Note: Intro -- Liquid Chromatography: Fundamentals and Instrumentation -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Milestones in the development of liquid chromatography -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.1.1. Developments before 1960 -- 1.1.2. HPLC at the beginning -- 1.2. HPLC theory and practice -- 1.2.1. New HPLC modes and techniques -- 1.2.2. Selection of conditions for the control of selectivity -- 1.3. Columns -- 1.3.1. Particles and column packing -- 1.3.2. Stationary phases and selectivity -- 1.4. Equipment -- 1.5. Detectors -- Apologies and Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 2: Kinetic theories of liquid chromatography -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Macroscopic kinetic theories -- 2.2.1. Lumped kinetic model -- 2.2.1.1. The van Deemter plate height equation -- 2.2.2. General rate model -- 2.2.2.1. General rate model for monolith columns -- 2.2.2.2. General rate model for core-shell particles -- 2.2.2.3. Moment analysis -- 2.2.3. Lumped pore diffusion model -- 2.2.4. The equivalence of the macroscopic kinetic models -- 2.2.5. Kinetic theory of non-linear chromatography -- 2.3. Microscopic kinetic theories -- 2.3.1. Stochastic model -- 2.3.1.1. Stochastic-dispersive model -- First-passage time -- 2.3.2. The Giddings plate height equation -- 2.3.3. Monte Carlo simulations of non-linear chromatography -- 2.4. Comparison of the microscopic and the macroscopic kinetic models -- References -- Chapter 3: Column technology for liquid chromatography -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Column hardware and design -- 3.3. Column packing -- 3.4. Parameters/characteristics of LC columns -- 3.4.1. Retention and retention volume -- 3.4.2. Retention factor (k) -- 3.4.3. Selectivity or separation factor (α) -- 3.4.4. Efficiency (N) and plate height (H) -- 3.4.5. Resolution (Rs) -- 3.4.6. Peak symmetry. , 3.4.7. Hydrodynamic parameters-van Deemter equation -- 3.5. Column testing and evaluation -- 3.5.1. Engelhardt column test -- 3.5.2. Tanaka column test -- 3.5.3. Other column test methods -- 3.6. Conclusions and perspectives -- References -- Chapter 4: General instrumentation in HPLC* -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Instrumental set-up -- 4.2.1. Mobile-phase/solvent reservoir -- 4.2.2. Solvent delivery system -- 4.2.3. Sample introduction device -- 4.2.4. Pre-column apparatus -- 4.2.5. Column -- 4.2.6. Post-column apparatus -- 4.2.7. Detector(s) -- 4.2.8. Data collection and output -- 4.2.9. Post-detection eluent processing -- 4.2.10. Connective tubing and fittings -- 4.3. Related HPLC techniques -- Further reading -- Chapter 5: Liquid-solid chromatography -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Retention and separation -- 5.2.1. The retention process (``mechanism´´) -- 5.2.2. Solute and solvent localization -- 5.2.3. Selectivity -- 5.3. Method development -- 5.3.1. Thin-layer chromatography -- 5.3.2. Selection of the mobile phase -- 5.3.3. Example of method development -- 5.4. Problems with the use of normal-phase chromatography -- References -- Chapter 6: Reversed-phase liquid chromatography -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Parameters that affect retention -- 6.2.1. System properties -- 6.2.2. Surface excess adsorption -- 6.2.3. Interphase model -- 6.2.4. Formal mechanistic retention models -- 6.2.5. Semi-empirical retention models -- 6.2.5.1. Solvent strength -- 6.2.5.2. Exothermodynamic relationships -- 6.2.6. Temperature and Pressure -- 6.2.6.1. Temperature -- 6.2.6.2. Pressure -- 6.3. Linear free energy relationships -- 6.3.1. Solvation parameter model -- 6.3.1.1. System maps and analysis of system constants -- 6.3.1.2. Anomalies in system maps -- 6.3.2. Hydrophobic-subtraction model -- References. , Chapter 7: Secondary chemical equilibria in reversed-phase liquid chromatography -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Use of acid-base secondary equilibria -- 7.2.1. Changes in retention with pH -- 7.2.2. Buffers and measurement of pH -- 7.3. Ion-interaction chromatography -- 7.3.1. Retention mechanism -- 7.3.2. Common reagents and operational modes -- 7.3.3. Separation of inorganic anions -- 7.3.4. The silanol effect and its suppression with amine compounds -- 7.3.5. Use of perfluorinated carboxylate anions and chaotropic ions -- 7.3.6. Use of ionic liquids -- 7.3.7. Measurement of the enhancement of column performance using additives -- 7.4. Micellar liquid chromatography -- 7.4.1. An additional secondary equilibrium in the mobile phase -- 7.4.2. Hybrid micellar liquid chromatography -- 7.4.3. Microemulsion liquid chromatography -- 7.5. Metal complexation -- 7.5.1. Determination of metal ions -- 7.5.2. Determination of organic compounds -- 