Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Authors -- Chapter 1: Basics -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Life on Earth -- 1.3 Perspectives -- 1.4 Frameworks -- 1.4.1 Organization and Structure -- 1.4.2 Emergent Properties -- 1.5 Meta-Issues -- 1.6 Additional Considerations -- 1.6.1 More about the Fossil Record -- 1.6.2 Scaling for Size -- 1.6.3 Statistics -- 1.6.4 Multivariate Processes -- 1.6.5 Physical Chemistry and Thermodynamics -- 1.7 Frontiers -- References -- Chapter 2: Animal BiodiversityOrigins and Evolution -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Understanding Animal Biodiversity -- 2.2.1 Classification, Taxonomy, and Systematics -- 2.2.2 Databases -- 2.2.3 Cladistics -- 2.2.4 The Tree of Life -- 2.3 Where Animals Live and Have Lived -- 2.3.1 Ecological Niches -- 2.3.2 Habitats, Environments, and Ecosystems -- 2.4 The Record of Animal Evolution -- 2.4.1 The Geological Timescale -- 2.4.2 Plate Tectonics and Biogeography -- 2.4.3 Paleontology, Ichnology, and Taphonomy -- 2.4.4 Major Features of the Record -- 2.5 Organic Evolution -- 2.5.1 Evolution Defined -- 2.5.2 Evolutionary Process -- 2.5.3 Speciation -- 2.5.4 Phylogeny -- 2.5.5 Adaptation -- References -- Chapter 3: Swimming -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Evolutionary Origins of Swimming -- 3.1.2 Phylogeny, Biodiversity, and Environments -- 3.1.3 Anatomy, Functional Morphology, Biomechanics, Kinematics, and Physiology -- 3.1.3.1 Anatomy -- 3.1.3.2 Functional Morphology, Biomechanics, and Kinematics -- 3.1.3.3 Physiology -- 3.1.4 Swimming Modes -- 3.2 Quantifying Fluid Motion: The Lagrangian Perspective -- 3.2.1 Lagrangian Coherent Structures -- 3.3 Quantifying Fluid Motion: The Eulerian Perspective. , 3.3.1 Bernoulli's Equation -- 3.4 Quantifying Flow Unsteadiness -- 3.5 Scaling in Animal Swimming -- 3.5.1 Viscosity -- 3.5.2 Buoyancy -- 3.5.3 Surface Tension -- 3.5.4 Thermal Convection -- 3.6 Scaling Unsteady Flows -- 3.7 Practical Examples of Biological Scaling -- 3.7.1 Ontogenetic Scaling -- 3.7.2 Phylogenetic Scaling -- 3.8 Vorticity and Aquatic Locomotion -- 3.9 A Model of Vorticity Creation during Aquatic Locomotion -- 3.10 Boundary Layer Separation from Aquatic Animals -- 3.10.1 Surface Shape and Motion Indicators of Flow Separation -- 3.10.2 Surface Vorticity Indicators of Flow Separation -- 3.11 Kinematics and Dynamics of Aquatic Animal Vortex Wakes -- 3.11.1 Rules Governing Wake Vortex Motion -- 3.12 Estimating Swimming Forces Based on the Animal Wake -- 3.12.1 Steady Flow -- 3.12.2 Unsteady Flow in an Infinite Volume -- 3.12.3 Unsteady Flow in a Finite Volume -- 3.13 The Vortex Force and Wake Vortex Added-Mass -- 3.13.1 Added-Mass -- 3.14 A Model for Locomotive Forces Based on Wake Vortex Impulse and Added-Mass -- 3.15 Jellyfish Phylogenetic Scaling Revisited -- 3.16 Wake-Based Models of Animal Swimming without Vorticity -- 3.17 Energetic Efficiency of Swimming -- 3.18 Classic Swimming Models: Undulatory Locomotion -- 3.19 Classic Swimming Models: Locomotion at Low Reynolds Numbers -- 3.20 Flagellar Propulsion -- 3.21 Classic Swimming Models: Group Dynamics in Aquatic Locomotion -- 3.21.1 Vortex Interactions -- 3.21.2 Animal Interactions -- References -- Chapter 4: Natural Flight -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 History of Animal Flight Research -- 4.2.1 Early Observations and Ideas -- 4.2.2 Ancient Natural History -- 4.2.3 Emerging Concepts. , 4.2.4 The Discovery of Aerodynamic Principles -- 4.2.5 Understanding Flight -- 4.2.6 An Explosion of Scientific Research -- 4.3 How Nature Creates Lift, Thrust (and Drag) -- 4.3.1 A General Aerodynamic Model for an Animal in Steady Powered Flight -- 4.3.2 Specific Lift-Generating Mechanisms -- 4.3.2.1 Conventional Lift -- 4.3.2.2 Lift: The Wagner Effect -- 4.3.2.3 Lift: Total Flow Pattern -- 4.3.2.4 Leading Edge Vortex Lift -- 4.3.2.5 Wing-Wake Interaction -- 4.3.2.6 