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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Future Projections of Antarctic Ice Shelf Melting Based on CMIP5 Scenarios
    American Meteorological Society ; 2018
    In:  Journal of Climate Vol. 31, No. 13 ( 2018-07), p. 5243-5261
    Details
    In: Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 31, No. 13 ( 2018-07), p. 5243-5261
    Abstract: Basal melting of Antarctic ice shelves is expected to increase during the twenty-first century as the ocean warms, which will have consequences for ice sheet stability and global sea level rise. Here we present future projections of Antarctic ice shelf melting using the Finite Element Sea Ice/Ice-Shelf Ocean Model (FESOM) forced with atmospheric output from models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). CMIP5 models are chosen based on their agreement with historical atmospheric reanalyses over the Southern Ocean; the best-performing models are ACCESS 1.0 and the CMIP5 multimodel mean. Their output is bias-corrected for the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. During the twenty-first-century simulations, total ice shelf basal mass loss increases by between 41% and 129%. Every sector of Antarctica shows increased basal melting in every scenario, with the largest increases occurring in the Amundsen Sea. The main mechanism driving this melting is an increase in warm Circumpolar Deep Water on the Antarctic continental shelf. A reduction in wintertime sea ice formation simulated during the twenty-first century stratifies the water column, allowing a warm bottom layer to develop and intrude into ice shelf cavities. This effect may be overestimated in the Amundsen Sea because of a cold bias in the present-day simulation. Other consequences of weakened sea ice formation include freshening of High Salinity Shelf Water and warming of Antarctic Bottom Water. Furthermore, freshening around the Antarctic coast in our simulations causes the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to weaken and the Antarctic Coastal Current to strengthen.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0894-8755 , 1520-0442
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0854.1
    DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0854.s1
    RVK:
    UA 4548
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2018
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    From pole to pole: 33 years of physical oceanography onboard R/V 〈i〉Polarstern〈/i〉
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2017
    In:  Earth System Science Data Vol. 9, No. 1 ( 2017-03-21), p. 211-220
    Details
    In: Earth System Science Data, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 9, No. 1 ( 2017-03-21), p. 211-220
    Abstract: Abstract. Measuring temperature and salinity profiles in the world's oceans is crucial to understanding ocean dynamics and its influence on the heat budget, the water cycle, the marine environment and on our climate. Since 1983 the German research vessel and icebreaker Polarstern has been the platform of numerous CTD (conductivity, temperature, depth instrument) deployments in the Arctic and the Antarctic. We report on a unique data collection spanning 33 years of polar CTD data. In total 131 data sets (1 data set per cruise leg) containing data from 10 063 CTD casts are now freely available at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.860066. During this long period five CTD types with different characteristics and accuracies have been used. Therefore the instruments and processing procedures (sensor calibration, data validation, etc.) are described in detail. This compilation is special not only with regard to the quantity but also the quality of the data – the latter indicated for each data set using defined quality codes. The complete data collection includes a number of repeated sections for which the quality code can be used to investigate and evaluate long-term changes. Beginning with 2010, the salinity measurements presented here are of the highest quality possible in this field owing to the introduction of the OPTIMARE Precision Salinometer.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1866-3516
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/essd-9-211-2017
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2475469-9
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Intercomparison of Antarctic ice-shelf, ocean, and sea-ice interactions simulated by MetROMS-iceshelf and FESOM 1.4
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2018
    In:  Geoscientific Model Development Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2018-04-10), p. 1257-1292
    Details
    In: Geoscientific Model Development, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2018-04-10), p. 1257-1292
    Abstract: Abstract. An increasing number of Southern Ocean models now include Antarctic ice-shelf cavities, and simulate thermodynamics at the ice-shelf/ocean interface. This adds another level of complexity to Southern Ocean simulations, as ice shelves interact directly with the ocean and indirectly with sea ice. Here, we present the first model intercomparison and evaluation of present-day ocean/sea-ice/ice-shelf interactions, as simulated by two models: a circumpolar Antarctic configuration of MetROMS (ROMS: Regional Ocean Modelling System coupled to CICE: Community Ice CodE) and the global model FESOM (Finite Element Sea-ice Ocean Model), where the latter is run at two different levels of horizontal resolution. From a circumpolar Antarctic perspective, we compare and evaluate simulated ice-shelf basal melting and sub-ice-shelf circulation, as well as sea-ice properties and Southern Ocean water mass characteristics as they influence the sub-ice-shelf processes. Despite their differing numerical methods, the two models produce broadly similar results and share similar biases in many cases. Both models reproduce many key features of observations but struggle to reproduce others, such as the high melt rates observed in the small warm-cavity ice shelves of the Amundsen and Bellingshausen seas. Several differences in model design show a particular influence on the simulations. For example, FESOM's greater topographic smoothing can alter the geometry of some ice-shelf cavities enough to affect their melt rates; this improves at higher resolution, since less smoothing is required. In the interior Southern Ocean, the vertical coordinate system affects the degree of water mass erosion due to spurious diapycnal mixing, with MetROMS' terrain-following coordinate leading to more erosion than FESOM's z coordinate. Finally, increased horizontal resolution in FESOM leads to higher basal melt rates for small ice shelves, through a combination of stronger circulation and small-scale intrusions of warm water from offshore.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1991-9603
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/gmd-11-1257-2018
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2456725-5
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Regional and global effects of southern ocean constraints in a global model
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2008
    In:  Ocean Dynamics Vol. 58, No. 3-4 ( 2008-11), p. 155-168
    Details
    In: Ocean Dynamics, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 58, No. 3-4 ( 2008-11), p. 155-168
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1616-7341 , 1616-7228
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s10236-008-0143-8
