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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Forcing of late Cenozoic northern hemisphere climate by plateau uplift in southern Asia and the American west
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1989
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 94, No. D15 ( 1989-12-20), p. 18409-18427
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 94, No. D15 ( 1989-12-20), p. 18409-18427
    Abstract: Geologic evidence indicates that net vertical uplift occurred on a large (kilometer) scale and at accelerating rates during the middle and late Cenozoic in plateaus of southern Asia and the American west. Based on this evidence, General Circulation Model sensitivity tests were run to isolate the unique effects of plateau uplift on climate. The experiments simulated significant climatic changes in many places, some far from the uplifted regions. The basic direction of most of these simulated responses to progressive uplift is borne out by changes found in the geologic record: winter cooling of North America, northern Europe, northern Asia, and the Arctic Ocean; summer drying of the North American west coast, the Eurasian interior, and the Mediterranean; winter drying of the North American northern plains and the interior of Asia; and changes over the North Atlantic Ocean conducive to increased formation of deep water. The modeled changes result from increased orographic diversion of westerly winds, from cyclonic and anticyclonic surface flow induced by summer heating and winter cooling of the uplifted plateaus, and from the intensification of vertical circulation cells in the atmosphere caused by exchanges of mass between the summer‐heated (and winter‐cooled) plateaus and the mid‐latitude oceans. Disagreements between the geologic record and the model simulations in Alaska and the Southern Rockies and plains may be related mainly to the lack of narrow mountain barriers in the model orography. Taken together, the observed regional trends comprise much of the pattern of “late Cenozoic climatic deterioration” in the northern hemisphere that culminated in the Plio‐Pleistocene ice ages. The success of the uplift sensitivity experiment in simulating the correct pattern and sign of most of the observed regional climatic trends points to uplift as an important forcing function of late Cenozoic climatic change in the northern hemisphere at time scales longer than orbital variations; however, the modest amplitude of the uplift‐induced cooling simulated at high latitudes indicates a probable need for additional climatic forcing.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/JD094iD15p18409
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1989
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  • 12
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    Vertical Mixing of Ice-Rafted Volcanic Ash in North Atlantic Sediments
    Geological Society of America ; 1972
    In:  Geological Society of America Bulletin Vol. 83, No. 9 ( 1972), p. 2817-
    Details
    In: Geological Society of America Bulletin, Geological Society of America, Vol. 83, No. 9 ( 1972), p. 2817-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0016-7606
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[2817:VMOIVA]2.0.CO;2
    Language: English
    Publisher: Geological Society of America
    Publication Date: 1972
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  • 13
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    Oceanic Evidence for the Mechanism of Rapid Northern Hemisphere Glaciation
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 1980
    In:  Quaternary Research Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 1980-01), p. 33-64
    Details
    In: Quaternary Research, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 1980-01), p. 33-64
    Abstract: The oxygen isotopic stage 5/4 boundary in deep-sea sediments marks a prominent interval of northern hemisphere ice-sheet growth that lasted about 10,000 yr. During much of this rapid ice growth, the North Atlantic Ocean from at least 40°N to 60°N maintained warm sea-surface temperatures, within 1° to 2°C of today's subpolar ocean. This oceanic warmth provided a local source of moisture for ice-sheet accretion on the adjacent continents. The unusually strong thermal gradient off the east coast of North America (an “interglacial” ocean alongside a “glacial” land mass) also should have directed low-pressure storms from warm southern latitudes north-ward toward the Laurentide Ice Sheet. In addition, minimal calving of ice into the North Atlantic occurred during most of the stage 5/4 transition, indicative of ice retention within the continents. Diminished summer and autumn insolation, a warm subpolar ocean, and minimal calving of ice are conducive to rapid and extensive episodes of northern hemisphere ice-sheet growth.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0033-5894 , 1096-0287
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/0033-5894(80)90081-2
    RVK:
    RA 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 1980
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  • 14
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    Tectonic forcing of late Cenozoic climate
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 1992
    In:  Nature Vol. 359, No. 6391 ( 1992-9), p. 117-122
    Details
    In: Nature, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 359, No. 6391 ( 1992-9), p. 117-122