7.6. Redox reactions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 8: Ultrafast high-performance liquid chromatography -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. High-efficiency high-speed separations -- 8.2.1. Sub-2-μm fully porous packing materials -- 8.2.2. Superficially porous particles -- 8.3. High-throughput HPLC analysis -- 8.3.1. Short highly efficient HPLC columns with MS detection -- 8.3.2. Monolithic HPLC columns -- 8.4. Applications of ultrafast high-performance or high-throughput liquid chromatography -- 8.4.1. High-resolution applications in the analysis of pharmaceutical compounds and drugs of abuse -- 8.4.2. Two-dimensional chromatographic separations -- 8.4.3. High-throughput analysis with simplified sample preparation -- 8.5. Challenges with performing ultrafast high-performance HPLC separations -- 8.6. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Nano-liquid chromatography -- 9.1. Introduction. , 9.2. Features of microfluidic analytical techniques -- 9.2.1. Improving sensitivity by reducing the chromatographic dilution -- 9.2.2. Efficiency and extracolumn band broadening -- 9.3. SPs and capillary column preparation -- 9.3.1. SPs used in nano-LC -- 9.3.2. Capillary column preparation -- 9.4. Instrumentation -- 9.4.1. Microfluidic pump systems -- 9.4.2. Nano-volume injection -- 9.4.3. Detectors -- 9.4.4. Hyphenation of nano-LC with mass spectrometry -- 9.5. Some selected applications -- 9.5.1. Proteins and peptide analysis -- 9.5.2. Food analysis -- 9.5.3. Environmental analysis -- 9.5.4. Pharmaceutical and clinical analysis -- 9.5.5. Legal and forensic analysis -- 9.6. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Principles of HILIC -- 10.2.1. Thermodynamics of adsorption -- 10.2.2. Adsorption kinetics -- 10.3. Stationary and mobile phases commonly employed in HILIC -- 10.3.1. Stationary phases -- 10.3.1.1. Silica gel -- 10.3.1.2. Chemically bonded phases -- 10.3.1.3. Ion exchange and zwitterionic stationary phase -- 10.3.1.4. Hydrophilic macromolecules bonded phases -- 10.3.1.5. Surface-confined ionic liquids stationary phases -- 10.3.2. Mobile phases -- 10.4. Applications -- References -- Chapter 11: Mobile phase selection in liquid chromatography* -- 11.1. Elution strength -- 11.2. Columns and solvents in RPLC, NPLC, and HILIC -- 11.3. Elution strength assessment -- 11.3.1. The Hildebrand solubility parameter and other global polarity estimators -- 11.3.2. Global polarity for solvent mixtures -- 11.3.3. Field of application of the chromatographic modes deduced from the Schoenmakers rule -- 11.4. Isoeluotropic mixtures -- 11.5. Solvent-selectivity triangles -- 11.5.1. The Snyders solvent-selectivity triangle -- 11.5.2. Prediction of the character of solvent mixtures. , 11.5.3. A solvatochromic triangle of solvent selectivity -- 11.5.4. Other solvent descriptors and alternative diagrams for classification and comparison of solvents -- 11.6. Practical guidelines for the optimization of mobile phase composition -- 11.6.1. Selecting the chromatographic mode -- 11.6.2. Description of retention using the modifier content as a factor -- 11.6.3. Systematic trial-and-error optimization of mobile phase composition in isocratic elution -- 11.6.4. Systematic trial-and-error optimization of mobile phase composition in gradient elution -- 11.6.5. Computer-assisted interpretive optimization -- 11.6.6. Use of combined mobile phases or gradients to achieve complete resolution -- 11.7. Additional considerations for the selection of solvents -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12: Co-solvents and mobile phase additives in HPLC -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. Fluorinated ion-pairing agents: Carboxylic acids, amines, and alcohols -- 12.3. Ionic liquids -- 12.4. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) -- 12.5. Chaotropic anions -- 12.6. Kosmotropic ions -- 12.7. Surfactant additives -- 12.8. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: Method development in liquid chromatography -- 13.1. Introduction -- 13.2. Goals -- 13.3. A structured approach to method development -- 13.3.1. Column plate number, N: Term i of Eq. (13.1) -- 13.3.2. Retention factor, k: Term ii of Eq. (13.1) -- 13.3.3. Selectivity, α: Term iii of Eq. (13.1) -- 13.3.4. Gradient elution -- 13.4. Method development in practice -- 13.4.1. Resolution-modeling software -- 13.4.2. Priority of column screening -- 13.4.3. HPLC vs UHPLC -- 13.4.4. A systematic plan -- 13.5. Prevalidation -- 13.6. Validation -- 13.7. Documentation -- 13.8. Summary -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 14: Physicochemical property determinations by liquid chromatography -- 14.1. Introduction. , 14.2. Solvation properties determined from retention.

Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Discounting, Morality, and Gaming -- 3. "Just Keep Discounting, But... -- 4. Reconciling Philosophy and Economics in Long-Term Discounting: Comments on Arrow and Weitzman -- 5. On the Uses of Benefit-Cost Reasoning in Choosing Policy toward Global Climate Change -- 6. A Market-Based Discount Rate: Comments on Bradford -- 7. Intergenerational Equity, Social Discount Rates, and Global Warming -- 8. Substitution and Social Discount Rates: Comments on Dasgupta, Mäler, and Barrett -- 9. Mock Referenda for Intergenerational Decisionmaking -- 10. Intergenerational Discounting -- 11. Intergenerational Ethics, Efficiency, and Commitment: Comments on Schelling and Kopp and Portney -- 12. Equity, Efficiency, and Discounting -- 13. Discounting for the Very Long Term -- 14. Models and Discount Rates: Comments on Manne and Cline -- 15. Discounting and Public Policies That Affect the Distant Future -- 16. The Implications of Hyperbolic Discounting for Project Evaluation -- 17. Analysis for Intergenerational Decisionmaking -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Origin, History, Composition and Processing -- 2 Production and Trade -- 3 Taxonomy, Botany and Plant Development -- 4 Propagation -- 5 Biotechnology -- 6 Varieties and Crop Improvement -- 7 Nutrition and Irrigation -- 8 Plant Water Relations -- 9 Effects of Physiology and Growing Environment on Productivity -- 10 Flowering and Sex Expression -- 11 Fruit Set, Development, Maturity and Ripening -- 12 Physiological Disorders -- 13 Insect and Nematode Pests -- 14 Diseases -- 15 Greenhouse Cultivation -- 16 Postharvest Handling, Storage and Quality -- Index -- Cabi -- Back.

Note: Front Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Grappling with Cumulative Effects -- Chapter 2: The NEPA Process : What the Law Says -- Chapter 3: Regulating and Planning for Cumulative Effects : The Canadian Experience -- Chapter 4: Quantifying Cumulative Effects -- Chapter 5: The Economics of Cumulative Effects : Ecological and Macro by Nature -- Chapter 6: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Environmental Waivers and Cumulative Effects -- Chapter 7: Piecemealing Paradise : Cumulative Effects on Scenic Quality in the Coronado National Forest -- Chapter 8: Understanding the Cumulative Effects of Human Activities on Barren-Ground Caribou -- Chapter 9: The Cumulative Effects of Suburban and Exurban Influences on Wildlife -- Chapter 10: Cumulative Effects on Freshwater Fishes -- Chapter 11: Sage-Grouse and Cumulative Impacts of Energy Development -- References -- Back Cover.

Note: Front Cover -- Advances in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter One: Detection of Metastable Atoms and Molecules using Rare Gas Matrices -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basic Concepts -- 2.1 Relevant Background -- 2.2 Principle of Operation of the Detector -- 3. Experimental Details -- 3.1 TOF Spectroscopy -- 3.2 Apparatus Details -- 3.3 Apparatus Performance -- 3.3.1 Spectral Output -- 3.3.2 Temperature Variation -- 3.3.3 Excimer Lifetimes -- 4. Calibrations -- 4.1 Calibration of O(1S) Production -- 4.2 Calibration of O(1D) Production -- 4.2 Calibration of the Electron Energy Scale -- 5. O(1S) Measurements -- 5.1 O2 -- 5.2 N2O -- 5.3 CO2 -- 5.4 CO -- 5.5 NO -- 5.6 H2O, D2O -- 5.7 SO2 -- 6. O(1D) Measurements -- 7. Sulfur Measurements -- 8. CO Measurements -- 9. Future Possibilities -- References -- Chapter Two: Interactions in Ultracold Rydberg Gases -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Pair Interactions -- 2.1 Rydberg Pair Interaction and Important Issues -- 2.2 Calculation of Rydberg Pair Interactions -- 2.3 Angular Dependence -- 2.4 Experiments -- 3. Rydberg Atom Molecules -- 3.1 Trilobite Molecules -- 3.1.1 The Fermi Pseudo-Potential Picture of Trilobite Molecules -- 3.1.2 The Multichannel Quantum Defect Approach to Trilobite Molecules -- 3.1.3 External Fields -- 3.1.4 Features of the Trilobite Interaction Potentials -- 3.1.5 Molecular Frame Permanent Dipole Moments -- 3.1.6 Experimental Measurement of Trilobite Molecules -- 3.2 Macrodimers -- 3.2.1 Theory of Macrodimers -- 3.2.2 Experimental Detection of Macrodimers -- 4. Many-Body and Multiparticle Effects -- 4.1 Förster Resonance -- 4.2 Dipole Blockade -- 5. Conclusion and Perspectives -- Chapter Three: Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics in the Early Universe: From Recombination to Reionization -- 1. Introduction. , 1.1 The Expanding Universe -- 1.2 The Thermal History of the Universe -- 1.3 The Need for Dark Matter -- 1.4 The Role of AMO Physics -- 1.5 Distance Measurements -- 1.6 Acronyms and Variables -- 2. Cosmological Recombination -- 2.1 What Is Cosmological Recombination All About? -- 2.1.1 Initial Conditions and Main Aspect of the Recombination Problem -- 2.1.2 The Three Stages of Recombination -- 2.1.3 What Is So Special About Cosmological Recombination? -- 2.2 Why Should We Bother? -- 2.2.1 Importance of Recombination for the CMB Anisotropies -- 2.2.2 Spectral Distortions from the Recombination Era -- 2.3 Why Do We Need Advanced Atomic Physics? -- 2.4 Simple Model for Hydrogen Recombination -- 2.5 Multilevel Recombination Model and Recfast -- 2.6 Detailed Recombination Physics During Hi Recombination -- 2.6.1 Two-Photon Transitions from Higher Levels -- 2.6.2 The Effect of Raman Scattering -- 2.6.3 Additional Small Corrections and Collision -- 2.7 Detailed Recombination Physics During Hei Recombination -- 2.8 HyRec and CosmoRec -- 3. Pregalactic Gas Chemistry -- 3.1 Fundamentals -- 3.2 Key Reactions -- 3.2.1 Molecular Hydrogen (H2) -- 3.2.2 Deuterated Molecular Hydrogen (HD) -- 3.2.3 Lithium Hydride -- 3.3 Complications -- 3.3.1 Spectral Distortion of the CMB -- 3.3.2 Stimulated Radiative Association -- 3.3.3 Influence of Rotational and Vibrational Excitation -- 4. Population III Star Formation -- 4.1 The Assembly of the First Protogalaxies -- 4.2 Gravitational Collapse and Star Formation -- 4.2.1 The Initial Collapse Phase -- 4.2.2 Three-Body H2 Formation -- 4.2.3 Transition to the Optically Thick Regime -- 4.2.4 Cooling at Very High Densities -- 4.2.5 Influence of Other Coolants -- 4.3 Evolution After the Formation of the First Protostar -- 5. The 21-cm Line of Atomic Hydrogen -- 5.1 Physics of the 21-cm Line -- 5.1.1 Basic 21-cm Physics. , 5.1.2 Collisional Coupling -- 5.1.3 Wouthuysen-Field Effect (Photon Coupling) -- 5.2 Global 21-cm Signature -- 5.2.1 Cosmic Dark Ages and Exotic Heating (zbold0mu mumu dotted40) -- 5.2.2 Lyman-α Coupling (zα z z ) -- 5.2.3 Gas Heating (zh z zα) -- 5.2.4 Growth of H II Regions (zr z zh) -- 5.2.5 Astrophysical Sources and Histories -- 5.3 21-cm Tomography -- 5.3.1 Fluctuations in the Spin Temperature -- 5.3.2 Gas Temperature -- 5.3.3 Ionization Fluctuations -- 5.3.4 Density and Minihalos -- 5.3.5 Redshift Space Distortions -- 6. The Reionization of Intergalactic Hydrogen -- 6.1 Sources of Reionization: Stars -- 6.2 Sources of Reionization: Quasars -- 6.2.1 Secondary Ionizations -- 6.3 The Growth of Ionized Bubbles -- 6.3.1 Photoionization Rates and Recombinations -- 6.3.2 Line Cooling -- 6.4 Reionization as a Global Process -- 7. Summary -- Appendix A. Acronyms -- Appendix B. Symbols -- Chapter Four: Atomic Data Needs for Understanding X-ray Astrophysical Plasmas -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Charge State Distribution -- 2.1 Ionization Processes -- 2.1.1 Collisional Ionization -- 2.1.2 Photoionization -- 2.1.3 Auger Ionization -- 2.2 Recombination -- 2.2.1 Dielectronic Recombination -- 2.2.2 Radiative Recombination -- 2.3 Charge Exchange -- 2.4 Future Needs -- 3. Spectral Features -- 3.1 Energy Levels and Wavelengths -- 3.2 Collisional Excitation Rates -- 3.2.1 H-Like Ions -- 3.2.2 He-Like Ions -- 3.2.3 Neon-Like Ions -- 3.2.4 Other Ions -- 3.3 Radiative Transition Rates (Bound-Bound) -- 3.4 Photoionization/Absorption (Bound-Free) Rates -- 3.5 Fluorescent Innershell Transitions -- 3.6 Charge Exchange Rates -- 3.6.1 Atoms and Ions -- 3.6.2 Molecules and Grains -- 4. Conclusions -- Chapter Five: Energy Levels of Light Atoms in Strong Magnetic Fields -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Historical Background -- 3. The Lightest ``Light'' Atom-Hydrogen. , 4. Light Atoms: Two and Few-Electron Systems -- 5. Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects -- Chapter Six: Quantum Electrodynamics of Two-Level Atoms in 1D Configurations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The 1D Kernel and Its Spectral Decomposition -- 2.1 Form of the Lienard-Wiechert Kernel in 1D (Friedberg and Manassah, 2008c) -- 2. 2 Initial Time CDR and CLS of a Slab (Friedberg et al., 1973) -- 2.3 Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues of a Slab (Friedberg and Manassah, 2008c,d,e) -- 2.3.1 Functional Form of the Eigenfunctions -- 2.3.2 Pseudo-Orthogonality Relations -- 2.3.2.1 Odd Eigenfunctions -- 2.3.2.1 Even Eigenfunctions -- 2.3.3 Parseval´s Identity -- 2.4 Differential Form of the Field Equation (Friedberg and Manassah, 2008c) -- 2.5 Inverted System in the Superradiant Linear Regime (Friedberg and Manassah, 2008e) -- 2.6 Comments on the Numerical Results of Superradiance from a Slab -- 3. Propagation of an Ultrashort Pulse in a Slab and the Ensuing Emitted Radiation Spectrum -- 3.1 Time Development and Spectrum of the Radiation Emitted -- 3.1.1 Spectral Analysis (Friedberg and Manassah, 2008d, 2009b) -- 3.1.2 Computation of the Electric Field at the End Planes -- 3.2 The SVEA Closed-Form Expressions (Manassah, 2012a) -- 3.3 The Modified SVEA Closed-Form Expressions (Manassah, 2012b) -- 3.4 Self-Energy of an Initially Detuned Phased State (Friedberg and Manassah, 2010a) -- 3.5 Spectral Distribution of an Initially Detuned Spatial Distribution -- 4. Near-Threshold Behavior for the Pumped Stationary State -- 4.1 Coupled Maxwell-Bloch Equations -- 4.2 Single-Frequency Lasing -- 4.2.1 Single-Frequency Bare Mode -- 4.2.2 Single-Frequency Dressed Mode -- 4.3 Two-Frequency Bare Modes -- 4.4 General Comments -- 5. Polariton-Plasmon Coupling, Transmission Peaks, and Purcell-Dicke Ultraradiance -- 5.1 The Total Transfer Matrix -- 5.2 The Mittag-Leffler Expansion. , 5.3 Interacting Polariton-Plasmon Modes -- 6. Periodic Structures -- 6.1 Density-Modulated Slab (Manassah, 2012e) -- 6.1.1 The Self-Energy at Initial Time -- 6.1.2 Simple Mathematical Analysis for the Giant Shifts -- 6.2 Periodic Multislabs Eigenvalues (Friedberg and Manassah, 2008f) -- 6.2.1 Eigenvalue Condition -- 6.2.2 Precocious Superradiance -- 6.2.3 Eigenvalues at the Bragg Condition as a Function of the Number of Cells -- 7. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Appendix. Transfer Matrix Formalism -- Some Useful Relations of the Pauli Matrices -- Example of an Application of Above Formalism -- References -- Index -- Contents of volumes in this serial.

