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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental geology 40 (2000), S. 121-134 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Keywords Contamination ; Dereliction ; Desk studies ; Foundation remnants ; Rehabilitation ; Site investigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Contaminated and possibly hazardous ground represents a problem in all of the industrialized countries of the world. The investigation of a site that is suspected of being contaminated differs somewhat from a routine site investigation. Sampling of soils, groundwater and gas-producing material may be required. Various precautions may be necessary in doing this and operatives may have to wear protective clothing. Four case histories have been chosen to illustrate different aspects of the rehabilitation of abandoned contaminated land, namely, investigation, assessment, ground treatment and redevelopment. The first comes from Leeds in West Yorkshire, England, and outlines how a site investigation was undertaken and the nature of the contamination present, together with a note on the suggested redevelopment. The remaining three case histories are taken from the heavily industrialized district of the Ruhr in Germany, where extensive mining of coal and associated industries were developed from the mid-19th century onwards. The first considers the site of the former Graf Moltke mine near Essen. In this instance, the somewhat novel methods of data assessment and ground treatment are dealt with. The Mont Cenis site at Herne-Sodingen is one of the more notable old mining/industrial sites undergoing redevelopment in the state of North Rhine Westphalia. Hence, the case history concentrates of this aspect of rehabilitation. This involves not only the construction of new and interesting structures but an attempt to reduce energy consumption in an attempt to effect the concept of sustainable development of an urban area. The last example deals with the abandoned site of the Minister Achenbach mine at Lünen, where the ground conditions were further complicated by the presence of old bomb craters that had been filled with a variety of materials. In addition, because of the suspected presence of former foundation structures in the ground an electromagnetic survey was carried out across part of the site, the areas of high conductivity suggesting their presence.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 925-936 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Groundwater ; Aquifers ; Yield ; Recharge ; Quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Geotechnical and geological engineering 11 (1993), S. 185-201 
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Birefringence ; fissure ; microstructure ; kaolinite ; illite ; calcite ; pyrite ; plasticity ; activity ; strength
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Summary The Lower Lias Clay at Blockley, 20 km due south of Stratford-upon-Avon, UK, is thought to be representative of this clay formation over much of the Severn Basin. As far as the mineralogy of the clay is concerned, illite is the dominant clay mineral, kaolinite being subsidiary, with quartz, calcite, pyrite and chlorite/vermiculite present in subsidiary or accessory amounts. Weathering changes the mineralogy, with illite being degraded and calcite and pyrite being removed. Furthermore free iron oxide coatings become important as a result of weathering, with the maximum concentrations being present in the highly weathered material. The unweathered clay possesses a preferred orientation associated with turbostratic structures. At certain horizons microfolding and remoulding occurs in the unweathered clay and silty layers are displaced. Weathering has progressively destroyed the micro-structures present in the weathered clay horizons. The fissures in the Lower Lias Clay occur in five uniplanar sets. In the unweathered clay the intensity is fairly constant but it increases in a narrow zone just below the weathered horizons. The number of curved fissures also increases at this depth. This intense fissuring continues into the lowest zone of weathered clay where weathering is confined to the fissure surfaces. Fissures become less apparent in the more weathered horizons as more and more degradation has taken place. However, new smaller fissure systems are developed in the weathered clay, as are desiccation cracks. Engineering index properties and values of shear strength are given. Relationships between moisture content and strength, liquid limit and iron (Fe) content were observed, and a relationship between weathering zones and the shear strength-depth curve was established.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Geotechnical and geological engineering 13 (1995), S. 117-142 
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Sandstone ; petrography ; index properties ; tunnelling ; borability ; durability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Summary The Delivery Tunnel South forms part of a system of tunnels for conveying water from Lesotho to South Africa. The tunnel was excavated primarily by tunnel boring machine in the sandstones of the Clarens Formation. These sandstones are uniformly graded and fine grained with quartz being the most abundant mineral. They are mostly of aeolian origin. Their unconfined compressive strength varies appreciably, from moderately strong to extremely strong. The boreability of the sandstones was investigated by the Norwegian Institute of Technology tests and the total hardness. These tests showed that these sandstones would be relatively easy to bore, although moderately abrasive. The prediction proved correct. In fact, excavation of the tunnel was completed 20 months ahead of schedule, the rock conditions being better than expected. The long-term durability of these sandstones was investigated to establish criteria for concrete lining of the tunnel. A series of tests were undertaken to evaluate the durability. These included a number of soaking tests using different fluid media, wet and dry testing, erosion tests and brushing tests. This testing programme suggested that concrete lining of the intact sandstone was probably only required where the strength of the sandstone was less than 20 MPa and that therefore only a small percentage of the tunnel need be lined.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Geotechnical and geological engineering 15 (1997), S. 95-120 
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Tunnel boring machine ; rock mass classification ; boreability ; overbreak ; lining