Clap, Fling, Peel, and Reverse Peel Mechanisms -- 4.3.2.7 The Kramer Effect -- 4.3.2.8 Added-Mass Inertia -- 4.4 Biodiversity of Flight -- 4.4.1 Passive Displacement by the Wind -- 4.4.2 Parachuting, Gliding, Tumbling, Rotation, and Gyration of Plant Seeds -- 4.4.3 Animal Flight Diversity: Gliding -- 4.4.4 Animal Flight Diversity: Powered Flight -- 4.4.4.1 Insects -- 4.4.4.2 Vertebrates -- 4.5 Functional Morphology of Flying Animals -- 4.5.1 Birds: Quadrupeds with Feathered Front Legs -- 4.5.1.1 Feathers -- 4.5.1.2 Internal Anatomy -- 4.5.1.3 Wings -- 4.5.1.4 Wing Actions -- 4.5.1.5 Tail -- 4.5.1.6 Other Flight-Related Parts of the Body -- 4.5.1.7 Adaptations to Extreme Flight Conditions -- 4.5.2 Flight with Skin Flaps: Bats -- 4.5.3 Flight with Skin Flaps: Pterosaurs -- 4.5.4 Winged Insects -- 4.6 The Metabolic Cost of Flight -- 4.6.1 Insects -- 4.6.2 Birds -- 4.6.3 Bats -- 4.6.4 Comparing Flight Costs -- 4.7 Evolution of Powered Animal Flight -- 4.7.1 Evolution by Natural Selection -- 4.7.2 The Obscure Distant Past of Early Insects in Flight -- 4.7.3 The Origins of Flight on Leather Wings -- 4.7.4 The Beginning of Bird Flight -- 4.7.4.1 Archaeopteryx lithographica. , 4.7.4.2 Conflicting Views and the Archaeopteryx Case -- 4.7.4.3 Archaeopteryx Ecology -- 4.7.5 Radiation of Ancient Mesozoic and Modern Paleocene Birds -- References -- Chapter 5: Terrestrial Locomotion -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Invasions of the Land -- 5.1.2 The Phylogeny of Invasions -- 5.1.3 Environmental Factors and Timing -- 5.1.4 Anatomy, Functional Morphology, Biomechanics, and Physiology -- 5.1.5 Solutions for Terrestrial Locomotion -- 5.1.5.1 Locomotion without Limbs -- 5.1.5.2 Legged Locomotion -- 5.1.6 Basics of Locomotion on Level Ground -- 5.2 Principles of Legged Locomotion -- 5.2.1 The Spring-Mass Model for Walking and Running -- 5.2.2 Hopping on the Spot -- 5.2.3 Running and Running-Like Gaits: Two-Dimensional Model -- 5.2.4 Walking: The Influence of Double Support -- 5.2.5 Stiff-Legged Walking -- 5.2.6 Dealing with a Heavy Trunk -- 5.2.7 Trunk as Beam Bending the Spine -- 5.3 Swing Legs: Pendulums and Passive Walkers -- 5.3.1 Walking: The Swinging Pendulum as a Pacemaker -- 5.3.2 The Advent of Passive Walkers: Combining Dynamics of Stance and Swing -- 5.3.3 The Swing Leg during Running: Approximations and Vectorized Formulation -- 5.4 Segmented Legs during Stance -- 5.4.1 The Economy of Segmentation -- 5.4.2 Leg Axis and Line of Action -- 5.4.3 Orientation of the Leg: Backward and Forward -- 5.4.4 Flipping Geometries -- 5.5 Energy: Mechanics and Cost of Locomotion -- 5.5.1 Cost of Locomotion and Mechanics -- 5.5.2 Internal and External Work -- 5.5.3 Muscle Work versus Energy Fluctuations -- 5.5.4 Muscles, Springs, and Collisions -- 5.5.5 The Elegance of Using Collisions to Examine Gaits -- 5.6 Stability of Locomotion -- 5.6.1 Static Stability -- 5.6.2 Dynamic Postural Stability. , 5.6.3 Attractive Systems: Self-Stability -- 5.6.4 Stability of Insect Locomotion -- 5.6.5 Muscle-Skeletal Stability -- 5.6.6 Basins of Attraction -- 5.7 Jumping: Muscles and Catapults -- 5.7.1 Acceleration and Take-Off Velocity -- 5.7.2 Catapults: Delivering Energy Fast -- 5.7.3 Matching and Amplifying Muscle Tendon Properties -- 5.7.4 Optimizing Complex Muscle-Skeletal Systems -- 5.7.5 The Role of Biarticular Muscles (A Tribute to van Ingen Schenau) -- 5.7.6 The Proximo-Distal Sequence: A Note -- 5.7.7 Jumping Far: Redirecting Energy -- 5.7.8 Distal Masses and Wobbling Masses -- 5.7.9 Segmental Oscillations: A Spider's Jump -- 5.7.10 Flying without Wings: Controlling Attitude without Fluid Forces -- 5.8 Relevance to Robotics -- 5.8.1 Artificial Creepers -- 5.8.2 Legged Vehicles -- Symbols -- Operators -- Indices, Suffixes -- References -- Books -- Reviews -- Research Papers -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Z.