Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- About the Author -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Introduction to Co‐ and Post‐translational Modifications of Proteins -- Brief Introductions to Individual Chapters -- Chapter 2: Acetylation of Proteins -- Chapter 3: C‐Terminal Lys or Arg Clipping of Proteins -- Chapter 4: Cysteinylation of Proteins -- Chapter 5: Deamidation of Proteins -- Chapter 6: Glycation of Proteins -- Chapter 7: Glycosylation of Proteins -- Chapter 8: N‐glycosylation of Proteins -- Chapter 9: O‐glycosylation of Proteins -- Chapter 10: Hydroxylation of Proteins -- Chapter 11: Methylation of Proteins -- Chapter 12: Oxidation of Proteins -- Chapter 13: Phosphorylation of Proteins -- Chapter 14: Prenylation of Proteins -- Chapter 15: Proteolysis of Proteins -- Chapter 16: Selenylation of Proteins -- Chapter 17: Signal Peptides of Proteins -- Chapter 18: Sulfation of Proteins and Glycoproteins -- Chapter 19: SUMOylation -- Chapter 20: Ubiquitination -- Chapter 21: Other PTMs -- References -- Chapter 2 Acetylation of Proteins -- Introduction -- Mechanism of N‐acetylation at the N‐termini of Proteins -- Mechanism of N‐acetylation and N‐deacetylation of Lysine Residues -- Mechanism of O‐acetylation of Sugar Residues -- Biological Significance of Protein Acetylation -- Acetylation in Recombinant Therapeutic Proteins -- Methods to Analyze Acetylation in Proteins and Carbohydrates -- References -- Chapter 3 C‐terminal Lys or Arg Clipping in Proteins -- Introduction -- Biological Significance of C‐terminal Lys or Arg Clipping in Proteins -- Analysis of C‐terminal Lys or Arg Clipping in Proteins -- References -- Chapter 4 Cysteinylation of Proteins -- Introduction -- Biological Significance of Cysteinylation of Proteins -- Cysteinylation and Trisulfide Bonds in Recombinant Therapeutic Proteins. , Analysis of Cysteinylation of Proteins -- References -- Chapter 5 Deamidation of Proteins -- Introduction -- Mechanism of Deamidation of Proteins -- Physicochemical Characteristics of Deamidated Proteins -- Biological Significance of Deamidation of Proteins -- Deamidation and Immunogenicity -- Deamidation and Pharmacokinetics Properties of Proteins -- Deamidation in Recombinant Therapeutic Proteins -- Methods for the Analysis of Deamidation in Proteins -- References -- Chapter 6 Glycation of Proteins -- Introduction -- Mechanism of Protein Glycation -- Glycation of Proteins in Human -- Protein Glycation and Human Diseases -- Glycation in Recombinant Therapeutic Proteins -- Methods to Analyze Protein Glycation -- References -- Chapter 7 Glycosylation of Proteins -- Introduction -- Glycans and Aglycans -- Glycosidic Bonds -- Aldoses and Ketoses -- Anomeric Groups: ‐ and ‐Configurations -- Natural Diversity of Glycans -- Glycans and Enzymes -- N‐glycosylation -- O‐glycosylation -- Phospho‐Serine Glycosylation -- GPI‐Anchors (Glypiation) -- C‐mannosylation -- References -- Chapter 8 N‐glycosylation of Proteins -- Introduction -- Mechanism of N‐glycosylation of Proteins -- Biosynthesis of N‐Glycans -- Biosynthesis of Lipid‐linked Precursor Oligosaccharide -- En Bloc Transfer of the Precursor Oligosaccharide to Nascent Polypeptide Chain -- Processing of the Glycan -- Additional Processing of Oligosaccharide Unit for Chain Elongation and/or Modifications -- Microheterogeneity of N‐Glycans -- Species‐Specific N‐glycosylation -- Functions of N‐glycans -- Physicochemical Functions of N‐glycans -- Biological Functions of N‐glycans -- Impact of N‐Glycans on Pharmacokinetic Properties of Proteins -- N‐Glycans and Human Diseases -- N‐glycosylation of RTPs -- Methods to Analyze N‐Glycans -- References -- Chapter 9 O‐glycosylation of Proteins -- Introduction. , Biosynthesis of O‐Glycans -- Biosynthesis of Mucin Type O‐Glycans -- Biosynthesis of O‐linked GlcNAc on Proteins -- Biosynthesis of O‐linked Fucose on Proteins -- Biosynthesis of O‐linked Glc Residues -- Biosynthesis of O‐linked Gal Residues -- Biosynthesis of O‐linked Man Residues -- O‐Glycans on Hydroxyproline Residues -- Physicochemical Properties of O‐Glycosylated Proteins -- Biological Functions of O‐Glycans -- O‐glycosylation in RTPs -- Analysis of O‐Glycans -- References -- Chapter 10 Hydroxylation of Proteins -- Introduction -- Mechanism of Hydroxylation -- Mechanism of Hydroxylation in Organic Molecules -- Mechanism of Hydroxylation in Biomolecules -- Prolyl 4‐Hydroxylase -- Prolyl 