Note: Intro -- Handbook of Spectroscopy -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Volume 1 -- Section I Sample Preparation and Sample Pretreatment -- Introduction -- 1 Collection and Preparation of Gaseous Samples -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Sampling considerations -- 1.3 Active vs. Passive Sampling -- 1.3.1 Active Air Collection Methods -- 1.3.1.1 Sorbents -- 1.3.1.2 Bags -- 1.3.1.3 Canisters -- 1.3.1.4 Bubblers -- 1.3.1.5 Mist Chambers -- 1.3.1.6 Cryogenic Trapping -- 1.3.2 Passive Sampling -- 1.4 Extraction and Preparation of Samples -- 1.5 Summary -- 2 Sample Collection and Preparation of Liquid and Solids -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Collection of a Representative Sample -- 2.2.1 Statistics of Sampling -- 2.2.2 How Many Samples Should be Obtained? -- 2.2.3 Sampling -- 2.2.3.1 Liquids -- 2.2.3.2 Solids -- 2.3 Preparation of Samples for Analysis -- 2.3.1 Solid Samples -- 2.3.1.1 Sample Preparation for Inorganic Analysis -- 2.3.1.2 Decomposition of Organics -- 2.3.2 Liquid Samples -- 2.3.2.1 Extraction/Separation and Preconcentration -- 2.3.2.2 Chromatographic Separation -- Section II Methods 1: Optical Spectroscopy -- 3 Basics of Optical Spectroscopy -- 3.1 Absorption of Light -- 3.2 Infrared Spectroscopy -- 3.3 Raman Spectroscopy -- 3.4 UV/VIS Absorption and Luminescence -- 4 Instrumentation -- 4.1 MIR Spectrometers -- 4.1.1 Dispersive Spectrometers -- 4.1.2 Fourier-Transform Spectrometers -- 4.1.2.1 Detectors -- 4.1.2.2 Step-scan Operation -- 4.1.2.3 Combined Techniques -- 4.2 NIR Spectrometers -- 4.2.1 FT-NIR Spectrometers -- 4.2.2 Scanning-Grating Spectrometers -- 4.2.3 Diode Array Spectrometers -- 4.2.4 Filter Spectrometers -- 4.2.5 LED Spectrometers -- 4.2.6 AOTF Spectrometers -- 4.3 Raman Spectrometers -- 4.3.1 Raman Grating Spectrometer with Single Channel Detector -- 4.3.1.1 Detectors -- 4.3.1.2 Calibration. , 4.3.2 FT-Raman Spectrometers with Near-Infrared Excitation -- 4.3.3 Raman Grating Polychromator with Multichannel Detector -- 4.4 UV/VIS Spectrometers -- 4.4.1 Sources -- 4.4.2 Monochromators -- 4.4.3 Detectors -- 4.5 Fluorescence Spectrometers -- 5 Measurement Techniques -- 5.1 Transmission Measurements -- 5.2 Reflection Measurements -- 5.2.1 External Reflection -- 5.2.2 Reflection Absorption -- 5.2.3 Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) -- 5.2.4 Reflection at Thin Films -- 5.2.5 Diffuse Reflection -- 5.3 Spectroscopy with Polarized Light -- 5.3.1 Optical Rotatory Dispersion -- 5.3.2 Circular Dichroism (CD) -- 5.4 Photoacoustic Measurements -- 5.5 Microscopic Measurements -- 5.5.1 Infrared Microscopes -- 5.5.2 Confocal Microscopes -- 5.5.3 Near-field Microscopes -- 6 Applications -- 6.1 Mid-Infrared (MIR) Spectroscopy -- 6.1.1 Sample Preparation and Measurement -- 6.1.1.1 Gases -- 6.1.1.2 Solutions and Neat Liquids -- 6.1.1.3 Pellets and Mulls -- 6.1.1.4 Neat Solid Samples -- 6.1.1.5 Reflection-Absorption Sampling Technique -- 6.1.1.6 Sampling with the ATR Technique -- 6.1.1.7 Thin Samples -- 6.1.1.8 Diffuse Reflection Sampling Technique -- 6.1.1.9 Sampling by Photoacoustic Detection -- 6.1.1.10 Microsampling -- 6.1.2 Structural Analysis -- 6.1.2.1 The Region from 4000 to 1400 cm(-1) -- 6.1.2.2 The Region 1400-900 cm(-1) -- 6.1.2.3 The Region from 900 to 400 cm(-1) -- 6.1.3 Special Applications -- 6.2 Near-Infrared Spectroscopy -- 6.2.1 Sample Preparation and Measurement -- 6.2.2 Applications of NIR Spectroscopy -- 6.3 Raman Spectroscopy -- 6.3.1 Sample Preparation and Measurements -- 6.3.1.1 