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- About the Authors -- Preface and Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- The Challenge -- The Enhanced Systemic Hub Model -- Methods and Materials -- Chapter 2 Producing Paris, 2015 -- Introduction -- G7 Elmau, June -- G20 Antalya, November -- UN Paris, December -- Conclusion -- Chapter 3 Relying on Paris, 2016 -- Introduction -- G7 Ise-Shima, May -- G20 Hangzhou, September -- UN Marrakech, November -- Conclusion -- Chapter 4 Tackling Trump, 2017 -- Introduction -- G7 Taormina, May -- G20 Hamburg, July -- UN Bonn, November -- One Planet Summit, Paris, December -- Conclusion -- Chapter 5 G7 Leadership, 2018 -- Introduction -- G7 Charlevoix, June -- G20 Buenos Aires, November -- UN Katowice, December -- One Planet Summit, September -- Conclusion -- Chapter 6 G20 Leadership, 2019 -- Introduction -- G20 Osaka, June -- G7 Biarritz, August -- Special Climate Summits, March and September -- UN Madrid, December -- Conclusion -- Chapter 7 COVID-19 Crowd-Out, 2020 -- Introduction -- G7 Governance -- G20 Riyadh, November -- The Missing COP26 -- Special Climate Summits -- Conclusion -- Chapter 8 Combined Leadership, 2021 -- Introduction -- Starting Special Summits -- G7 Virtual Summit, February -- Leaders Summit on Climate, April -- G7 Cornwall, June -- G20 Rome, October -- UN Glasgow, November -- Conclusion -- Chapter 9 Conclusion -- Global Climate Governance, 2015-2021 -- Improving the Systemic Hub Model -- Conclusion -- Appendix A: The Systemic Hub Model of G7 and G20 Governance -- Appendix B: Summit Performance on Climate Change, 2015-2021 -- Appendix C: G7 Climate Change Performance, 1975-2021 -- Appendix D: G20 Climate Change Performance, 2008-2020 -- Appendix E: G7 Recognized Shock-Activated Vulnerabilities, 2015-2021. , Appendix F: G20 Recognized Shock-Activated Vulnerabilities, 2015-2020 -- Appendix G: Physical Shock-Activated Vulnerabilities, 2014-2020 -- Appendix H: G7 and G20 Relative Capability, 2014-2020 -- Appendix I: G7 and G20 Emissions, 2014-2019 -- Appendix J: G7 and G20 Democracy Rank, 2014-2020 -- Appendix K: G7 and G20 Members' Climate Change Performance, 2014-2020 -- Appendix L: Club at the Hub -- Bibliography -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I: Covid-19 Pandemic -- 1: COVID-19: Pandemic Effect on Human Reproduction -- Introduction -- Effects of COVID-19 on Female Fertility -- Follicular Fluid (FF) -- Oocyte Yield -- Steroidogenesis -- Fertilization Rate and Embryo Quality -- Ovarian Reserve -- Menstrual Cycle Disturbances -- Effects on Male Reproduction -- IVF Outcome -- Pregnancy Outcome -- The Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine -- Conclusion -- References -- 2: COVID-19 Pandemic and Vaccination -- Introduction -- Modes of Transmission -- Infection -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Antivirals -- Prevention -- Vaccination -- References -- 3: Pregnancy: Ethical Issues of Vaccine Refusal -- Medical-Scientific Aspects -- COVID-19 Pandemic and Vaccination -- COVID-19 Illness and Vaccination in Pregnancy -- Social-Ethical Aspects -- Conclusions -- References -- Part II: Beginning of Human Life -- 4: Scientific and Religious Controversies on Beginning of Human Life -- The Definition of Life -- What Does Biology Say? -- Human Embryogenesis -- Personality -- Embryo as a Patient -- Bioethical Aspects -- Legal Status of the Embryo -- Arguments for Beginning of Human Life and Human Person at Fertilization -- Arguments Against the Beginning of Human Life at Fertilization -- Different Religious Teachings and Historical Aspects -- Clinical Controversies -- Visualization of Early Human Development -- New Possibilities for Studying Embryonic Movements and Behavior -- Conclusion -- References -- 5: Philosophical Considerations About the Beginning of Humana Life and Their Clinical Implications -- Introduction -- Philosophical Reasoning -- Essential Concept -- Cluster Concept -- Particulars and Individuals -- Particulars -- Individuals -- Ethical Reasoning About Particulars and Individuals -- Moral Status -- Dependent Moral Status -- Independent Moral Status. , The Metaphysics of Human Reproduction -- Implications of the Metaphysics of Human Reproductions for the Ethics of Human Reproduction -- Implications for Professionally Responsible Research and Practice in Reproductive Medicine -- Implications for the Professional Ethics of Clinical Practice of Reproductive Medicine -- Conclusion -- References -- Part III: Rights to Reproduce -- 6: ART: Right to Reproduce -- ART: The Past and the Future -- Pillars of Assisted Reproduction -- Legal Components of ART -- Ethical Components of ART -- Conclusion -- References -- 7: Surrogate Pregnancies: Medical, Ethical, Legal, and Religious Aspects -- Types of Surrogacies -- Indications -- Surrogacy: A Controversial Issue -- Arguments Against Surrogacy -- Arguments Supporting Surrogacy -- Statements by International Ethical Committees -- Responsibilities of Physicians to Pregnant Women Participating in Surrogacy and to the Intended Parents -- Responsibilities of Infertility Specialists and Reproductive Endocrinologists to Intended Parents and Surrogate Mother -- Medical Outcomes in Surrogacy -- Psychological Effects of Surrogacy -- The Surrogate Mother -- The Child -- The Commissioning Couple -- The Surrogate Woman's Husband and Children -- The Social Aspects of Surrogacy -- Legalizing Surrogacy -- Legalizing Surrogacy in Israel [33-36] -- Guidelines Set by the Committee for Surrogacy -- Preconditions for Approving Surrogacy by the Approving Committee -- Expenses -- The Legal Status of the Newborn -- Surrogate Mother Withdrawal from the Agreement -- Legal Rights of the Surrogate Mother -- The Legal Aspects of Surrogate Practice -- Israeli Ministry of Health Data 1996-2017 -- Religious Aspects of Surrogacy -- Judaism -- Christianity -- Islam -- Hinduism -- Buddhism -- Conclusions -- References -- 8: Human Reproductive Cloning -- Introduction -- Technical Aspects. , Attempts to Achieve Human Cloning -- The Position of National and International Bodies Toward Human Reproductive Cloning -- Ethical Considerations -- Conclusions -- References -- 9: The Postmenopausal Mother -- Introduction -- The Normative Question -- Bioethics of Late Motherhood -- The Woman -- What About the Second Principle? Do Not Harm -- What About Mental Health? -- The Child To Be -- Health Conditions and Life Expectancy of the Parents -- Stressful Life Conditions and Resilience of the Parents -- Resources and Family Structures of the Future Parents -- References -- 10: Sex Preselection -- Sex Selection Practices in Different Cultures -- Methods of Sex Selection -- Indications for Sex Selection -- Treating Different Cases as if They Are Alike in Sex Selection -- Ethical and Cultural Issues in Sex Selection -- References -- 11: Planned Oocyte Cryopreservation: Social Aspects -- Introduction -- Present Situation -- Outcome -- Emotional Aspects of POC -- Ethical and Societal Aspects of Planned Oocyte Cryopreservation -- Marketing and Patient's Expectations -- Funding -- POC as a Work Perk -- Birth at Advanced Age -- Non-utilized Oocytes -- Summary and Recommendations -- References -- 12: Medical, Social, Legal, and Religious Aspects of Genetic Donation -- Introduction -- Oocyte Donation -- Medical Complications in Recipients of Donor Oocytes -- The Neonate at Advanced Maternal/Parental Age -- Sperm Donation -- Ethical and Legal Considerations -- Payment for Donation of Genetic Material -- Embryo Donation -- Documentation and Registration -- Religious Aspects of Genetic Material Donation -- Roman Catholic Church -- Other Christian Churches -- Islam -- Judaism -- Hinduism -- Buddhism -- References -- 13: Informed Consent in Reproductive Therapy -- Introduction -- What Is Meant by Informed Consent? -- The Consequences of Informed Consent. , Ethical Justifications of the