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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Group size in wedge-capped capuchin monkeys Cebus olivaceus and the reproductive success of males and females (1988)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 23 (1988), S. 187-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effect of variation in group size on age-specific survivorship and fecundity rates were examined in a population of wedge-capped capuchin monkeys Cebus olivaceus during a 10 year study. Life tables were constructed separately for four large (≥15 individuals) and four small groups (〈15 individuals). Female reproductive success, and its relative contribution to population growth, was much higher in large groups, primarily through higher age-specific fecundity. Age-specific survivorship was similar in groups of different sizes. The reproductive success of the single breeding male in a group was much higher in large than small groups. Compared to small groups, breeding males in large groups had a longer breeding tenure, and access to greater numbers of reproductive females with a higher average fecundity. Differences in female reproductive success apparently resulted from variation in access to monopolizable fruit trees. Large groups predictably displaced small groups during intergroup encounters. Group rank depended on the number of males resident in groups. The large number of non-breeding males in large groups results from their longer average residency time. I explain the longer residency of males in large groups by the higher average reproductive success of breeding males in these groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300353
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kautschuk (1942)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 123 (1942), S. 42-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01735307
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystallization processes in aluminium hydroxide gels (1964)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 198 (1964), S. 53-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Änderungen in der spezifischen Oberfläche interpretiert in Verbindung mit Röntgenbeugung und elektronenmikroskopischen Aufnahmen wurden angewendet, um die Bildung von Pseudoböhmit und Bayerit aus amorphem Aluminiumhydroxid zu verfolgen. Die ausgefällten Produkte, im wesentlichen frei von Fremdionen, wurden durch Hydrolyse von Aluminium-s-butoxid und Alterung in Wasser, wäßrigem Äthanol und wäßrigem Glycerin untersucht. Ein Vergleich der Kristallisationsgeschwindigkeiten in diesen Medien legt nahe, daß Pseudoböhmit durch eine inter- und intra-Teilchenkondensation durch Hydroxylgruppen gebildet wird, während Bayerit durch Lösungs-und Rekristallisationsprozesse entsteht. Mögliche geschwindigkeitsbestimmende Faktoren dieser Mechanismen werden betrachtet, und die Rolle der Partikel-verklebung, deren Ausmaß von der Natur des Lösungsmittels abhängt, wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Changes in specific surface area, interpreted in conjunction withX-ray powder diffraction and electron microscopy, have been used to follow the formation of pseudoboehmite and bayerite from amorphous aluminium hydroxide. Precipitates, essentially free from foreign ions, were prepared by the hydrolysis of aluminium s-butoxide and ageing in water, aqueous ethanol and aqueous glycerol was studied. A comparison of rates of crystallization in these media provides evidence for the idea that pseudoboehmite is formed by an inter- and intra-particle condensation involving hydroxyl groups while bayerite is formed by a dissolution and recrystallization process. Possible rate determining factors in these mechanisms are considered and the role of particle aggregation-cementation, the degree of which depends on the nature of the solvent, is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01499454
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
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    Statin use and risk of haemorrhagic stroke in a community-based cohort of postmenopausal women: an observational study from the Women's Health Initiative (2015)
    Salmoirago-Blotcher, E., Hovey, K. M., Andrews, C. A., Robinson, J. G., Johnson, K. C., Wassertheil-Smoller, S., Crawford, S., Qi, L., Martin, L. W., Ockene, J., Manson, J. E., Nabel, E., Rossouw, J., Ludlam, S., McGowan, J., Ford, L., Geller, N., Prentice, R., Anderson, G., La; Croix, A., Kooperberg, C. L., Patterson, R. E., McTiernan, A., Stein, E., Cummings, S., Rajkovic, A., Eaton, C. B., Phillips, L., Beresford, S., Chlebowski, R., Michael, Y., Caan, B., Kotchen, J. M., Howard, B. V., Van Horn, L., Black, H., Stefanick, M. L., Lane, D., Jackson, R., Lewis, C. E., Thomson, C. A., Wactawski-Wende, J., Robbins, J., Hubbell, F. A., Nathan, L., Langer, R. D., Gass, M., Limacher, M., Curb, J. D., Wallace, R., Lasser, N., O'Sullivan, M. J., Margolis, K., Brunner, R., Heiss, G., Kuller, L., Brzyski, R., Sarto, G. E., Vitolins, M., Simon, M., Shumaker, S.