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2063267-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 201122-0
    SSG: 14
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Southern Ocean warming and increased ice shelf basal melting in the twenty-first and twenty-second centuries based on coupled ice-ocean finite-element modelling
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2013
    In:  Ocean Dynamics Vol. 63, No. 9-10 ( 2013-10), p. 1011-1026
    Details
    In: Ocean Dynamics, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 63, No. 9-10 ( 2013-10), p. 1011-1026
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1616-7341 , 1616-7228
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s10236-013-0642-0
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2063267-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 201122-0
    SSG: 14
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Deep and Bottom Water of the Weddell Sea's Western Rim
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 1993
    In:  Science Vol. 262, No. 5130 ( 1993-10), p. 95-97
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 262, No. 5130 ( 1993-10), p. 95-97
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.262.5130.95
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0
    SSG: 11
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Seasonal circulation under the eastern Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1995
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans Vol. 100, No. C6 ( 1995-06-15), p. 10873-10885
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 100, No. C6 ( 1995-06-15), p. 10873-10885
    Abstract: An annual cycle of shelf water temperatures and salinities measured at depth near the eastern Ross Ice Shelf front is used to force a two‐dimensional thermohaline circulation model adapted to different subice paths in the vicinity of Roosevelt Island. These paths were assumed to have constant water column thicknesses of 160, 200, and 240 m and lengths of 460–800 km. Additional simulations with the longer cavity included a 80‐m thick interior water column in order to approximate conditions closer to the grounding line. Model results were compared with other long‐term measurements that showed outflow from beneath the ice shelf. Shelf water flowing into the cavity west of Roosevelt Island appears to follow a cyclonic route around the island. The ice shelf base loses mass at a rate of 18–27 cm yr −1 , with seasonal forcing increasing the spatial and temporal variability of circulation and property distributions in the larger cavities. Shallow cavities reduce the influence of shelf water variability with increasing length. Introducing a transient shelf water temperature rise of 0.01°C yr −1 for 100 years increases the melt rate by 4–5 times. However, this increase is smaller if salinity also decreases over the same period of time, as might be expected from the added meltwater component.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/95JC00753
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1995
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161666-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161667-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2969341-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161665-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094268-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 710256-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016804-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094181-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094219-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094167-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2220777-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094197-0
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 8
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    Future sea-level rise due to projected ocean warming beneath the Filchner Ronne Ice Shelf: A coupled model study
    Elsevier BV ; 2015
    In:  Earth and Planetary Science Letters Vol. 431 ( 2015-12), p. 217-224
    Details
    In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Elsevier BV, Vol. 431 ( 2015-12), p. 217-224
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0012-821X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2015.09.013
    RVK:
    TE 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 300203-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1466659-5
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Tidal Mixing in the Southern Weddell Sea: Results from a Three-Dimensional Model
    American Meteorological Society ; 2002
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography Vol. 32, No. 7 ( 2002-07), p. 2151-2170
    Details
    In: Journal of Physical Oceanography, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 32, No. 7 ( 2002-07), p. 2151-2170
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-3670 , 1520-0485
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032〈2151:TMITSW〉2.0.CO;2
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2002
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2042184-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 184162-2
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Fate of the Southern Weddell Sea Continental Shelf in a Warming Climate
    American Meteorological Society ; 2017
    In:  Journal of Climate Vol. 30, No. 12 ( 2017-06), p. 4337-4350
    Details
    In: Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 30, No. 12 ( 2017-06), p. 4337-4350
    Abstract: Warm water of open ocean origin on the continental shelf of the Amundsen and Bellingshausen Seas causes the highest basal melt rates reported for Antarctic ice shelves with severe consequences for the ice shelf/ice sheet dynamics. Ice shelves fringing the broad continental shelf in the Weddell and Ross Seas melt at rates orders of magnitude smaller. However, simulations using coupled ice–ocean models forced with the atmospheric output of the HadCM3 SRES-A1B scenario run (CO 2 concentration in the atmosphere reaches 700 ppmv by the year 2100 and stays at that level for an additional 100 years) show that the circulation in the southern Weddell Sea changes during the twenty-first century. Derivatives of Circumpolar Deep Water are directed southward underneath the Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf, warming the cavity and dramatically increasing basal melting. To find out whether the open ocean will always continue to power the melting, the authors extend their simulations, applying twentieth-century atmospheric forcing, both alone and together with prescribed basal mass flux at the end of (or during) the SRES-A1B scenario run. The results identify a tipping point in the southern Weddell Sea: once warm water flushes the ice shelf cavity a positive meltwater feedback enhances the shelf circulation and the onshore transport of open ocean heat. The process is irreversible with a recurrence to twentieth-century atmospheric forcing and can only be halted through prescribing a return to twentieth-century basal melt rates. This finding might have strong implications for the stability of the Antarctic ice sheet.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0894-8755 , 1520-0442
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0420.1
    RVK:
    UA 4548
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 246750-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021723-7
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