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0028-0836 , 1476-4687
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/359117a0
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 1992
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  • 15
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    North Atlantic sea-surface temperatures for the last 1.1 million years
    Geological Society of London ; 1986
    In:  Geological Society, London, Special Publications Vol. 21, No. 1 ( 1986-01), p. 155-173
    Details
    In: Geological Society, London, Special Publications, Geological Society of London, Vol. 21, No. 1 ( 1986-01), p. 155-173
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0305-8719 , 2041-4927
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.021.01.11
    Language: English
    Publisher: Geological Society of London
    Publication Date: 1986
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  • 16
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    The Mode and Mechanism of the Last Deglaciation: Oceanic Evidence
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 1981
    In:  Quaternary Research Vol. 16, No. 2 ( 1981-09), p. 125-134
    Details
    In: Quaternary Research, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 16, No. 2 ( 1981-09), p. 125-134
    Abstract: Changes in ocean temperature, carbonate productivity, and ice-rafted detritus in the North Atlantic suggest that half of the Northern Hemisphere ice volume at the last glacial maximum had disappeared by 13,000 yr B.P., despite the still-extensive limits of the ice sheets. This early thinning of the ice sheets occurred during a time when summer insolation values were slowly rising but when pollen evidence south of the ice margins indicates cold, dry air masses. We infer that this rapid early ice disintegration (16,000–13,000 yr B.P.) was caused by oceanic mechanisms: (1) rising sea level, causing increased calving along ice margins; (2) the chilling of the sea-surface by icebergs and meltwater, reducing moisture extraction by the atmosphere and transport to the ice sheets; and (3) winter freezing of the low-salinity meltwater layer, suppressing local moisture extraction and the regional influx of moisture-bearing storms from lower latitudes in winter and hence starving the ice sheets. These oceanic feedback mechanisms were strongest from 16,000 to 13,000 yr B.P., and weaker but still active from that date until the end of deglaciation at 6000 yr B.P.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0033-5894 , 1096-0287
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/0033-5894(81)90040-5
    RVK:
    RA 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 1981
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  • 17
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    Climatic effects of reduced Arctic sea ice limits in the Giss II General Circulation Model
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1990
    In:  Paleoceanography Vol. 5, No. 3 ( 1990-06), p. 367-382
    Details
    In: Paleoceanography, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 5, No. 3 ( 1990-06), p. 367-382
    Abstract: In this paper we present results of an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) experiment in which Arctic sea ice limits were substantially reduced in all months. March sea ice limits were set equivalent to modern September limits, and all sea ice was removed in September. Sea ice coverage for other months varied between these two extremes. This climate sensitivity experiment makes predictions about mean northern hemisphere atmospheric conditions (including temperature, pressure, wind patterns, and precipitation) consistent with these boundary constraints. The major effects of reduced sea ice limits are observed in winter. They include large regional warming of the circum‐Arctic region, northward migration of the Icelandic low pressure system, and strengthening of the Azores high. Changes in net heating over the North Atlantic Ocean suggest that increases in sea surface temperatures and salinities in this region would also accompany reductions in Arctic sea ice limits. In the wind field, a weakening of the polar easterlies and an intensification of cyclonic circulation over the Norwegian‐Greenland Sea suggest that surface water exchange between the Atlantic and Arctic would increase when sea ice limits are reduced. However, zonally averaged changes in strength of the westerlies or upper level jet stream are minimal. The late Pliocene cooling of the North Atlantic Ocean and North American Arctic margin may have been linked in part to the development of perennial sea ice cover.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0883-8305 , 1944-9186
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/PA005i003p00367
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1990
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  • 18
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    Late Pliocene variation in northern hemisphere ice sheets and North Atlantic deep water circulation
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1989
    In:  Paleoceanography Vol. 4, No. 4 ( 1989-08), p. 413-446
    Details
    In: Paleoceanography, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 4, No. 4 ( 1989-08), p. 413-446