3‐Hydroxylase -- Lysyl 5‐Hydroxylase -- Phenylalanine Hydroxylase -- Tyrosine Hydroxylase -- Biological Significance of Hydroxylation -- Hydroxylation in RTPs -- Analysis of Hydroxylation -- References -- Chapter 11 Methylation of Proteins -- Introduction -- Mechanism of Protein Methylation -- Chemical Methylation Reactions -- Biological Methylation Reactions -- Methylation of Arg Residues -- Methylation of Lys Residues -- Methylation of Prenylcysteine Residues -- Methylation of Protein Phosphatase 2A -- Methylation of Isoaspartyl Residues -- O‐Methylation of Sugar Residues -- Physicochemical and Biological Significance of Methylation of Proteins -- Methylation in RTPs -- Methods to Analyze Methylation in Proteins and Glycoproteins -- References -- Chapter 12 Oxidation of Proteins -- Introduction -- Mechanism of Protein Oxidation -- Methionine (Met) Oxidation -- Cysteine (Cys) Oxidation -- Tryptophan (Trp) Oxidation -- Tyrosine (Tyr) Oxidation -- Oxidation of Other Amino Acid Residues and Protein Backbone -- Oxidation in RTPs -- Met Oxidation in mAbs -- Analytical Methods to Measure Protein Oxidation -- References -- Chapter 13 Phosphorylation of Proteins. , Introduction -- Mechanism of Protein Phosphorylation in Living Cells -- Mg2+ Mediated Mechanism of Protein Phosphorylation -- Protein Kinase‐Based Mechanism of Protein Phosphorylation -- Mechanism of Dephosphorylation of Proteins by Phosphatases -- Protein Kinases -- Serine Kinases -- Tyrosine Kinases -- Physicochemical and Biological Functions of Protein Phosphorylation -- Phosphorylation in RTPs -- Methods to Analyze Protein Phosphorylation -- Gel Electrophoresis -- Mass Spectrometry -- Enrichment of Phosphoproteins -- Enrichment of Phosphorylated Peptides -- References -- Chapter 14 Prenylation of Proteins -- Introduction -- Mechanism of Protein Prenylation -- Biological Significance of Prenylation of Proteins -- Analysis of Prenylation of Proteins -- References -- Chapter 15 Proteolysis of Proteins -- Introduction -- Chemical Proteolysis -- Enzymatic Proteolysis -- Biological Significance of Proteolysis -- Post‐translational Processing of Proteins by Proteolysis -- Intracellular and Extracellular Degradation of Proteins by Proteases -- Proteolysis and Food Digestion -- Role of Proteases in Apoptosis -- Role of Proteolysis in Human Diseases -- Use of Proteases in Laboratories -- Sources of Proteases -- Proteolysis in RTPs -- Chemical Proteolysis in RTPs -- Enzymatic Proteolysis in RTPs -- Analytical Methods for the Detection of Proteolysis of Proteins -- References -- Chapter 16 Selenylation -- Introduction -- Biological Significance of Selenylation of Proteins -- References -- Chapter 17 Signal Peptides -- Introduction -- Biological Significance of Signal Peptides -- Signal Peptides in RTPs -- References -- Chapter 18 Sulfation of Proteins and Glycoproteins -- Introduction -- Biosynthesis of PAPS -- Sulfation Reactions in the Cytosol -- Sulfation in the Golgi Compartments -- Sulfation of Tyrosine Residues -- Mechanism of Tyrosine Sulfation. , Biological Functions of Tyr Sulfation -- Sulfation of Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and Proteoglycans -- Biological Functions of GAGs -- Sulfation in RTPs -- Analysis of Sulfation in Biomolecules -- Analysis of Tyr Sulfation -- Analysis of Sulfated Glycoconjugates -- Colorimetric Methods to Analyze Sulfated Glycoconjugates -- Electrophoretic Methods to Analyze Sulfated Glycoconjugates -- Chromatographic Methods to Analyze Sulfated Glycoconjugates -- Analysis of Sulfated Glycoconjugates by Mass Spectrometry -- References -- Chapter 19 SUMOylation -- Introduction -- Mechanism of SUMOylation -- Biological Significance of SUMOylation -- References -- Chapter 20 Ubiquitination -- Introduction -- Mechanism of Ubiquitination -- Biological Significance of Ubiquitination -- References -- Chapter 21 Other CTMs and PTMs of Proteins -- Adenylylation or AMPylation -- ADP‐Ribosylation -- Amidation -- Arginylation -- Butyrylation -- Carbamylation -- Carbonylation -- γ ‐Carboxylation -- Citrullination -- Diphthamide -- Formylation -- Glypiation -- Hypusine Formation -- Iodination -- Lipoylation -- Malonylation -- Myristoylation -- Neddylation -- Palmitoylation -- Polyglutamylation -- Polyglycylation -- Propionylation -- Pupylation -- Pyroglutamate Formation -- S‐Glutathionylation -- S‐Nitrosylation -- References -- Index -- Supplemental Images -- EULA.