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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    When are bacteria really gazelles? Comparing patchy ecologies with dimensionless numbers
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Ecology Letters Vol. 25, No. 5 ( 2022-05), p. 1323-1341
    Details
    In: Ecology Letters, Wiley, Vol. 25, No. 5 ( 2022-05), p. 1323-1341
    Abstract: From micro to planetary scales, spatial heterogeneity—patchiness—is ubiquitous in ecosystems, defining the environments in which organisms move and interact. However, most large‐scale models still use spatially averaged ‘mean fields’ to represent natural populations, while fine‐scale spatially explicit models are mostly restricted to particular organisms or systems. In a conceptual paper, Grünbaum (2012, Interface Focus 2: 150–155) introduced a heuristic, based on three dimensionless ratios quantifying movement, reproduction and resource consumption, to characterise patchy ecological interactions and identify when mean‐field assumptions are justifiable. We calculated these dimensionless numbers for 33 interactions between consumers and their resource patches in terrestrial, aquatic and aerial environments. Consumers ranged in size from bacteria to whales, and patches lasted from minutes to millennia, with separation scales from mm to hundreds of km. No interactions could be accurately represented by naive mean‐field models, though 19 (58%) could be partially simplified by averaging out movement, reproductive or consumption dynamics. Clustering interactions by their non‐dimensional ratios revealed several unexpected dynamic similarities. For example, bacterial Pseudoalteromonas exploit nutrient plumes similarly to Mongolian gazelles grazing on ephemeral steppe vegetation. We argue that dimensional analysis is valuable for characterising ecological patchiness and can link widely different systems into a single quantitative framework.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1461-023X , 1461-0248
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/ele.v25.5
    DOI: 10.1111/ele.13987
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020195-3
    SSG: 12
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Intermittent instability is widespread in plankton communities
    Wiley ; 2023
    In:  Ecology Letters Vol. 26, No. 3 ( 2023-03), p. 470-481
    Details
    In: Ecology Letters, Wiley, Vol. 26, No. 3 ( 2023-03), p. 470-481
    Abstract: Chaotic dynamics appear to be prevalent in short‐lived organisms including plankton and may limit long‐term predictability. However, few studies have explored how dynamical stability varies through time, across space and at different taxonomic resolutions. Using plankton time series data from 17 lakes and 4 marine sites, we found seasonal patterns of local instability in many species, that short‐term predictability was related to local instability, and that local instability occurred most often in the spring, associated with periods of high growth. Taxonomic aggregates were more stable and more predictable than finer groupings. Across sites, higher latitude locations had higher Lyapunov exponents and greater seasonality in local instability, but only at coarser taxonomic resolution. Overall, these results suggest that prediction accuracy, sensitivity to change and management efficacy may be greater at certain times of year and that prediction will be more feasible for taxonomic aggregates.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1461-023X , 1461-0248
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/ele.v26.3
    DOI: 10.1111/ele.14168
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020195-3
    SSG: 12
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Review Paper on Penetrating Brain Injury : Ethical Quandaries in the Trauma Bay and Beyond
    Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) ; 2023
    In:  Annals of Surgery Vol. 277, No. 1 ( 2023-01), p. 66-72
    Details
    In: Annals of Surgery, Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), Vol. 277, No. 1 ( 2023-01), p. 66-72
    Abstract: The aim of this review was to review the ethical and multidisciplinary clinical challenges facing trauma surgeons when resuscitating patients presenting with penetrating brain injury (PBI) and multicavitary trauma. Background: While there is a significant gap in the literature on managing PBI in patients presenting with multisystem trauma, recent data demonstrate that resuscitation and prognostic features for such patients remains poorly described, with trauma guidelines out of date in this field. Methods: We reviewed a combination of recent multidisciplinary evidence-informed guidelines for PBI and coupled this with expert opinion from trauma, neurosurgery, neurocritical care, pediatric and transplant surgery, surgical ethics and importantly our community partners. Results: Traditional prognostic signs utilized in traumatic brain injury may not be applicable to PBI with a multidisciplinary team approach suggested on a case-by-case basis. Even with no role for neurosurgical intervention, neurocritical care, and neurointerventional support may be warranted, in parallel to multicavitary operative intervention. Special considerations should be afforded for pediatric PBI. Ethical considerations center on providing the patient with the best chance of survival. Consideration of organ donation should be considered as part of the continuum of patient, proxy and family-centric support and care. Community input is crucial in guiding decision making or protocol establishment on an institutional level. Conclusions: Support of the patient after multicavitary PBI can be complex and is best addressed in a multidisciplinary fashion with extensive community involvement.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-4932
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000005608
    RVK:
    XA 23900
    Language: English
    Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2002200-1
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Type II Secretion System Delivers Matrix Proteins for Biofilm Formation by Vibrio cholerae
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2014
    In:  Journal of Bacteriology Vol. 196, No. 24 ( 2014-12-15), p. 4245-4252
    Details
    In: Journal of Bacteriology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 196, No. 24 ( 2014-12-15), p. 4245-4252
    Abstract: Gram-negative bacteria have evolved several highly dedicated pathways for extracellular protein secretion, including the type II secretion (T2S) system. Since substrates secreted via the T2S system include both virulence factors and degradative enzymes, this secretion system is considered a major survival mechanism for pathogenic and environmental species. Previous analyses revealed that the T2S system mediates the export of ≥20 proteins in Vibrio cholerae , a human pathogen that is indigenous to the marine environment. Here we demonstrate a new role in biofilm formation for the V. cholerae T2S system, since wild-type V. cholerae was found to secrete the biofilm matrix proteins RbmC, RbmA, and Bap1 into the culture supernatant, while an isogenic T2S mutant could not. In agreement with this finding, the level of biofilm formation in a static microtiter assay was diminished in T2S mutants. Moreover, inactivation of the T2S system in a rugose V. cholerae strain prevented the development of colony corrugation and pellicle formation at the air-liquid interface. In contrast, extracellular secretion of the exopolysaccharide VPS, an essential component of the biofilm matrix, remained unaffected in the T2S mutants. Our results indicate that the T2S system provides a mechanism for the delivery of extracellular matrix proteins known to be important for biofilm formation by V. cholerae . Because the T2S system contributes to the pathogenicity of V. cholerae by secreting proteins such as cholera toxin and biofilm matrix proteins, elucidation of the molecular mechanism of T2S has the potential to lead to the development of novel preventions and therapies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-9193 , 1098-5530
