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  • 11
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Combination therapy using ursodeoxycholic acid plus chenodeoxycholic acid has been advocated for dissolution of cholesterol gallstones because the two bile acids have complementary effects on biliary lipid metabolism and cholesterol solubilization.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Aim:To compare the clinical efficacy of combination therapy with ursodeoxycholic acid monotherapy.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Patients and methods:A total of 154 symptomatic patients with radiolucent stones (≤ 15 mm) in functioning gallbladders were enrolled from six centres in England and Italy. They were randomized to either a combination of chenodeoxycholic acid plus ursodeoxycholic acid (5 mg.day/kg each) or to ursodeoxycholic acid alone (10 mg.day/kg). Dissolution was assessed by 6-monthly oral cholecystography and ultrasonography for up to 24 months.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉Results:Both regimens reduced the frequency of biliary pain and there was no significant difference between them in terms of side-effects or dropout rate. Complete gallstone dissolution on an intention-to-treat basis was similar at all time intervals. At 24 months this was 28% with ursodeoxycholic acid alone and 30% with combination therapy. The mean dissolution rates at 6 and 12 months were 47% and 59% with ursodeoxycholic acid, and 44% and 59% with combination therapy, respectively.〈section xml:id="abs1-5"〉〈title type="main"〉Conclusion:There is no substantial difference in the efficacy of combined ursodeoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid and that of ursodeoxycholic acid alone in terms of gallstone dissolution rate, complete gallstone dissolution, or relief of biliary pain.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We describe a girl presenting with a childhood dermal mucinosis in which we had the unique opportunity to find all the transitional histological features of lichen myxoedematosus (papular mucinosis), from its early focal mucin deposition in the reticular dermis to its late findings of interstitial mucin deposition, dermal fibrosis and fibroblast proliferation. Her father reported having had similar lesions when he was a child, which completely disappeared during adolescence. This case, and a re-evaluation of the literature, suggests that cases of cutaneous mucinosis of infancy that are not hamartomatous conditions such as mucinous naevi are in fact the infantile presentation of lichen myxoedematosus (papular mucinosis) and, in addition to other cases in the literature, suggests a genetic and familial factor in lichen myxoedematosus (papular mucinosis).
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 204 (1994), S. 98-104 
    ISSN: 0006-291X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Free Radical Biology and Medicine 15 (1993), S. 512 
    ISSN: 0891-5849
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Free Radical Biology and Medicine 15 (1993), S. 415-423 
    ISSN: 0891-5849
    Keywords: Biostability ; Electron paramagnetic resonance ; Free radicals ; Nitroxides ; Reduction ; Skin
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 436 (1998), S. 914-919 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Key words Guinea pig ; Microinjection ; Postural control ; Vasopressin ; Vestibular nuclei
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The aim of the present research was to evaluate the effects induced by arginine vasopressin (VP) microinjection on the electrical activity of single vestibular neurons. Experiments were performed on anaesthetized guinea-pigs in which the spontaneous and the evoked electrical activity of vestibular neurons were recorded before and after intranuclear VP microinjection (0.25·10–5 pg VP in 0.25 µl NaCl 0.9% solution). Results showed that VP microinjection affects the spontaneous as well as the evoked vestibular neuron activity. More precisely, 60% of 30 tested neurons were inhibited, 30% were excited and the remaining 10% were unaffected by VP microinjection. The changes in neuronal activity reported above were attributed to a direct action exerted by the polypeptide on vestibular complex neurons. The possible role played by VP in the mechanisms of postural control exerted by the vestibular system was considered as well.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Hautarzt 51 (2000), S. 79-81 
    ISSN: 1432-1173