Note: Cover -- Copyright -- Acknowledgments -- Abstract and Benefits -- Table of Contents -- List of Tables -- List of Figures -- List of Acronyms -- Executive Summary -- Chapter 1.0: Introduction -- Chapter 2.0: Silver Chemistry -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Inorganic Ag Speciation -- 2.2.1 Silver-Sulfide Chemistry -- 2.3 Complexation with NOM -- 2.3.1 Silver Speciation Measurements -- 2.3.2 Calibration to Weak NOM Binding Sites -- 2.4 Summary -- Chapter 3.0: Toxicity Tests in Modified Lab Waters -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 BLM Calibration Approach -- 3.1.2 BLM Version -- 3.2 Ceriodaphnia dubia Test Results -- 3.3 P. promelas Test Results -- 3.4 Analysis of the Proof of Principle Tests Results and Protection by Sulfide -- 3.4.1 Proof of Principle Experiment with D. magna -- 3.4.2 Proof of Principle Experiment with Rainbow Trout -- 3.5 Summary -- Chapter 4.0: Toxicity Tests in Natural Waters -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Natural Water Testing and Related Investigations -- 4.2.1 Dataset 1: C. dubia in Natural Waters and Water with Reconstituted NOM -- 4.2.2 Dataset 2- C. dubia and P. promelas in Natural Waters from North America -- 4.3 Summary -- Chapter 5.0: Discussion, Conclusions and Recommendations -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Discussion -- 5.2.1 Interactions of Ag with Sulfide and NOM-binding Sites -- 5.2.2 Effect of Size/Age on Sensitivity to Silver -- 5.2.3 Effect of Ionic Strength on Sensitivity to Silver -- 5.2.4 Effect of Cl- on Silver Toxicity -- 5.2.5 Overall Consistency and Applicability of the BLM -- 5.2.6 Are Increasing Concentrations of Competing Cations and Complexing Ligands Protective Against Ag Toxicity? -- 5.3 Progress Towards the Achievement of Management Objectives -- 5.4 Conclusions and Recommendations -- Appendix A: List of Project Manuscripts -- Appendix B: Laboratory and Natural Water Test Results: Data Summary -- References.

Note: Intro -- Table of Contents -- Introduction to the Series -- The Field Guide Series -- Field Guide to Binoculars and Scopes -- Glossary of Symbols -- Fundamentals -- What Are Binoculars and Scopes? -- How Are These Instruments Used? -- Basic Optical System Parameters -- Instrument Size and Weight -- Pertinent Eye Parameters -- Structure of the Eye -- Pupil Size -- Interpupillary Distance -- Resolving Power -- Accommodation -- Stereoscopic Capability -- Luminosity and Chromatic Sensitivities -- Basic Configurations -- Galilean Systems -- Keplerian Systems -- Binoculars -- Binocular Types-General Considerations -- Compact Binoculars -- Mid-Size Binoculars -- Full-Size Binoculars -- Giant Mounted Binoculars -- High-Magnification and Wide-Angle Binoculars -- Military and Law Enforcement Binoculars -- Astronomical Binoculars -- Monoculars and Spotting Scopes -- Monoculars -- Spotting Scopes -- Riflescopes and Weapon Sights -- Riflescopes -- Weapon Sights -- Astronomical Scopes -- Refracting Form -- Newtonian, Cassegrain, and Gregorian Forms -- Schmidt-Cassegrain and Schmidt-Gregorian Forms -- Maksutov-Cassegrain Form -- Richest-Field Form -- Mounts for Astronomical Binoculars and Scopes -- Light-Duty Mounts -- Heavy-Duty Mounts -- Tripod Attributes -- More about Equatorial Mounts -- Dobsonian Mounts -- GOTO Drives -- Binocular and Scope Performance -- Stereoscopic Vision through a Binocular -- Resolving Power with Optics -- Binocular/Scope Efficiency -- Handheld-Binocular Efficiency -- Distortion Effects -- Limiting Magnitude of a Binocular or Scope -- Diffraction Effects -- Obscuration Effects -- Atmospheric Scatter Effects -- Atmospheric Seeing Effects (Elevated Path) -- Atmospheric Seeing (Horizontal Path) -- Optical System Considerations -- Focusing for Different Target Locations -- The Diopter Adjustment -- Erecting Prisms. , Prism Refractive-Index Effects -- Lens Erecting Systems -- Eyepiece Configurations -- Selection of Interchangeable Eyepieces -- The Field Stop -- Parallax -- Light Transmission -- Vignetting -- Stray Light -- Light Baffles -- Reticles -- Variable-Magnification (Zoom) Systems -- Image Stabilization Techniques -- Rangefinding Techniques -- Mechanical System Considerations -- Overall Size of a Binocular -- Weight of a Binocular -- Ergonomics -- Environmental Considerations -- Housing Design -- Binocular Hinge Mechanisms -- Binocular Collimation Mechanisms -- Object Focus Mechanisms -- Diopter Adjustment