Rules of Informed Consent: Respect for the Patient Autonomy -- A Tool to Determine the Patients' Best Interests -- Practical Reasons for the Patient to Get the Information About the Treatment -- Implications for the Fertility Patient -- Challenges Related to Informed Consent in the Context of Assisted Reproduction -- Informed Consent to ART in Practice -- Are Patients Simply Overwhelmed with Information? -- Lessons to Be Taken from the Case Law -- Informed Consent from ART Perspective -- Conclusion -- References -- Part IV: Innovative Technologies -- 14: Artificial Intelligence in Reproductive Medicine -- Introduction -- How Does It Work? -- AI Limitations -- Implementation of AI in IVF -- AI and Monitoring During Treatment -- Imaging Analysis of the Ovary and Uterus -- Sperm and Oocyte Potential Analysis -- Embryo Selection -- Ploidy Prediction -- Quality Control in the IVF Lab -- AI and Pregnancy Prediction/Success IVF -- Conclusion -- References -- 15: PGT-A also Known as PGS: The Indications -- Definitions -- Indications -- Pregnancy -- Miscarriage -- Malformation -- Multiples -- Pointless ART Treatment -- Advanced Maternal Age (AMA), Repeated Miscarriage (RM), Repeated Implantation Failure (RIF) and Severe Male Factor (SMF) -- Ethics -- Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) -- Design of Studies -- Design of PGT-A Studies -- PGT-A Studies -- PGT-A: Use and Opinions -- Use -- Opinions -- References -- 16: The Essential Role of In Vitro Maturation in Assisted Reproduction -- Introduction -- Oocyte Physiology -- Potential Indications for IVM -- IVM in the Era of Antagonist Protocol with Agonist Trigger -- IVM Instead of Natural Cycle IVF -- IVM Instead of FSH/IUI -- IVM and Fertility Preservation for Cancer -- IVM and Resistant Ovary Syndrome -- Safety Concerns -- Conclusion -- References. , 17: Medical and Ethical Aspects of Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis (NIPT) -- Introduction -- History of Prenatal Diagnosis -- Techniques of NIPT -- Ethical Considerations in Prenatal Medicine -- References -- 18: Embryo-Specific Communication and Interaction with Maternal Environment: Role of Preimplantation Factor (PIF*) -- Maternal Awareness of Embryo Presence -- Embryo Signaling: To Be Specific or Not to Be Specific -- PIF-Specific Marker of Embryo Viability -- PIF Supports Embryo Development and Its Survival: Autocrine Effect -- PIF: Binding Sites Lead to Biological Activity -- PIF Primes and Promotes Uterine Receptivity -- PIF Promotes Controlled Trophoblast Invasion: Intimate Embryo-Maternal Communication -- PIF Prevents Spontaneous and LPS-Induced Fetal Loss -- PIF Regulates Maternal Systemic Immunity -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part V: Some Difficult Patients -- 19: Management of Infertility in Overweight or Obese Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients -- Prevalence -- Pay Attention to Visceral Fat, Not Only BMI -- Why Is PCOS Infertile? -- Pregnancy Outcome and Offspring Health -- Management of Overweight/Obese PCOS -- Lifestyle Improvement -- Diet -- Exercise -- Dietary Supplement -- Pharmacologic Therapy to Lose Weight -- Bariatric Surgery -- Combined Oral Contraceptives (COC) -- Summary -- References -- 20: Ethical Issues in Fertility-Sparing Treatments in Gynecological Oncology -- Introduction -- Fertility-Sparing Surgery -- The Role of Fertility Specialists in Preserving Fertility -- Ethical Issue -- Nonmaleficence -- Beneficence -- The Patient's Dilemma: Balancing Cancer and Fertility in Gynecologic Oncology -- Cervical Cancer -- Ovarian Cancer -- Endometrial Cancer -- Oncologic Safety of Assisted Reproductive Technology in Women with a History of Gynecologic Cancer -- Consent/Autonomy -- Informed Consent -- Justice -- Conclusion. , References.