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Ultraviolette Strahlen ; Langzeitrisiken ; Qualitätssicherung ; Keywords Ultraviolet radiation ; Long-term risks ; Quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Ultraviolet (UV-) radiation therapy as a mono- or combination therapy (UV-A, UV-A1, UV-B, SUP, UV-B311) or as photochemotherapy with photosensitization (systemic PUVA-, bath PUVA-, topical PUVA-therapy) are successfully used for the treatment of several dermatological disorders. Long-term side effects of natural UV (sun light) include photoaging and induction of skin tumors. At present, the relevance of in-vitro findings of potential tumor induction in animals through therapeutic levels of UV radiation is a matter of debate. To assess these risks, information on treated location, kind of UV radiation and cumulative UV doses are required. Practically this information is barely accessible. This makes decisions on possible therapies difficult. To solve this problem we propose to use an „UV pass”. At the end of each UV radiation cycle, the body location, the type of radiation and the cumulative dose are documented and this pass is given to the patient. This will improve the information transfer if the doctor is changed, as well as facilitating decisions about certain therapies and calculation of long-term risks of UV radiation. Finally it will improve the quality of UV photo- and photochemotherapy.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die ultraviolette (UV-) Bestrahlung wird als Mono- oder Kombinationstherapie (UV-A, UV-A1, UV-B, SUP, UV-B311) oder als Photochemotherapie mit Photosensibilisatoren (systemische PUVA-, Bade PUVA-, topische PUVA-Therapie) erfolgreich zur Behandlung zahlreicher Dermatosen eingesetzt. Als Langzeitnebenwirkung natürlicher UV-Strahlung sind Hautalterung und Induktion von Neoplasien bekannt. Welche klinische Relevanz tierexperimentelle Befunde zur tumorinduzierenden Potenz therapeutisch angewendeter UV-Strahlen besitzen, ist umstritten. Zur Abschätzung derartiger Risiken sind Kenntnisse über Ort, Art und die kumulative Dosis von UV-Behandlungen nötig. Diese sind in der Praxis oft schwer zu erhalten. Damit entstehen zusätzliche Schwierigkeiten bei der Stellung von Behandlungsindikationen. Zur Lösung dieses Problems schlagen wir die Einführung eines UV-Paßes vor. Am Ende einer Bestrahlungsserie werden Art, Ort und kumulative Dosis vermerkt und der Paß dem Patienten ausgehändigt. Damit werden Arztwechsel, die differentialtherapeutische Indikationsstellung und die Abschätzung von Langzeitrisiken erleichtert sowie ein Beitrag zur Qualitätskontrolle geleistet.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Reproduktionsmedizin 15 (1999), S. 393-404 
    ISSN: 1434-808X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Antioxidanzien ; Oxidativer Stress ; Reaktive Sauerstoffspezies ; Lipidperoxidation ; Männliche Infertilität ; Key words Antioxidants ; Oxidative stress ; Reactive oxygen species ; Lipid-peroxidation ; Male infertility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced physiologically in mitochondria during aerobic respiration while oxygen is reduced to water. In the ejaculate ROS are mainly generated by leukocytes, but can also be produced by the spermatozoa themselves. ROS are physiological signaling molecules and are involved in the regulation of spermatozoan functions such as capacitation and acrosome reaction. However, very high ROS levels, occurring for example during the „oxidative burst“ of leukocytes, can impair these functions. Additionally high ROS concentrations can oxidize the lipids of the spermatozoa plasma membranes, which are prone to oxidation due to their high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids, thus impairing spermatozoan functions. Increased generation of ROS in the ejaculate could be associated with an increased DNA-oxidation rate, motility loss, decreased capacity for spermatozoa-oocyte fusion and infertility. The main source of ROS in the ejaculate is leukocytes. Several antioxidants protect against these damaging effects. They are located both within the cells and in the seminal plasma. Without seminal plasma spermatozoa are exposed to the ROS generated by leukocytes without adequate protection. This situation occurs in the context of inflammation of the testes or the epididymidis as well as during spermatozoa preparation in assisted reproduction programs. To prevent the damage of spermatozoa preparation procedures should be used where leukocytes are separated from spermatozoa while seminal plasma is still present, such as swim-up from semen, gradient centrifugation or glass-wool filtration. Some controlled studies have shown beneficial effects of systemic antioxidative therapy of male infertility. It remains open, however, as to which diagnostic test is best suited to detect patients with ROS-associated infertility and the optimal medicament and its dosage.