    Abstract: High‐resolution records of δ 18 O, δ 13 O, and percent CaCO 3 from the late Pliocene North Atlantic (Deep Sea Drilling Project sites 607 and 609) are presented and oxygen isotope stages are formalized back to stage 116 at 2.73 Ma. From 2.8 to 1.6 Ma, the interval studied, variations in these records were dominated by the 41‐kyr component of orbital obliquity. Significant variation at the orbital frequencies of eccentricity (96‐kyr) and precession (23‐kyr) are observed in the δ 18 O record between 1.6 and 2.1 Ma, but not before. Prior to 2.4 Ma (stage 100), δ 18 O variations suggest ice sheet growth 1/4 to 1/2 as large as late Pleistocene ice volumes; however, these events are below the threshold needed to result in extensive ice‐rafting to the open North Atlantic Ocean. After 2.4 Ma, ice sheets appear to be, on average, 1/2 as large as those of the late Pleistocene. The δ 18 O record indicates that some glacial suppression of North Atlantic Deep Water occurred both before and after 2.4 Ma and that glacial‐interglacial transfers of 12 C between the continents and oceans appear to have been larger in the late Pliocene relative to the late Pleistocene. In addition, the strong 23‐kyr power observed in δ 18 O between 2.75 and 2.10 Ma suggests that deep‐sea circulation (or changes in biomass) is controlled, in part, by climatic variations unrelated to ice sheets.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0883-8305 , 1944-9186
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/PA004i004p00413
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1989
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  • 19
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    Pleistocene evolution: Northern hemisphere ice sheets and North Atlantic Ocean
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1989
    In:  Paleoceanography Vol. 4, No. 4 ( 1989-08), p. 353-412
    Details
    In: Paleoceanography, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 4, No. 4 ( 1989-08), p. 353-412
    Abstract: We analyze five high‐resolution time series spanning the last 1.65 m.y.: benthic foraminiferal δ 18 O and δ 13 O, percent CaCO 3 , and estimated sea surface temperature (SST) at North Atlantic Deep Sea Drilling Project site 607 and percent CaCO 3 at site 609. Each record is a multicore composite verified for continuity by splicing among multiple holes. These climatic indices portray changes in northern hemisphere ice sheet size and in North Atlantic surface and deep circulation. By tuning obliquity and precession components in the δ 18 O record to orbital variations, we have devised a time scale (TP607) for the entire Pleistocene that agrees in age with all K/Ar‐dated magnetic reversals to within 1.5%. The Brunhes time scale is taken from Imbrie et al. [1984], except for differences near the stage 17/16 transition (0.70 to 0.64 Ma). All indicators show a similar evolution from the Matuyama to the Brunhes chrons: orbital eccentricity and precession responses increased in amplitude; those at orbital obliquity decreased. The change in dominance from obliquity to eccentricity occurred over several hundred thousand years, with fastest changes around 0.7 to 0.6 Ma. The coherent, in‐phase responses of δ 18 O, δ 13 O, CaCO 3 and SST at these rhythms indicate that northern hemisphere ice volume changes have controlled most of the North Atlantic surface‐ocean and deep‐ocean responses for the last 1.6 m.y. The δ 13 O, percent CaCO 3 , and SST records at site 607 also show prominent changes at low frequencies, including a prominent long‐wavelength oscillation toward glacial conditions that is centered between 0.9 and 0.6 Ma. These changes appear to be associated neither with orbital forcing nor with changes in ice volume.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0883-8305 , 1944-9186
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/PA004i004p00353
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1989
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  • 20
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    Conference on the Last Deglaciation: Timing and Mechanism
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 1985
    In:  Quaternary Research Vol. 23, No. 1 ( 1985-01), p. 1-17
    Details
    In: Quaternary Research, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 23, No. 1 ( 1985-01), p. 1-17
    Abstract: For years paleoclimatologists have held the general view that the last deglaciation began around 17,000 to 15,000 yr ago, that the shape of the globally integrated deglacial curve was smoothly sigmoidal with the fastest rate of change centered around 11,000 yr ago, and that the deglaciation ended around 7000 to 5000 yr ago. Recent studies have challenged several aspects of this consensus and have suggested that the mechanisms responsible for the deglaciation are significantly different from those previously proposed. As a result, an international workshop was held at Airlie House in Virginia during May 2–6 of 1983 to evaluate a wide range of evidence relevant to this controversy. The conference results suggested that (1) the decrease in global ice volume occurred in two steps, with the dating of the earlier step still in doubt, but the later step occurring at about 10,000–7000 yr ago and (2) the most likely feedback mechanisms for accelerating the initial forcing by orbital variations are delayed bedrock rebound, marine downdraw/calving, and CO 2 heating.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0033-5894 , 1096-0287
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/0033-5894(85)90067-5
    RVK:
    RA 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 1985
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