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Xylitol-Producing Microorganisms and Metabolism -- 10.2.1 Metabolism of Xylitol Production -- 10.2.1.1 Bacteria -- 10.2.1.2 Filamentous Fungi -- 10.2.1.3 Yeasts -- 10.2.1.4 Strategies Relative to Microorganisms and Their Metabolism to Increase the Production of Xylitol -- 10.3 Use of Different Biomass for Xylitol Biotechnological Production. , 10.3.1 Pre-treatment of Biomass and Detoxification of Hemicellulosic Hydrolysates to Produce Xylitol.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Acknowledgements -- Note on Book Cover and Chapter Primary Images -- Chapter One -- Chapter Two -- Chapter Three -- Chapter Four -- Chapter Five -- Chapter Six -- Chapter Seven -- Bibliography.