Note: Intro -- Anticipatory Systems -- Foreword -- Preface to the First Edition -- Contents -- Preface to the Second Edition:The Nature of Life -- Prolegomena: What Speaks in Favor of an Inquiry into Anticipatory Processes? -- Chapter 1 Preliminaries -- Chapter 2 Natural and Formal Systems -- Chapter 3 The Modeling Relation -- Chapter 4 The Encodings of Time -- Chapter 5 Open Systems and the Modeling Relation -- Chapter 6 Anticipatory Systems -- Chapter 7 Appendix -- Chapter 8 Relational Science: Towards a Unified Theory of Nature -- Autobiographical Reminiscences -- The Devil's Advocate -- The Devil's Advocate -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Origin and Evolution of Viruses -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the First Edition -- Chapter 1. Early Replicons: Origin and Evolution -- ABSTRACT -- WHAT IS A REPLICON? -- SIMPLE REPLICONS AND THE ORIGIN OF REPLICATION -- RNA CATALYSIS AND THE RNA WORLD (FIGURE 1.3) -- REPLICATION AND COUPLING TO ENVIRONMENT -- REPLICATION IN OPEN SYSTEMS -- REPLICATION IN LIPID AGGREGATES -- PARABOLIC AND EXPONENTIAL GROWTH -- HYPERBOLIC GROWTH -- MOLECULAR EVOLUTION EXPERIMENTS -- FITNESS LANDSCAPES -- QUASISPECIES AND ERROR PROPAGATION -- EVOLUTION OF PHENOTYPES AND COMPUTER SIMULATION -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2. Structure and Evolution of Viroids -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- THE ORIGIN OF VIROIDS: MOLECULAR FOSSILS FROM THE RNA WORLD -- TAXONOMIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG VIROIDS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER RNAS -- MECHANISMS OF GENETIC VARIABILITY -- VIROID QUASISPECIES -- HAS RNA SILENCING SHAPED VIROID STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION? -- VIROID EPIDEMIOLOGY -- CONCLUDING REMARKS AND PERSPECTIVES -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3. Mutation, Competition, and Selection as Measured with Small RNA Molecules -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- THE EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM -- THE MECHANISM OF RNA REPLICATION -- SELECTION OF RNA SPECIES -- MUTATION IN REPLICATING RNA -- MUTANT SPECTRA -- RECOMBINATION AMONG RNA MOLECULES -- CREATING BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION FROM SCRATCH -- STRUCTURAL SIGNALS FOR REPLICATION -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4. Viral Quasispecies: Dynamics, Interactions, and Pathogenesis -- ABSTRACT -- FROM EARLY REPLICONS TO PRESENT-DAY RNA VIRUSES -- ERROR-PRONE REPLICATION NECESSITATES LIMITED GENETIC COMPLEXITY TO PROTECT AGAINST ERROR CATASTROPHE. , INTRA-POPULATION COMPLEMENTATION AND INTERFERENCE IN VIRAL QUASISPECIES: MUTANT DISTRIBUTIONS AS THE UNITS OF SELECTION -- FITNESS AND ITS MODULATION BY VIRAL POPULATION SIZE -- FITNESS VARIATIONS IN CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS -- OVERVIEW -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5. Comparative Studies of RNA Virus Evolution -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES OF RNA VIRUSES -- MEASURING RECOMBINATION -- THE ANALYSIS OF EVOLUTIONARY RATES AND TIMES TO COMMON ANCESTRY -- NATURAL SELECTION ON RNA VIRUSES -- THE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF RNA VIRUSES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6. Nucleic Acid Polymerase Fidelity and Viral Population Fitness -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- POLYMERASE FIVE-STEP KINETIC MECHANISM AND FIDELITY -- BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF POLYMERASE FUNCTION -- KINETICS AND THERMODYNAMICS OF POLYMERASE FIDELITY -- STRUCTURAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE ADDITION CYCLE AND FIDELITY -- POLYMERASE FIDELITY INFLUENCES VIRAL POPULATION FITNESS -- CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7. The Complex Interactions of Viruses and the RNAi Machinery: A Driving Force in Viral Evolution -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- RNA-SILENCING MECHANISMS -- ANTIVIRAL FUNCTION OF RNA SILENCING -- VIRUS-ENCODED