Sample Illumination and Light Collection -- 6.3.1.2 Polarization Measurements -- 6.3.1.3 Enhanced Raman Scattering -- 6.3.2 Special Applications -- 6.4 UV/VIS Spectroscopy -- 6.4.1 Sample Preparation -- 6.4.2 Structural Analysis -- 6.4.3 Special Applications. , 6.5 Fluorescence Spectroscopy -- 6.5.1 Sample Preparation and Measurements -- 6.5.1.1 Fluorescence Quantum Yield and Lifetime -- 6.5.1.2 Fluorescence Quencher -- 6.5.1.3 Solvent Relaxation -- 6.5.1.4 Polarized Fluorescence -- 6.5.2 Special Applications -- Section III Methods 2: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- Introduction -- 7 An Introduction to Solution, Solid-State, and Imaging NMR Spectroscopy -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Solution-state (1)H NMR -- 7.3 Solid-state NMR -- 7.3.1 Dipolar Interaction -- 7.3.2 Chemical Shift Anisotropy -- 7.3.3 Quadrupolar Interaction -- 7.3.4 Magic Angle Spinning (MAS) NMR -- 7.3.5 T(1) and T(1ρ) Relaxation -- 7.3.6 Dynamics -- 7.4 Imaging -- 7.5 3D NMR: The HNCA Pulse Sequence -- 7.6 Conclusion -- 8 Solution NMR Spectroscopy -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 1D (One-dimensional) NMR Methods -- 8.2.1 Proton Spin Decoupling Experiments -- 8.2.2 Proton Decoupled Difference Spectroscopy -- 8.2.3 Nuclear Overhauser Effect (NOE) Difference Spectroscopy -- 8.2.4 Selective Population Transfer (SPT) -- 8.2.5 J-Modulated Spin Echo Experiments -- 8.2.5.1 INEPT (Insensitive Nucleus Enhancement by Polarization Transfer) -- 8.2.5.2 DEPT (Distortionless Enhancement Polarization Transfer) -- 8.2.6 Off-Resonance Decoupling -- 8.2.7 Relaxation Measurements -- 8.3 Two-dimensional NMR Experiments -- 8.3.1 2D J-Resolved NMR Experiments -- 8.3.2 Homonuclear 2D NMR Spectroscopy -- 8.3.2.1 COSY, Homonuclear Correlated Spectroscopy -- 8.3.2.2 Homonuclear TOCSY, Total Correlated Spectroscopy -- 8.3.2.3 NOESY, Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement Spectroscopy -- 8.3.2.4 ROESY, Rotating Frame Overhauser Enhanced Spectroscopy -- 8.3.2.5 NOESY vs. ROESY -- 8.3.2.6 Other Homonuclear Autocorrelation Experiments -- 8.3.3 Gradient Homonuclear 2D NMR Experiments -- 8.3.4 Heteronuclear Shift Correlation. , 8.3.5 Direct Heteronuclear Chemical Shift Correlation Methods -- 8.3.5.1 HMQC, Heteronuclear Multiple Quantum Coherence -- 8.3.6 HSQC, Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence Chemical Shift Correlation Techniques -- 8.3.6.1 Multiplicity-edited Heteronuclear Shift Correlation Experiments -- 8.3.6.2 Accordion-optimized Direct Heteronuclear Shift Correlation Experiments -- 8.3.7 Long-range Heteronuclear Chemical Shift Correlation -- 8.3.7.1 HMBC, Heteronuclear Multiple Bond Correlation -- 8.3.7.2 Variants of the Basic HMBC Experiment -- 8.3.7.3 Accordion-optimized Long-range Heteronuclear Shift Correlation Methods. -- 8.3.7.4 (2)J(3)J-HMBC -- 8.3.7.5 Relative Sensitivity of Long-range Heteronuclear Shift Correlation Experiments -- 8.3.7.6 Applications of Accordion-optimized Long-range Heteronuclear Shift Correlation Experiments -- 8.3.8 Hyphenated-2D NMR Experiments -- 8.3.9 One-dimensional Analogues of 2D NMR Experiments -- 8.3.10 Gradient 1D NOESY -- 8.3.11 Selective 1D Long-range Heteronuclear Shift Correlation Experiments -- 8.3.12 Small Sample NMR Studies -- 8.4 Conclusions -- 9 Solid-State NMR -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Solid-state NMR Lineshapes -- 9.2.1 The Orientational Dependence of the NMR Resonance Frequency -- 9.2.2 Single-crystal NMR -- 9.2.3 Powder Spectra -- 9.2.4 One-dimensional (2)H NMR -- 9.3 Magic-angle Spinning -- 9.3.1 CP MAS NMR -- 9.3.2 (1)H Solid-State NMR -- 9.4 Recoupling Methods -- 9.4.1 Heteronuclear Dipolar-coupled Spins: REDOR -- 9.4.2 Homonuclear Dipolar-coupled Spins -- 9.4.3 The CSA: CODEX -- 9.5 Homonuclear Two-dimensional Experiments -- 9.5.1 Establishing the Backbone Connectivity in an Organic Molecule -- 9.5.2 Dipolar-mediated Double-quantum Spectroscopy -- 9.5.3 High-resolution (1)H Solid-state NMR -- 9.5.4 Anisotropic - Isotropic Correlation: The Measurement of CSAs. , 9.5.5 The Investigation of Slow Dynamics: 2D Exchange -- 9.5.6 (1)H-(1)H DQ MAS Spinning-sideband Patterns -- 9.6 Heteronuclear Two-dimensional Experiments -- 9.6.1 Heteronuclear Correlation -- 9.6.2 The Quantitative Determination of Heteronuclear Dipolar Couplings -- 9.6.3 Torsional Angles -- 9.6.4 Oriented Samples -- 9.7 Half-integer Quadrupole Nuclei -- 9.8 Summary -- Section IV Methods 3: Mass Spectrometry -- 10 Mass Spectrometry -- 10.1 Introduction: Principles of Mass Spectrometry -- 10.1.1 Application of Mass Spectrometry to Biopolymer Analysis -- 10.2 Techniques and Instrumentation of Mass Spectrometry -- 10.2.1 Sample Introduction and Ionisation Methods -- 10.2.1.1 Pre-conditions -- 10.2.1.2 Gas Phase ("Hard") Ionisation Methods -- 10.2.1.3 "Soft" Ionisation Techniques -- 10.2.2 Mass Spectrometric Analysers -- 10.2.2.1 Magnetic Sector Mass Analysers -- 10.2.2.2 Quadrupole Mass Analysers -- 10.2.2.3 Time-of-Flight Mass Analysers -- 10.2.2.4 Trapped-Ion Mass Analysers -- 10.2.2.5 Hybrid Instruments -- 10.2.3 Ion Detection and Spectra Acquisition -- 10.2.4 High Resolution Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance (ICR) Mass Spectrometry -- 10.2.5 Sample Preparation and Handling in Bioanalytical Applications -- 10.2.5.1 Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE) -- 10.2.5.2 Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) -- 10.2.5.3 Immunoaffinity Extraction (IAE) -- 10.2.5.4 Solid-phase Microextraction -- 10.2.5.5 Supercritical-Fluid Extraction (SFE) -- 10.2.6 Coupling of Mass Spectrometry with Microseparation Methods -- 10.2.6.1 Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Coupling (LC-MS) -- 10.2.6.2 Capillary Electrophoresis (CE)-Mass Spectrometry -- 10.3 Applications of Mass Spectrometry to Biopolymer Analysis -- 10.3.1 Introduction -- 10.3.2 Analysis of Peptide and Protein Primary Structures and Post-Translational Structure Modifications. , 10.3.3 Tertiary Structure Characterisation by Chemical Modification and Mass Spectrometry.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editor -- Part I Basic Principles and Methods -- The New Frontier in Medicine at the Convergence of Nanotechnology and Immunotherapy -- 1 Nanoparticles and the Immune System -- 1.1 Stepping into the Nanoworld -- 1.2 The Immune System -- 1.3 Nanoparticle Size Effect -- 1.4 Nanoparticle Shape, Structure, and Surface Effect -- 2 Nanoparticles, Antitumor Immunity and Cancer Immunotherapy -- 2.1 Nanoparticle and Cancer Immunosurveillance and Tumor Microenvironment -- 2.2 Nanosystems with Tumor Antigens -- 2.3 Nanoparticles Having Adjuvant Activity -- 2.4 Virus-like Nanoparticles and Cancer Immunotherapy -- 3 Nanoparticle-Mediated Hyperthermia and the Immune System -- 3.1 Hyperthermia Effect on the Immune System -- 3.2 Nanoparticle-Mediated Hyperthermia -- 4 Synergistic Combination Nano Immunotherapies -- 4.1 Immunotherapy Using Checkpoint Inhibitors -- 4.2 Synergistic Dual-Modality Immunotherapies -- 5 Conclusion: The Next Frontier in Medicine -- References -- Cancer Immunotherapy Strategies: Basic Principles -- 1 Introduction and the Current State-of-the-Art Strategies for Immunotherapy -- 1.1 Cancer Vaccines -- 1.1.1 DC Vaccines -- 1.1.2 Peptide/Antigenic Vaccines -- 1.2 Adoptive Lymphocyte Transfer -- 1.2.1 CAR T Cell Therapy -- 1.3 Viral-Based Strategies for Immunotherapy -- 1.4 Immune Checkpoint Blockade -- 2 Challenges of Immunotherapy: Limitations of Access and Immune Suppression -- 2.1 Immune Access -- 2.2 Immune Suppression -- 3 Nanotechnologies to Enhance Cancer Immunotherapy -- 3.1 Nanotechnologies to Improve ALT -- 3.2 Nanotechnologies to Improve Cancer Vaccines -- 3.3 Nanotechnologies to Improve Viral-Based Immunotherapy -- 3.4 Nanotechnologies to Improve Immune Checkpoint Blockade -- 4 Summary and Future Directions -- References -- Immunotherapy: From Discovery to Bedside. , 1 Immunotherapy: From Discovery to Bedside -- 1.1 Overview of Immunotherapy -- 1.1.1 Nonspecific Immunity -- 1.1.2 Specific Immunity -- 1.2 Drug Development -- 1.2.1 Overview -- 1.2.2 Preclinical Phase -- 1.2.3 Clinical Phase -- 1.2.4 Challenges of Immunotherapy Trials -- 1.3 Summary -- References -- Intravital Optical Imaging to Monitor Anti-Tumor Immunological Response in Preclinical Models -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Immuno-Oncology -- 2.1 Use of Nanoparticles in Immune Therapy -- 3 Imaging Techniques -- 3.1 Advantages of Intravital Techniques -- 3.2 Wide Field Microscopy and Imaging -- 3.3 Confocal Microscopy and Structured Illumination -- 3.4 Multiphoton Microscopy -- 3.5 Photoacoustic Microscopy -- 3.6 Other Microscopy Techniques -- 4 Models and Methods of Quantifying Immune Function -- 4.1 Window Chamber Models -- 4.2 Genetic Reporter Models of Immune Cells -- 4.3 Exogenous Sources of Contrast -- 4.4 Other Sources of Contrast Including Functional Imaging of the Tumor and Tumor Microenvironment -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Nanoparticle-Mediated Heating: A Theoretical Study for Photothermal Treatment and Photo Immunotherapy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theory -- 2.1 Heat Flow Equation -- 2.2 Optical Heat Sources -- 2.3 Heat Generation from a Point Source -- 2.4 Heat Generation from a Planewave Source -- 3 Temperature Elevation Using a Point Source of Optical Power -- 3.1 Time-Dependent Temperature -- 3.2 Steady-State Temperature -- 3.3 Cooling -- 4 Temperature Elevation from a Planewave Source of Optical Power -- 4.1 Thermal Boundary Conditions -- 4.2 Time-Dependent Temperature -- 4.3 Steady-State Temperature -- 5 Simulations -- 5.1 Point Source Illumination -- 5.2 Planewave illumination -- 6 Summary -- Appendix 1: Derivation of the Green's Functions -- Appendix 2: Temperature Elevation for Boundary Condition 3 -- References. , Part II Nanosystems for Biomedical Applications -- Nanoparticle Systems Applied for Immunotherapy in Various Treatment Modalities -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Widening the Therapeutic Window -- 3 Enhancing Adoptive-Cell Therapy -- 4 Improving Payload Delivery -- 5 Combinational Cancer Immunotherapy with Nanoparticles -- 5.1 Nanoparticle-Based Photothermal Immunotherapy -- 5.2 Nanoparticle-Based Photodynamic Immunotherapy -- 5.3 Nanoparticle-Based Chemo-Immunotherapy -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Design of Nanostructure Materials to Modulate Immunosuppressive Tumour Microenvironments and Enhance Cancer Immunotherapy -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 History and Conventional Methods of Cancer