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  • 11
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Large-scale applications of high-transition-temperature (high-T c) superconductors, such as their use in superconducting cables, are impeded by the fact that polycrystalline materials (the only practical option) support significantly lower current densities than single ...
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physica C: Superconductivity and its applications 235-240 (1994), S. 647-648 
    ISSN: 0921-4534
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physica C: Superconductivity and its applications 195 (1992), S. 47-50 
    ISSN: 0921-4534
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Crystal Growth 84 (1987), S. 483-488 
    ISSN: 0022-0248
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Experimental Gerontology 24 (1989), S. 149-157 
    ISSN: 0531-5565
    Keywords: aging ; behavior ; environmental novelty ; grooming ; locomotion ; modified open field ; rearing
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 16
    ISSN: 0044-8486
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Vacuum 45 (1994), S. 1129-1130 
    ISSN: 0042-207X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background:  Most studies show a steep increase in asthma prevalence in the last decades, although few studies had applied the same methodology. Recent reports point out the possibility that the epidemic has come to an end. We have studied the prevalence of asthma in a very large sample of children, repeating the study eight years apart.Methods:  Repeated cross-sectional studies using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) protocol in a sample of Spanish schoolchildren 6–7 (parent-reported) and 13–14 (self-reported) years old in 1994–95 (phase I) and 2002–2003 (phase III). The number of participants was 42 417 in phase I and 42 813 in phase III. The participation rate was over 87% (13–14 years) and 70% (6–7 years).Results:  The prevalence of wheezing in the previous year in children aged 13–14 years was 9.0 and 9.3% for boys and 9.6 and 9.2% for girls for phases I and III, respectively. Children 6–7 years of age showed a substantial increase in wheezing in the previous year (7.0 and 10.7% for boys and 5.3 and 8.2% for girls). Other symptoms and severity indexes followed the same patterns.Conclusions:  In the last 8 years, the prevalence of asthma has not changed in 13–14-year-old Spanish children but has increased substantially in 6–7-year olds.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Erdmantel - Xenolithe in Alkali-Basalten des Somoncure Massivs, Nord-Patagonien, Argentinien, führen drei Generationen von Fluid-Einschlüssen. Die erste (“frühe”, “primäre”) Generation besteht aus dichten CO2-Einschlüssen, welche offenbar in der Mantel-Kruste Grenzzone (22–36 km Minimum-Tiefe) eingeschlossen wurden. CO2-Einschlüsse sind kogenetisch mit Silikat-Schmelzeinschlüssen. Dies erlaubt die Abschätzung der Einschließ-Temperatur mit minimal 1200°C, was auf ein Hochtemperatur-Ereignis in einer deutlich kühleren Umgebung hinweist. Die “späten” (“pseudosekundäre” und „sekundäre”) CO2- Fluid-Einschlüsse bilden zwei Generationen von denen die eine in die flüssige (L1), die andere in die Dampfphase (L2) homogenisieren. Die minimale Einschließ-Tiefe für die L1 Generation ist etwa 16 km. Dies bedeutet - auch bei Berücksichtigung der mit diesem Wert verbundenen Ungenauigkeit - daß diese Erdmantel-Gesteine einige Zeit in der mittleren Erdkruste verbrachten und ein metasomatisches Ereignis erlebten, bevor sie von den Basalten zur Erdoberfläche gebracht wurden. Die Tatsache, daß dieses Ereignis die frühen Einschlüsse nicht zerstörte, kann nur bedeuten, daß es von kurzer Dauer war. Die L2-Generation besteht aus Niedrigdruck CO2-Einschlüssen mit einer Minimum-Einschließtiefe von nur 2 km. Dies könnte in einer seichten Magmakammer des Wirt Basaltes geschehen sein. Die Abfolge von Fluid-Einschlüssen deutet auf einen relativ schnell aufsteigenden oberen Erdmantel unterhalb von Patagonien hin. Die Petrologie und Mineralchemie der peridotitischen Xenolithe unterstützen das. Die Vorherrschaft von Harzburgiten im Erdmantel unterhalb von Nord-Patagonien deutet auf umfangreiche Bildung partieller Schmelzen und deren Abfuhr hin — eine für einen kontinentalen Mantel ungewöhnliche Situation. Sowohl die Verarmungsereignisse, als auch die metasomatischen Veränderungen (einschließlich jene, welche Spuren in Form von Fluid Einschlüssen hinterließen) machen das Vorhandensein eines schnell aufsteigenden Daipirs im oberen Erdmantel dieser Gegend wahrscheinlich. Der Aufstieg kann vom Stabilitätsbereich der Granat-Peridotite bis in die mittlere Kruste verfolgt werden und muß daher relativ schnell erfolgt sein. Unterschiede in Gesteins-, Mineral und Fluid-Eigenschaften zwischen verschiedenen Lokalitäten legen einen diffusen und differenziellen Diapirismus nahe. Zukünftige Studien sollten es ermöglichen, das Gesamtausmaß und die unterschiedlichen Aufstiegshöhen des Diapirs zu kartieren und Hinweise auf seine Entstehung und zukünftige Entwicklung zu erhalten.