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Summary The Delivery Tunnel North starts in Lesotho and continues into South Africa. It is divided into two sections by the Caledon and Little Caledon rivers. It runs through the mudrocks and sandstones of the Tarkastad Subgroup, and the Elliot and Molteno Formations. The tunnel was excavated by a double-shield tunnel boring machine, except for the sections beneath the two rivers, which were constructed by drill and blast methods. The tunnel boring machine was selected to bore through the anticipated changing ground conditions and also was capable of installing the segmental lining of the tunnel. Boreability tests showed that the sandstones and siltstones had good boreability, but that it was very low in the dolerite dykes. At depth, the weaker mudstones presented the worst tunnelling conditions, giving rise to squeezing ground and to shear failure with accompanying overbreak. Initially a small amount of cracking occurred in the tunnel lining but this was reduced significantly as experience was gained. Cracking was observed predominantly in the weaker rock types, and this was probably associated with overbreak.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 57 (1999), S. 225-237 
    ISSN: 1435-9537
    Keywords: Key words Coal mining ; Pillar and stall ; Subsidence ; Grouting ; Investigation ; Hazard zonation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumé Les travaux miniers abandonnés sont une cause potentielle d'effondrements et doivent donc être sérieusement étudiés dans les zones où des projets de constructions sont prévus. Au Royaume-Uni les informations nécessaires pour situer les risques potentiels existent généralement, mais éparpillées dans des endroits variés, et l'accès aux données peut prendre beaucoup de temps. Au cours des dernières années, des cartes géologiques thématiques ont été publiées pour certaines parties des bassins charbonniers britanniques. L'article décrit l'évolution historique des méthodes d'exploitation, en insistant sur le système des piliers abandonńes, qui a commencé au 16ème siècle. Les méthodes de reconnaissance telles que le marteau fond de trou et la géophysique sont brièvement évoquées et on insiste sur l'importance de réaliser des zonages. Les mesures de confortement des sites peuvent inclure du remblayage hydraulique ou des injections peu coûteuses. Dans les zones moins exposées, on peut utiliser des fondations spéciales.
    Notes: Abstract  Abandoned mine works are a potential cause of ground subsidence and hence are of major concern where development or re-development is to take place. In the United Kingdom, information necessary to locate potential hazards may be available but occurs in numerous scattered locations and it may require considerable time to access the data. In recent years thematic geological maps have been produced for some of the British coal field areas. The paper describes the historical evolution of the mining system, emphasising the pillar workings which began in the sixteenth century. Methods of investigation such as downhole hammer and geophysics are briefly mentioned and the importance of zoning the land discussed. Stabilisation measures may involve occupying the workings with hydraulically-emplaced fill or cheap bulk grout. In areas of less risk, special foundation structures may be used.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 59 (2000), S. 173-185 
    ISSN: 1435-9537
    Keywords: Keywords Reclamation ; Coal mines ; Derelict sites ; Mineral workings ; Yorkshire ; Ruhr ; Mots clés Remise en état ; Mines de charbon ; Sites abandonnés ; Travaux miniers ; Yorkshire ; Ruhr
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les sites abandonnés constituent une ressource gaspillée et présentent un effet dégradant sur les régions avoisinantes. C'est pourquoi leur restauration est hautement souhaitable. Quatre études de cas concernant différents aspects de l'abandon et de la restauration sont présentées. Le premier exemple se rapporte à deux vieux terrils du sud du Yorkshire (Angleterre), qui furent restaurés, une partie du site étant aménagé pour une boulangerie tandis que le reste était transformé en espace naturel. De tels travaux de restauration conduisent à des mouvements de terres à grande échelle pour obtenir de nouvelles formes topographiques. Après terrassement des matériaux, installation de drainages et labour, les produits de terril ont été traités à la chaux et recouverts d'un sol. Des engrais ont été répandus avant ensemencement et plantation. L'exemple suivant est relatif à une exploitation abandonnée de sables et graviers de l'ouest du Yorkshire qui fut transformée en une marina. Les anciennes exploitations furent submergées et divisées par deux digues en trois grands bassins. Les terrassements permirent de former un lac avec des îles. Quelques travaux d'extraction et de remblaiement furent nécessaires pour l'aménagement des rives du lac. Le lac fut reliéà un canal voisin et un traitement paysager du site fut réalisé. Les deux autres exemples concernent la région fortement industrialisée de la Ruhr, en Allemagne. Les deux sites correspondant à d'anciennes exploitations de charbon et industries associées étaient contaminés et comportaient des ouvrages aux lourdes fondations. Les études de site et les travaux de réhabilitation de ces deux régions sont décrits.
    Notes: Abstract  Derelict land is a wasted resource and has a blighting effect on the surrounding area hence its restoration is highly desirable. Four case histories involving different aspects of dereliction and restoration are outlined. The first example considers two old colliery spoil heaps in South Yorkshire, England, which were restored, part of the site being developed for a bakery whilst the rest became a parkland. Such restoration work is essentially a large-scale exercise in earthmoving in order to achieve an acceptable contoured landform. After regrading, installation of drainage and harrowing, the spoil was treated with lime and covered with soil. Fertilizers were applied prior to seeding and planting. The next example describes an abandoned sand and gravel pit in West Yorkshire which was converted to a marina. The old workings were flooded and were separated by two berms into three large ponds. The berms were moved to form a lake with islands. Some regrading of the sides of the lake was necessary which involved cut- and -fill. Access was provided from the lake to an adjacent canal and the site was landscaped. The two remaining examples are from the heavily industrialized district of the Ruhr in Germany. Both were sites of former coal mining and associated industries and were contaminated as well as having old heavy foundation structures in the ground. The site investigations and rehabilitation of both areas are described.
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