Mechanisms -- Sealing and Purging -- Photography through Binoculars and Scopes -- Basic Photography Techniques -- Interfacing the Camera -- Integral Cameras -- Maintenance of Binoculars and Scopes -- Protection and Cleaning of the Instrument -- Testing the Instrument -- Test Setups and Methods -- Modular Construction -- Desirable Instrument Attributes -- General Considerations -- Attributes for Bird-Watching Binoculars -- Attributes for Hunting Binoculars -- Attributes for Military Binoculars -- Attributes for Astronomical Binoculars -- Attributes for Spotting Scopes -- Attributes for Astronomical Refractor Scopes -- Attributes for Newtonian Scopes -- Attributes for Catadioptric Scopes -- Equation Summary -- Equation Summary -- Bibliography -- General -- Astronomical Use -- Historical -- Vision -- Design -- Adjustment and Repair -- Performance -- Astronomical Scope Design and Performance -- About the author.

Note: Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation 33 -- Mammalian Carbohydrate Recognition Systems -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Addresses of Senior Authors -- Lectins of the ER Quality Control Machinery -- MR60/ERGIC-53, a Mannose-Specific Shuttling Intracellular Membrane Lectin -- The Cation-Dependent Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptor -- Galectins Structure and Function - A Synopsis -- Structure and Function of CD44: Characteristic Molecular Features and Analysis of the Hyaluronan Binding Site -- Structure and Function of the Macrophage Mannose Receptor -- The Man/GaINAc-4-S04-Receptor has Multiple Specificities and Functions -- Sialoadhesin Structure -- Ligands for Siglecs -- Functions of Selectins -- Carbohydrate Ligands for the Leukocyte-Endothelium Adhesion Molecules, Selectins -- Structures and Functions of Mammalian Collectins -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Historical Development of Structural Correlations -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Major Advances Derived from Structural Data -- 2.1 Ionic and Polar Compounds -- 2.2 Isoelectronic Relationships -- 3 Quantum Mechanical Description of the Chemical Bond -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Valence Bond Model -- 3.3 Molecular Orbital Theory -- 3.4 Ab Initio Calculations -- 3.5 Natural Bond Orbitals -- 4 Packing of Molecules in the Solid State -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Space Groups and Packing Densities -- 4.3 Hydrogen Bonding -- 4.4 Relationships Between Molecular Shapes and Packing Modes -- 4.5 Van der Waals´ Radii -- 4.6 Theoretical Calculations of Crystal Structures -- 4.7 Crystal Engineering [175] -- 5 Structure Correlations in Chemistry -- 6 Summary -- References -- The Advent of Quantum Crystallography: Form and Structure Factors from Quantum Mechanics for Advanced Structure Refinement and... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Calculation of Form Factors and Structure Factors from Wavefunctions -- 2.1 Electron Densities and Structure Factors in Traditional Crystallography -- 2.2 Electron Densities and Structure Factors in Quantum Mechanics -- 2.3 Atomic Electron Densities in Quantum Mechanics -- 2.4 Dealing Directly with the Two-Center Quantum Mechanical Electron Densities -- 2.5 Fourier Transforms of Basis Function Products -- 2.5.1 The McMurchie-Davidson Approach -- 2.5.2 The Obara-Saika Approach -- 3 Introduction to Hirshfeld Atom Refinement -- 3.1 Ideas Behind the Technique of Hirshfeld Atom Refinement -- 3.2 The Crystal Asymmetric Unit and Its Environment -- 3.3 A Minimal HAR and HARt -- 3.4 Periodic HAR -- 3.5 Relativistic HAR -- 3.6 HAR-ELMO -- 3.7 The lamaGOET Interface for Quantum Crystallography -- 3.8 NoSpherA2 in Olex2 -- 3.9 Multi-Determinant HAR -- 3.10 HAR and Powder Diffraction. , 4 Introduction to X-Ray Constrained Wavefunction Fitting -- 4.1 Basic Assumptions of the XCW Fitting Technique -- 4.2 Different ``Flavors´´ of XCW Fitting Strategies -- 4.3 Current Implementations of the Different XCW Approaches -- 4.4 Meaning of the Differences Between Fitted and Non-fitted Wavefunctions -- 4.5 Open Problems and Future Perspectives -- 5 Chemical Applications of Quantum Crystallography -- 5.1 Applications of HAR -- 5.1.1 Hydrogen Atom Treatment in HAR: Accuracy and Precision Compared to Results from Neutron Diffraction -- 5.1.2 Limitations of HAR -- 5.1.3 Some Other Recent Applications of HAR -- 5.2 Optoelectronic Properties from XCW