    BMJ Publishing
    In: BMJ Open
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-26
    Description: Objectives To determine whether statin treatment is associated with increased risk of haemorrhagic stroke (HS) in older women. A secondary objective was to evaluate HS risk in users of combined statin and antiplatelet treatment. Design Observational study: secondary data analysis from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) clinical trials. Setting Women were recruited from 40 participating sites. Participants Cohort of 68 132 women followed through 2005 (parent study) and for an additional 5 years in the extension study. Main outcome measures Statin use was assessed at baseline and at follow-up visits (1, 3, 6 and 9 years). Women brought medications in original containers for inventory. Strokes were ascertained semiannually and centrally adjudicated. Risk of HS by statin use (time-varying covariate, with the ‘no use’ category as the referent) was estimated from Cox proportional hazard regression models adjusted for age (model 1); risk factors for HS (model 2); and possible confounders by indication (model 3). Prespecified subgroup analyses were conducted by use of antiplatelet medications. Results Final models included 67 882 women (mean age, 63±7 years). Over a mean follow-up of 12 years, incidence rates of HS were 6.4/10 000 person-years among statin users and 5.0/10 000 person-years among non-users (p=0.11). The unadjusted risk of HS in statin users was 1.21 (CI 0.96 to 1.53); after adjusting for age and HS risk factors the HR was 0.98 (CI 0.76 to 1.26). Risk of HS was higher among women on statins and antiplatelet agents versus women on antiplatelet medications alone (HR=1.59; CI 1.03 to 2.47); p for interaction=0.011. Conclusions This retrospective analysis did not show an association between statin use and HS risk among older women. HS risk was higher among women taking statins with antiplatelet agents. These findings warrant further investigation, given potential implications for clinical decision-making.
    Keywords: Open access, Cardiovascular medicine, Epidemiology
    Electronic ISSN: 2044-6055
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by BMJ Publishing
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  • 5
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    The 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: a new paradigm supported by more evidence (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: Aims The 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association cholesterol guideline was a major paradigm shift and heavily criticized by some experts. A better understanding of the methodology used to develop the guideline, the guideline recommendations, and the evidence supporting them addresses many of criticisms. Methods and results An extensive body of evidence from randomized clinical trials supports the new risk-based approach. The emphasis is on the appropriate intensity of statin therapy in patients most likely to benefit. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines have taken a similar approach. Recent studies have found the 2013 guideline outperforms earlier cholesterol guidelines recommending low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) treatment thresholds and targets. The 2013 cholesterol guideline better identifies high-risk patients with a greater burden of atherosclerosis and avoids treating those at lower risk with little atherosclerosis; its application would prevent up to 450 000 more atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events over 10 years. The 2013 cholesterol guideline also recommends regularly monitoring LDL-C levels to assess adherence to lifestyle and drug therapy, and adjusting treatment based on response to therapy and adverse events. Non-statins shown to reduce ASCVD events when added to statin therapy, and that have an acceptable margin of safety in randomized, controlled clinical trials, are preferred. Ezetimibe has now been shown to meet this standard. Conclusions The concept of net benefit introduced in the 2013 ACC/AHA cholesterol guideline identifies patients most likely to benefit from statin therapy to reduce ASCVD risk. Net benefit, incorporating the absolute ASCVD risk of a patient and the relative reduction in ASCVD risk based on the magnitude of LDL-C reduction from the addition of a non-statin, can be used when considering whether to add ezetimibe or another LDL-C lowering drug.
    Print ISSN: 0195-668X
    Electronic ISSN: 1522-9645
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 6
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    Genetic Predisposition to Dyslipidemia and Risk of Preeclampsia (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: BACKGROUND Large epidemiologic studies support the role of dyslipidemia in preeclampsia; however, the etiology of preeclampsia or whether dyslipidemia plays a causal role remains unclear. We examined the association between the genetic predisposition to dyslipidemia and risk of preeclampsia using validated genetic markers of dyslipidemia. METHODS Preeclampsia cases ( n = 164) and normotensive controls ( n = 110) were selected from live birth certificates to nulliparous Iowa women during the period August 2002 to May 2005. Disease status was verified by medical chart review. Genetic predisposition to dyslipidemia was estimated by 4 genetic risk scores (GRS) (total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides) on the basis of established loci for blood lipids. Logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationships between each of the 4 genotype scores and preeclampsia. Replication analyses were performed in an independent, US population of preeclampsia cases ( n = 516) and controls ( n = 1,097) of European ancestry. RESULTS The GRS related to higher levels of TC, LDL-C, and triglycerides demonstrated no association with the risk of preeclampsia in either the Iowa or replication population. The GRS related to lower HDL-C was marginally associated with an increased risk for preeclampsia (odds ratio (OR) = 1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.99–1.07; P = 0.10). In the independent replication population, the association with the HDL-C GRS was also marginally significant (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00–1.06; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a potential effect between the genetic predisposition to dyslipidemic levels of HDL-C and an increased risk of preeclampsia, and, as such, suggest that dyslipidemia may be a component along the causal pathway to preeclampsia.