miRNAs -- CELLULAR miRNAs AND VIRUSES -- EVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS OF RNAi -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8. The Role of the APOBEC3 Family of Cytidine Deaminases in Innate Immunity, G-to-A Hypermutation, and Evolution of Retroviruses -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- RETROVIRUSES AND CYTIDINE DEAMINASES -- MECHANISMS OF A3G ANTIVIRAL ACTION -- HIV-1 EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS -- CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9. Lethal Mutagenesis -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- BASIC MODEL -- DELETERIOUS MUTATIONS. , GRAPHICAL VISUALIZATION OF THE EXTINCTION THRESHOLD -- EXTINCTION IS THWARTED BY AN ERROR CATASTROPHE -- BENEFICIAL MUTATIONS -- ESTIMATING THE PARAMETERS OF LETHAL MUTAGENESIS -- SUBLETHAL MUTAGENESIS -- AN ALTERNATIVE MODEL OF MUTATION -- FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10. Evolution of dsDNA Tailed Phages -- ABSTRACT -- NATURAL POPULATIONS, ABUNDANCE AND TURNOVER -- GENOME COMPARISONS AND EVOLUTIONARY MECHANISMS -- SELECTIVE PRESSURES ON PHAGE GENES -- POPULATION STRUCTURE, METAGENOMICS -- DEEP EVOLUTIONARY CONNECTIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 11. More About Plant Virus Evolution: Past, Present, and Future -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- PLANTS, VIRUS HOSTS FROM A DIFFERENT UNIVERSE -- SYMBIOTIC AND COMMENSAL RELATIONSHIPS AND VIRUS SYNERGIES -- GENETIC DIVERSITY OF PLANT VIRUS POPULATIONS AND THE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES THAT PRODUCE AND CONTROL THAT DIVERSITY -- THE COMPARATIVE PHYLOGENETICS OF PLANT VIRUSES -- ORIGINS OF PLANT VIRUS FAMILIES -- POSTSCRIPT -- NOTE ADDED IN PROOF -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 12. Mutant Clouds and Bottleneck Events in Plant Virus Evolution -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- MUTATION RATES AND FREQUENCIES -- GENETIC BOTTLENECKS -- EVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS OF MUTANT SWARMS AND BOTTLENECKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 13. Retrovirus Evolution -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- GENOME ORGANIZATION AS A STARTING POINT -- STABILITY OF GENE ORGANIZATION YET AT LEAST SIX WAYS TO EXPRESS POL -- ERROR AND RECOMBINATION -- RETROVIRAL FIXATION RATES VARY HUGELY -- HOW FAR CAN VARIATION GO FOR A RETROVIRUS? -- PHYLOGENY -- GENOME DESIGN IMPACTS THE TEMPO OF EVOLUTION -- ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUSES AND MULTIPLE INTRODUCTIONS -- BACK TO THE FUTURE-OR RECOVERING RETROVIRAL ANCESTORS -- HOW GOOD IS THE RETROVIRAL TREE? -- THE FUTURE OF RETROVIRAL EVOLUTION? -- REFERENCES. , Chapter 14. Intra-host Dynamics and Evolution of HIV Infection -- ABSTRACT -- WITHIN-HOST POPULATION DYNAMICS OF HIV INFECTION -- EFFECTIVE POPULATION SIZE -- RECOMBINATION -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 15. The Impact of Rapid Evolution of Hepatitis Viruses -- ABSTRACT -- HEPATITIS A VIRUS -- HEPATITIS B VIRUS -- HEPATITIS C VIRUS -- HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS -- HEPATITIS E VIRUS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 16. Arbovirus Evolution -- ABSTRACT -- TRANSMISSION CYCLES, EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY AND SYSTEMATICS OF THE ARBOVIRUSES -- INFERENCES ON ARBOVIRUS EVOLUTION FROM PHYLOGENETIC STUDIES -- RECOMBINATION AND REASSORTMENT IN ARBOVIRUS EVOLUTION -- EMERGENCE MECHANISMS OF ZOONOTIC ARBOVIRAL DISEASES -- GEOGRAPHIC RANGE EXPANSION OF ARBOVIRUSES -- EFFECTS OF ARBOVIRUS TRANSMISSION CYCLES ON THEIR EVOLUTION -- OTHER IMPACTS OF VECTOR AND HOST BIOLOGY ON ARBOVIRUS EVOLUTION -- QUASISPECIES DIVERSITY IN ARBOVIRUSES -- CHALLENGES TO THE CONTROL OF ARBOVIRAL DISEASES -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 17. Evolution and Variation of the Parvoviruses -- ABSTRACT -- PARVOVIRUSES AND THEIR PROPERTIES -- GENE STRUCTURE AND REPLICATION -- VIRAL GENE FUNCTIONS -- NON-STRUCTURAL PROTEINS -- CAPSID PROTEINS AND GENES -- STRUCTURE AND VARIATION OF THE VIRAL CAPSID -- EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ANTIVIRAL IMMUNITY -- MECHANISMS OF TRANSMISSION -- IMMUNE RESPONSE AND PROTECTION -- GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AND VARIATION AMONG THE PARVOVIRUSES -- HUMAN B19 AND RELATED ERYTHROVIRUSES -- CPV AND RELATED VIRUSES -- ALEUTIAN MINK DISEASE VIRUS (AMDV) -- RODENT PARVOVIRUSES -- ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRUSES (AAV) -- GENETIC VARIATION AND REPLICATION ERROR RATE -- INTRA-HOST DIVERSITY DURING NATURAL INFECTIONS -- VIRUS VARIATION AT A POPULATION LEVEL (SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY) -- SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY OF CPV AND RELATED VIRUSES -- TEMPORAL VARIATION -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES. , Chapter 18. Genome Diversity and Evolution of Papillomaviruses -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- THE BIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF PAPILLOMAVIRUSES -- THE PHYLOGENY-BASED TAXONOMY OF PAPILLOMAVIRUSES -- RECENT EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES: ALPHA-PAPILLOMAVIRUSES AND THEIR VARIANTS -- GENETIC AND BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF ALPHA-PAPILLOMAVIRUSES FROM HUMANS, APES, AND MONKEYS -- HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUSES OF THE BETA, GAMMA, MU AND NU GENERA -- DEEPER BRANCHING OF THE PHYLOGENETIC TREE OF MAMMALIAN AND BIRD PAPILLOMAVIRUSES -- THE INTERPRETATION OF HOST-LINKED EVOLUTION -- ALTERNATIVE PHYLOGENETIC ASSEMBLAGES AND MECHANISMS OF PAPILLOMAVIRUS EVOLUTION -- THE RELEVANCE OF PAPILLOMAVIRUS PHYLOGENY FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH -- THE ORIGIN OF PAPILLOMAVIRUSES AND THE RELATIONSHIP OF PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE WITH OTHER FAMILIES OF VIRUSES -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 19. Origin and Evolution of Poxviruses -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- POXVIRUS GENOME ORGANIZATION -- ENTOMOPOXVIRINAE -- CHORDOPOXVIRINAE -- SURVIVAL STRATEGIES OF THE POXVIRUSES -- EVOLUTION OF IMMUNE EVASION -- POXVIRUS TROPISM AND HOST RANGE -- STUDIES IN EVOLUTION AT THE HOST SPECIES LEVEL -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 20. Molecular Evolution of the Herpesvirales -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- COMPARATIVE HERPESVIRUS GENOMICS -- PHYLOGENY OF HERPESVIRUSES -- EVOLUTION OF HERPESVIRUS GENE SYSTEMS -- FRONTIERS IN HERPESVIRUS GENOMIC EVOLUTION -- EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS OF THE ORDER HERPESVIRALES -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 21. The Widespread Evolutionary Significance of Viruses -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- EXEMPLARS OF VIRUS EVOLUTION -- FITNESS, CONSORTIA, AND PERSISTENCE -- THE REAL WORLD OF VIRAL RNA IN HUMAN DISEASE -- THE ANALYTICAL PROBLEM OF QUASISPECIES: GROUP SELECTION, RETICULATION, AND RECOMBINATION -- THE BIG BANG OF BIOLOGY -- GENOMIC STABILITY: PERSISTENCE AND TEMPERATE LIFESTYLE. , EPISOMAL STABILITY: THE P1 EXEMPLAR OF PERSISTENCE.

Note: Intro -- About Island Press -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Island Press Board of Directors 1995 -- Contents -- Figures, Tables, and Boxes -- Foreword -- Preface -- Executive Summary -- Fresh Water and the Freshwater Imperative -- Status of Fresh Waters and Challenges Ahead -- Directions for Freshwater Research -- Linking Research, Management, and Policy -- Implementation Requirements -- Appendix 1. FWI Research Agenda Participants -- Appendix 2. Books and Proceedings Reviewed by the FWl Steering Committee -- Literature Cited -- Glossary of Terms and Acronyms -- About the Authors -- Index.