    Notes: Summary Three generations of fluid inclusions can be recognized in upper mantle xenoliths from alkali basalts of the Somoncura Massif, Northern Patagonia, Argentina. The first (“early”, “primary”) one consists of dense CO2 inclusions which were trapped in the mantle-crust boundary zone (22–36 km minimum trapping depth). Their co-genetic relationship with silicate melt inclusions enables us to constrain their minimum trapping temperature at 1200°C, indicating a high temperature event in a cooler environment. The “late” (“pseudosecondary” and “secondary”) generations of fluid inclusions were classified in accordance with their homogenization temperature to liquid CO2 (L1) and vapor CO2 (L2) phase. The minimum trapping depth for the first of the late inclusions (L1) is about 16 km. In spite of the uncertainties related to this value, L1 inclusions indicate that the upper mantle rocks, of which samples were delivered by the basalts, had some residence time in the middle crust where they experienced a metasomatic event. The fact that this event did not destroy the earlier inclusions, places severe constraints on its duration. The second late inclusions (L2) are low-pressure CO2 inclusions with a minimum trapping depth of only 2 km, presumably a shallow magma chamber of the host basalts. The succession of fluid inclusions strongly points toward a fairly fast uprising upper mantle underneath Northern Patagonia. The petrology and mineral chemistry of the peridotitic xenoliths support this view. Extensive partial melting and loss of these melts is indicated by the preponderance of harzburgites in the upper mantle underneath Northern Patagonia, a fairly unusual feature for a continental upper mantle. That depletion event as well as several metasomatic events — including those which left traces of fluid inclusions — are possibly related to a high-speed diapiric uprise of the upper mantle in this area. The path can be traced from the garnet peridotite stability field into the middle crust, a journey which must have been unusually fast. Differences in rock, mineral, and fluid inclusion properties between geographic locations suggest a diffuse and differential type of diapirism. Future studies will hopefully help to map the full extent and the highs and lows of this diapir and elucidate questions related to its origin and future.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les inclusions fluides et vitreuses piégées dans les minéraux des xénolithes de lherzolite á spinelle et de harzburgite ont fait l'objet d'études thermométriques et barochimiques afin de mieux cerner les processus métasomatiques qui ont affecté le manteau supérieur subcontinental du nord de la Patagonie. Les xénolithes contiennent trois types d'inclusions génétiquement reliées entre elles et piégées dans l'olivine, l'orthopyroxène, le clinopyroxène et les spinelles: 1) inclusions vitreuses, 2) inclusions vitreuses multiphasées, 3) inclusions fluides á CO2. La densité des inclusions fluides précoces (0.93 á 1.02g/c3) et la température d'homogénéisation des inclusions vitreuses (Th = 1220°C) indiquent que les inclusions ont été piégées dans le manteau supérieur. Les inclusions vitreuses sont soit en individus isolés, soit en alignements disposés selon des fractures et des lamelles de déformation (inclusions secondaires). Elles sont formées par du verre et par une bulle pouvant contenir du CO2 auxquels peuvent s'associer des minéraux fils (clinopyroxènes, amphiboles, apatites et ilménites). La phase vitreuse, caractérisée par une composition riche en silice, alumine, alcalins et volatils élevés et la nature des minéraux fils indiquent que les inclusions vitreuses résultent du piégeage de liquides métasomatiques. La composition des inclusions vitreuses varie. La teneur en SiO2 atteint 68% en poids dans les inclusions isolées des Fo 91, elle est par contre proche de 60% dans les inclusions secondaires des Fo 89-90, de l'orthopyroxène et du spinelle. La composition chimique des différents types d'inclusions ne peut être expliquée par les processus classiques de différenciation magmatique tels que la cristallisation fractionnée ou la fusion partielle. L'existence d'une bimodalité dans les compositions chimiques et dans les niveaux de piégeage plaident en faveur d'une source mantellique hétérogène et de l'intervention de fluides profonds lors du processus de fusion ayant généré les liquides métasomatiques.
    Notes: Summary In an attempt to investigate metasomatic processes in the subcontinental upper mantle beneath Northern Patagonia, melt and fluid inclusions trapped in spinel lherzolite and harzburgite xenoliths have been studied. The xenoliths contain three types of genetically related inclusions hosted by olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and spinel: silicate glass inclusions, multiphase silicate melt inclusions and C02 fluid inclusions. CO2 densities of early fluid inclusions (0.93–1.02 g/cm3) and homogenization temperatures of melt inclusions (1220 °C) indicate that they were trapped at uppermantle depths. Silicate melt inclusions occur as isolated inclusions as trails along fractures and decorating lamellae deformation. They are composed of glass, or of glass with “daughter” crystals of clinopyroxene, amphibole, apatite and ilmenite. Glass inclusions are characterized by high contents of silica, alumina and alkali elements. The nature and chemistry of the daughter minerals indicate that melt inclusions can be considered as trapped metasomatic melts. Moreover, glass inclusions show chemical variations from high silica (68 wt%) melts trapped as isolated inclusions in olivine Fog, towards less siliceous (60 wt%) melts trapped as secondary inclusions in olivine FO89-90, orthopyroxene and spinel. This chemical evolution cannot be reconciled with magmatic processes, like fractional crystallization or different degrees of partial melting. The existence of two stages in their evolution, could reflect the heterogenous nature of the mantle source of the melts and the presence of a deep-seated fluid phase during melting.
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