    Print ISSN: 0895-7061
    Electronic ISSN: 1879-1905
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 7
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    Comparison of Lifestyle-Based and Traditional Cardiovascular Disease Prediction in a Multiethnic Cohort of Nonsmoking Women [Epidemiology and Prevention] (2014)
    American Heart Association (AHA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-21
    Description: Background— Healthy levels of lifestyle factors can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, except for smoking status, often considered a traditional risk factor, their effect on cardiovascular risk prediction is unclear. Methods and Results— We used a case-cohort design of postmenopausal nonsmokers in the multiethnic Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study (1587 cases and 1808 subcohort participants) with a median follow-up of 10 years in noncases. Compared with nonsmokers with no other healthy lifestyle factors (healthy diet, recreational physical activity, moderate alcohol use, and low adiposity), the risk of cardiovascular disease was lower for each additional factor (hazard ratio for trend, 0.82; 95% confidence interval, 0.76–0.89), with a 45% reduction in risk with all factors (95% confidence interval, 0.36–0.84). When lifestyle factors were added to traditional risk factor models (variables from the Pooled Cohort and Reynolds risk scores), only recreational physical activity remained independently associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease. The addition of detailed lifestyle measures to traditional models showed a change in the integrated discrimination improvement and continuous net reclassification improvement ( P 〈0.01 for both) but had little impact on more clinically relevant risk stratification measures. Conclusions— Although lifestyle factors have important effects on cardiovascular disease risk factors and subsequent risk, their addition to established cardiovascular disease risk models does not result in clear improvement in overall prediction.
    Keywords: Primary prevention, Risk Factors, Epidemiology
    Electronic ISSN: 1524-4539
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by American Heart Association (AHA)
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  • 8
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    Building on Nature : Area-based conservation as a key tool for delivering SDGs (2021)
    Institute for European Environmental Policy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-29
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Report - other report
  • 9
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    Nonstatin Low-Density Lipoprotein-Lowering Therapy and Cardiovascular Risk Reduction--Statement From ATVB Council [Special Article] (2015)
    American Heart Association (AHA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-22
    Description: Pharmacological reduction of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol using statin drugs is foundational therapy to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Here, we consider the place of nonstatin therapies that also reduce LDL cholesterol in prevention of CVD. Among conventional nonstatins, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials showed that bile acid sequestrants, niacin, and fibrates given as monotherapy each reduce CVD end points. From trials in which patients’ LDL cholesterol was already well controlled on a statin, adding ezetimibe incrementally reduced CVD end points, whereas adding a fibrate or niacin showed no incremental benefit. Among emerging nonstatins, monoclonal antibodies against proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 added to a statin and given for ≤78 weeks showed preliminary evidence of reductions in CVD outcomes. Although these promising early findings contributed to the recent approval of these agents in Europe and in North America, much larger and longer duration outcomes studies are ongoing for definitive proof of CVD benefits. Other nonstatin agents recently approved in the United States include lomitapide and mipomersen, which both act via distinctive LDL receptor independent mechanisms to substantially reduce LDL cholesterol in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. We also address some unanswered questions, including measuring alternative biochemical variables to LDL cholesterol, evidence for treating children with monitoring of subclinical atherosclerosis, and potential risks of extremely low LDL cholesterol. As evidence for benefit in CVD prevention accumulates, we anticipate that clinical practice will shift toward more assertive LDL-lowering treatment, using both statins and nonstatins initiated earlier in appropriately selected patients.
    Keywords: Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Primary prevention, Secondary prevention, Risk Factors, Lipid and lipoprotein metabolism
    Print ISSN: 1079-5642
    Electronic ISSN: 1524-4636
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by American Heart Association (AHA)
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  • 10
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    Letter by Robinson Regarding Articles, "Bringing Back Targets to 'IMPROVE Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes: The Duel for Dual Goals; Are Two Targets Better Than One?" and "Achievement of Dual Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and High-Sen (2016)
    American Heart Association (AHA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-29
    Keywords: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Secondary Prevention
    Electronic ISSN: 1524-4539
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by American Heart Association (AHA)
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