Therapy -- 1.2 Emergence of Cancer Immunotherapy -- 1.3 Hurdle of Early Cancer Immunotherapy -- 1.4 Expansion of Cancer Immunotherapy -- 1.5 Immune Suppressive Cells in TME -- 1.6 Cytokines and Chemokines in TME -- 1.7 Organized Interaction Between TME -- 1.8 Immune Checkpoint and ICBT Combination -- 1.9 Hurdle of Recent Cancer Immunotherapy -- 1.10 Design of Nanostructures to Overcome the Hurdle of Recent Cancer Immunotherapy -- 2 Nanomaterials for the Modulation of Immunosuppressive Cells in TME -- 2.1 Regulatory T Cells (Treg Cells) -- 2.2 Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSC) -- 2.3 Tumour-Associated Macrophages (TAM) -- 3 Nanomaterials for the Modulation of Immunosuppressive Factors in TME -- 3.1 Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) -- 3.2 Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) -- 3.3 TGF-β -- 3.4 Interleukin-10 -- 3.5 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) -- 3.6 Immune Check Point Blockade -- 3.6.1 αPD-L1 -- 3.6.2 αPD-1 -- 3.6.3 αCTLA-4 -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Plasmonic Gold Nanostars for Immuno Photothermal Nanotherapy to Treat Cancers and Induce Long-Term Immunity -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Gold Nanostars: A Versatile and Effective Platform for Photothermal Therapy. , 3 Combination Photo Immuno Therapy: SYMPHONY -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Nanotechnologies for Photothermal and Immuno Cancer Therapy: Advanced Strategies Using Copper Sulfide Nanoparticles and Bacterium-Mimicking Liposomes for Enhanced Efficacy -- 1 Copper Sulfide Nanoparticles -- 1.1 Synthesis of CuSNPs -- 1.1.1 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Methods -- 1.1.2 Microwave Irradiation -- 1.1.3 Direct Dry-Grinding Synthesis -- 1.1.4 Hollow CuSNPs Synthesis -- 1.2 Biomedical Applications of CuSNPs -- 1.2.1 Photothermal Therapy -- 1.2.2 Drug Delivery -- 2 Bacterium-Mimicking Liposomes -- 2.1 Adjuvant of Ligands for Toll-Like Receptors and NOD-Like Receptors -- 2.2 Engineering of Bacterium-Mimicking Liposomes as Adjuvants for Cancer Vaccines -- 3 Combinatorial Immuno and Photothermal Therapy -- 3.1 Immunogenic Cell Death Induced by PTT -- 3.2 Immuno Adjuvant Therapy Synergizes PTT in Cancer Treatment -- 4 Summary -- References -- Nanoparticle-Based Phototherapy in Combination with Checkpoint Blockade for Cancer Immunotherapy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Photothermal Therapy -- 3 Photodynamic Therapy -- 4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- Development of Nanoparticles as a Vaccine Platform -- 1 Cellular Uptake of Nanoparticles and their Biodistribution -- 1.1 Effects of Size and Shape In Vitro -- 1.2 Design of Surface Ligand Molecules for Cytosolic Delivery -- 1.3 Effects of Size and Shape on Biodistributions In Vivo -- 2 Effects of Particle Shape and Size on Immune Response -- 2.1 Merits of Using Nanoparticles for Vaccines -- 2.2 Effects of Nanoparticle Size on Vaccine Activity -- 2.3 Effects of Nanoparticle Shape on Vaccine Activity -- 3 Summary -- References -- Multifunctional Gold Nanostars for Sensitive Detection, Photothermal Treatment and Immunotherapy of Brain Tumor -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Theoretical Consideration of Laser Excitation Energy into a Brain Tissue Phantom -- 3 Sensitive Brain Cancer Detection with Gold Nanostars -- 4 Synergistic Photoimmunotherapy of Brain Tumor with GNS -- 5 In Vivo Toxicity of GNS -- 6 Conclusion and Future Perspective -- References -- Index.