Fitting: Polarizabilities, Hyperpolarizabilities, and Refractive Indices -- 5.3 Insights into Chemical Bonding from X-Ray Wavefunction Refinement -- 5.4 Properties from X-Ray Constrained Wavefunctions: Current Developments and Future Perspectives -- References -- Experimental Charge Densities from Multipole Modeling: Moving into the Twenty-First Century -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 General Comments -- 1.2 Defining Moments in Charge Density History -- 1.3 Sources, Detectors, Sample Cooling, and Data Quality: How It Is All Coming Together -- 2 Applications -- 2.1 Selected Recent Charge Density Studies -- 2.1.1 Intermolecular Interactions and Molecular Surfaces: Co-crystals and Polymorphs -- 2.1.2 Data Quality -- 2.1.3 Chemical Reactivity -- 2.1.4 Inorganic Materials -- 2.1.5 Hydrogen Bonding and Charge Densities -- 2.1.6 Physical Properties from Experimental Electron Densities -- Magnetic Exchange Interactions Seen by Charge Densities -- Organic Semiconductor Materials -- Electric Fields in Crown Ethers -- 2.2 Future Directions for Charge Density Studies? -- 3 Charge Density and Single-Molecule Magnetism -- 3.1 Magnetic Insight from Charge Density Studies. , 3.2 Case Studies with Links of Magnetism and Charge Densities -- 3.2.1 Linear Fe and Co Systems [77, 82] -- 3.2.2 The Charge Density in the First Mononuclear SMM, Co(SPh)4 [88] -- 3.2.3 What About Lanthanides? Synchrotron Charge Density Study of Two Known Polymorphs of Dy(bpy)(dbm)3 [90] -- 4 Outlook -- References -- Computational Studies of the Solid-State Molecular Organometallic (SMOM) Chemistry of Rh σ-Alkane Complexes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Computational Characterisation of a Rhodium σ-Alkane Complex -- 3 Initial Periodic DFT Calculations on the Structures of Rh σ-Alkane Complexes -- 4 Rearrangements and Fluxionality of Rh σ-Alkane Complexes in the Solid State -- 4.1 [2-NBA][BArF4] -- 4.2 Anion and Phosphine Substituent Effects -- 4.3 [2-pentane][BArF4] -- 5 Snapshots on the Trajectory for C-H Activation -- 6 Room-Temperature Alkane Dehydrogenation in [2-C6H12][BArF4] and [2-C4H10][BArF4] -- 7 [2-NBA][BArF4] as a Precursor in Solid-State Organometallic Synthesis and Catalysis -- 8 Conclusions -- 9 Computational Details -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Early History of X-Ray Crystallography -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Early Experiments -- 3 Optical Crystallography -- 4 Early Development of X-Ray Crystallography [19-27] -- 5 Basic Physics -- 6 Spectacular Growth of Structural Data -- 7 Related Diffraction Techniques -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Powder X-Ray Diffraction -- 7.3 Neutron Diffraction -- 7.4 Electron Diffraction -- 7.5 Electron Microscopy -- 8 Summary -- References -- Recent Developments in the Refinement and Analysis of Crystal Structures -- 1 Introduction and Background of Crystal Structure Refinement and Analysis -- 1.1 Refinement and Analysis -- 1.2 Practical Elements of Refinement: The IAM Model -- 1.3 Linear Algebra Description -- 1.4 Computing Power -- 2 Determination of Absolute Configuration During Crystal Structure Refinement -- 2.1 Highly Disordered Resonant Scatterers -- 3 Embedding Information Using Crystallographic Restraints -- 3.1 Displacement Parameter Restraints -- 4 Validation of Structure Refinements -- 4.1 Leverage Analysis for Validation -- 4.2 Validation with DFT -- 5 Horizons: Analysis of Multiple Experiments -- 6 Summary -- References -- Leading Edge Chemical Crystallography Service Provision and Its Impact on Crystallographic Data Science in the Twenty-First Ce... -- 1 Introduction to the Modern Crystallographic Environment -- 1.1 The Development of the Crystallographic `Facility´ -- 1.2 The State of the Art -- 1.2.1 The Home Laboratory Instrumentation -- X-Ray Sources -- X-Ray Detectors -- 1.2.2 Synchrotron Instrumentation -- Sources -- Optics -- End Stations: Detectors -- End Stations: Small Molecule Specifics -- 1.2.3 The High-Throughput Process -- Screening -- Remote Access -- Automation -- Data Management, Retention and Availability -- 1.3 Facilities and the Relationship Between Home Laboratory and Synchrotron. , 1.3.1 Comparison Data Collection -- 1.4 Conclusion: Learning from Large Facilities -- 2 The Impact of Technological Advances -- 2.1 The Communication of Results -- 2.2 (Crystal Structure) Data Becomes a First-Class Citizen in Publishing -- 2.2.1 