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Reaktive Sauerstoffspezies (ROS) werden physiologischerweise in Mitochondrien im Rahmen des aeroben Stoffwechsels bei der Reduktion von Sauerstoff zu Wasser gebildet. Im Ejakulat werden ROS vorwiegend aus Leukozyten freigesetzt, aber können auch von Spermatozoen selbst gebildet werden. ROS wirken dabei offenbar als physiologische Transmitter zur Vermittlung physiologischer Funktionen wie Kapazitation und Akrosomreaktion. Unphysiologisch hohe ROS-Mengen, wie beim „oxidativen burst“ von Leukozyten gebildet, können allerdings diese Funktionen ebenso beeinträchtigen. Weiterhin können hohe ROS-Konzentrationen die Lipide der Spermatozoen-Plasmamembranen oxidieren, die wegen der zahlreichen vielfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren gegenüber einer Oxidation anfällig sind, und damit die Spermatozoenfunktionen schädigen. Eine erhöhte ROS-Bildung im Ejakulat wurde mit einer erhöhten DNA-Oxidation in den Spermatozoen, Motilitätsverlust, verminderter Fähigkeit zur Spermatozoen-Oozytenfusion und Infertilität assoziiert. Die Hauptquelle der ROS im Ejakulat sind die Leukozyten. Als Schutz vor schädigenden Effekten dienen zahlreiche antioxidative Schutzsysteme, die sowohl in der Zelle als auch im Seminalplasma vorhanden sind. Ohne Seminalplasma sind Spermatozoen den durch Leukozyten gebildeten ROS deutlich ungeschützter ausgesetzt. Diese Situation liegt bei Entzündungen von Hoden oder Nebenhoden sowie bei der Spermatozoenpräparation im Rahmen der assistierten Reproduktion vor. Zur Verhinderung von Schäden sollten daher schonende Verfahren gewählt werden, bei denen die Leukozyten noch bei Anwesenheit des Seminalplasmas entfernt werden, wie Swim-up vom Samen, Gradienten-Zentrifugation oder Glaswollfiltration. Einzelne Studien sprechen für günstige Effekte einer systemischen antioxidativen Behandlung bei männlicher Infertilität. Ungeklärt bleibt weiterhin die optimale Diagnostik zur Erkennung von Patienten mit einer durch ROS-bedingten Infertilität sowie die optimale Behandlungsmöglichkeit bezüglich Präparat und Dosis.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Keywords: primary biliary cirrhosis ; primary sclerosing cholangitis ; chronic hepatitis ; ursodiol ; liver enzymes ; dose-response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recent clinical studies have indicated that ursodeoxycholic acid (ursodiol), administered at dosages ranging between 10 and 15 mg/kg/day, improves liver function indices in both cholestatic and inflammatory chronic liver diseases. These dosages would be considered high for the use of ursodiol in gallstone dissolution therapy. To investigate the dose-response relationship to ursodiol administration, we planned a few studies in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and chronic hepatitis (CH). Patients with PBC were subdivided into two groups on the basis of their serum bilirubin values, with 2 mg/dl as the dividing line. Ursodiol was given at dosages of 250, 500, and 750 mg/day for consecutive periods of two months, the order of treatment being randomly assigned to each patient. The enrichment with ursodiol of biliary bile acids was similar in both PBC and CH and, within the PBC group, in both anicteric and icteric patients. Highly significant decreases in serum enzyme levels were observed in all groups with the 250 mg/day dose, corresponding to about 4–5 mg/kg/day. The two higher doses induced further improvements in serum enzyme levels, especially in patients with PBC, but no significant differences were found between the 500 and the 750 mg/day doses. The improvements were roughly proportional to the enrichment of conjugated biliary bile acids with ursodiol. Serum bilirubin levels, an important prognostic factor in PBC, were also significantly reduced by ursodiol administration in patients with initial serum levels higher than 2 mg/dl. The present study indicated that ursodiol is a potentially useful drug for chronic liver disease. Controlled trials on adequate numbers of patients assuming clinically meaningful endpoints are needed. The present investigation suggests that daily doses of 500–600 mg/day, corresponding to about 8 mg/kg/day, should be employed for such studies.
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2012-01-12
    Description: Calorie restriction delays brain senescence and prevents neurodegeneration, but critical regulators of these beneficial responses other than the NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase Sirtuin-1 (Sirt-1) are unknown. We report that effects of calorie restriction on neuronal plasticity, memory and social behavior are abolished in mice lacking cAMP responsive-element binding (CREB)-1 in the forebrain. Moreover, CREB deficiency drastically reduces the expression of Sirt-1 and the induction of genes relevant to neuronal metabolism and survival in the cortex and hippocampus of dietary-restricted animals. Biochemical studies reveal a complex interplay between CREB and Sirt-1: CREB directly regulates the transcription of the sirtuin in neuronal cells by binding to Sirt-1 chromatin; Sirt-1, in turn, is recruited by CREB to DNA and promotes CREB-dependent expression of target gene peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α and neuronal NO Synthase. Accordingly, expression of these CREB targets is markedly reduced in the brain of Sirt KO mice that are, like CREB-deficient mice, poorly responsive to calorie restriction. Thus, the above circuitry, modulated by nutrient availability, links energy metabolism with neurotrophin signaling, participates in brain adaptation to nutrient restriction, and is potentially relevant to accelerated brain aging by overnutrition and diabetes.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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