Structure-Driven Independent Research Fields -- 2.2.2 The Meteoric Rise of the Database -- 2.3 The Effect on Crystallographic Practice -- 2.3.1 Rate of Data Generation -- 2.3.2 Quality of Data Generated -- 2.3.3 FAIR and Open Data -- 2.3.4 Complexity and Diversity of Chemistry -- 2.4 Future Considerations -- 3 The Database Revolution -- 3.1 Nature of the CSD -- 3.1.1 Chemical Composition -- 3.1.2 Effect on Model Refinement -- 3.2 The Evolution of the Structural Database -- 3.2.1 Visualisation and Analysis -- 3.2.2 Database Searching -- 3.2.3 Web Tools -- 3.3 The Transition to Informatics: Methods and Tools to Leverage Databases -- 3.3.1 Knowledgebases -- 3.3.2 Molecular Geometry -- 3.3.3 Non-bonded Intermolecular Interactions -- 3.3.4 Database Creation -- 3.3.5 Biological Integration -- 3.4 Areas Where Data-Driven Methods Are Making an Impact -- 3.4.1 Pharmaceuticals -- 3.4.2 Examples of Data-Driven Materials Discovery -- 4 Closing the Loop and Future Prospects -- 4.1 How Is Data Now Driving the Scientific Process and What Is the Future? -- 4.1.1 Data Science -- 4.1.2 Higher-Resolution Structural Information -- 4.1.3 Crystal Structure Prediction (CSP) -- 4.1.4 Controlling Solid Form -- 4.1.5 Crystallographic Data Driving Other Forms of Structure Solution and Refinement -- 4.2 How Far Can Single-Crystal Diffraction Structure Analysis Be Developed? -- 4.2.1 Instrumentation -- 4.2.2 Computing -- 4.2.3 Data -- A Data Infrastructure -- The Data Landscape -- 4.3 Conclusions and Challenges -- References -- Crystallography Under High Pressures -- 1 Introduction -- 2 High-Pressure Methodologies -- 2.1 Standard Methods. , 2.2 Loading Methods -- 2.2.1 Low-Melting Compounds -- 2.2.2 Mixing Product with PTM -- 2.2.3 Recrystallisation -- Paracetamol -- Piracetam -- 2.2.4 Compression -- 2.3 Developments -- 2.3.1 Merrill-Bassett Diamond Anvil Cell (DAC) -- 2.3.2 Large Volume Presses -- Quenching of High-Pressure Forms -- 3 Organic Materials Under Pressure -- 3.1 Alcohols -- 3.2 Halogenated Compounds -- 3.2.1 Low-Melting Examples -- 3.2.2 Compression of Solids -- 3.3 Amino Acids -- 3.4 Pharmaceutically Relevant Materials -- 3.4.1 Chlorothiazide (I) -- 3.4.2 Chlorpropamide (II) -- 3.4.3 Dalcetrapib (III) -- 3.4.4 Tolazamide (IV) -- 3.4.5 Other Pharmaceuticals -- 3.4.6 Illicit Materials -- 4 The Effect of Pressure on Metal-Containing Complexes and Framework Materials -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Intramolecular Conformational Changes and Compressibility of M-M and M-L Bonds -- 4.3 Pressure-Induced Bond Formation and Breaking -- 4.4 Functional Materials at Pressure -- 4.4.1 Molecular Magnetic Materials -- 4.4.2 Spin-Crossover Complexes -- 4.5 Metal Organic Frameworks and Coordination Polymers -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Watching Photochemistry Happen: Recent Developments in Dynamic Single-Crystal X-Ray Diffraction Studies -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Linkage Isomer Systems -- 2.1 Nitrite (NO2-) Systems -- 2.2 Nitrosyl (NO) Systems -- 2.3 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Systems -- 2.4 Dinitrogen (N2) Systems -- 2.5 Linkage Isomer Device Development -- 3 Steady-State and Pseudo-Steady-State Photocrystallographic Methodology -- 3.1 Experimental Setup -- 3.2 Static Ground and Excited States (Photostationary Structures) -- 3.3 Excitation Kinetics Measurements -- 3.4 Decay Kinetics Measurements -- 3.5 Pseudo-Steady-State Measurements -- 4 Considerations for Pump-Probe Photocrystallography -- 4.1 Pump-Probe Versus Pump-Multiprobe Measurements -- 4.2 Excitation Sources -- 4.3 X-Ray Sources. , 4.4 X-Ray Detectors -- 4.5 Sample Delivery -- 4.6 Data Processing -- 4.7 Sub-second Linkage Isomer Studies -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Time-Resolved Single-Crystal X-Ray Crystallography -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Photocrystallographic Methodology -- 2.1 Steady-State and Pseudo-Steady-State Methodologies -- 2.2 Stroboscopic or Pump-Probe Methodologies -- 2.3 Laue Methods -- 2.4 Sub-picosecond and XFEL Methodologies -- 3 The Beginnings of Time-Resolved Crystallography -- 3.1 Macromolecular Photocrystallography -- 3.2 Molecular Photocrystallography -- 3.3 Time-Resolved Molecular Photocrystallographic Studies -- 3.3.1 Studies with Monochromatic X-Ray Radiation -- 3.3.2 Studies Using Laue Diffraction Techniques -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Index.