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/JB.01944-14
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481988-0
    SSG: 12
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Haploinsufficiency as a disease mechanism in GNB1 ‐associated neurodevelopmental disorder
    Wiley ; 2020
    In:  Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine Vol. 8, No. 11 ( 2020-11)
    Details
    In: Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine, Wiley, Vol. 8, No. 11 ( 2020-11)
    Abstract: GNB1 encodes a subunit of a heterotrimeric G‐protein complex that transduces intracellular signaling cascades. Disruptions to the gene have previously been shown to be embryonic lethal in knockout mice and to cause complex neurodevelopmental disorders in humans. To date, the majority of variants associated with disease in humans have been missense variants in exons 5‐7. Methods Genetic sequencing was performed on two patients presenting with complex neurological phenotypes including intellectual disability, hypotonia, and in one patient seizures. Reported variants were assessed using RNA sequencing and functional BRET/BiFC assays. Results A splice variant reported in patient 1 was confirmed to cause usage of a cryptic splice site leading to a truncated protein product. Patient 2 was reported to have a truncating variant. BRET and BiFC assays of both patient variants confirmed both were deficient in inducing GPCR‐induced G protein activation due to lack of dimer formation with the Gγ subunit. Conclusion Here, we report two patients with functionally confirmed loss of function variants in GNB1 and neurodevelopmental phenotypes including intellectual disability, hypotonia, and seizures in one patient. These results suggest haploinsufficiency of GNB1 is a mechanism for neurodevelopmental disorders in humans.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2324-9269 , 2324-9269
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.v8.11
    DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1477
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2734884-2
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Social Vulnerability and Firearm Violence: Geospatial Analysis of 5 US Cities
    Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) ; 2023
    In:  Journal of the American College of Surgeons
    Details
    In: Journal of the American College of Surgeons, Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
    Abstract: Firearm violence is now endemic to certain U.S. neighborhoods. Understanding factors that impact a neighborhood’s susceptibility to firearm violence is crucial for prevention. Using a nationally standardized measure to characterize community-level firearm violence risk has not been broadly studied but could enhance prevention efforts. Thus, we sought to examine the association between firearm violence and the social, structural, and geospatial determinants of health, as defined by the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI). Study Design: In this cross-sectional study, we merged 2018 SVI data on census tract with 2015-2021 shooting incidents from Baltimore (BAL), Chicago (CHI), Los Angeles (LA), New York City (NYC), and Philadelphia (PHL). We used negative binomial regression to associate the SVI with shooting incidents per 1,000 people in a census tract. Moran’s I statistics were used for geospatial analysis. Results: We evaluated 71,296 shooting incidents across 4,415 census tracts. Fifty-five percent of shootings occurred in 9.4% of census tracts. In all cities combined, a decile rise in SVI resulted in a 37% increase in shooting incidents (P 〈 .001). A similar relationship existed in each city: 30% increase in BAL (P 〈 .001), 50% in CHI (P 〈 .001), 28% in LA (P 〈 .001), 34% in NYC (P 〈 .001), and 41% in PHL (P 〈 .001). Shootings were highly clustered within the most vulnerable neighborhoods. Conclusion: In five major U.S. cities, firearm violence was concentrated in neighborhoods with high social vulnerability. A tool such as the SVI could be used to inform prevention efforts by directing resources to communities most in need and identifying factors on which to focus these programs and policies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1072-7515
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1097/XCS.0000000000000845
    Language: English
    Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Constraining nonlinear time series modeling with the metabolic theory of ecology
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2023
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 120, No. 12 ( 2023-03-21)
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 120, No. 12 ( 2023-03-21)
    Abstract: Forecasting the response of ecological systems to environmental change is a critical challenge for sustainable management. The metabolic theory of ecology (MTE) posits scaling of biological rates with temperature, but it has had limited application to population dynamic forecasting. Here we use the temperature dependence of the MTE to constrain empirical dynamic modeling (EDM), an equation-free nonlinear machine learning approach for forecasting. By rescaling time with temperature and modeling dynamics on a “metabolic time step,” our method (MTE-EDM) improved forecast accuracy in 18 of 19 empirical ectotherm time series (by 19% on average), with the largest gains in more seasonal environments. MTE-EDM assumes that temperature affects only the rate, rather than the form, of population dynamics, and that interacting species have approximately similar temperature dependence. A review of laboratory studies suggests these assumptions are reasonable, at least approximately, though not for all ecological systems. Our approach highlights how to combine modern data-driven forecasting techniques with ecological theory and mechanistic understanding to predict the response of complex ecosystems to temperature variability and trends.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211758120
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 209104-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461794-8
    SSG: 11
    SSG: 12
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Evaluating top‐down, bottom‐up, and environmental drivers of pelagic food web dynamics along an estuarine gradient
    Wiley ; 2024
    In:  Ecology
    Details
    In: Ecology, Wiley
    Abstract: Identification of the key biotic and abiotic drivers within food webs is important for understanding species abundance changes in ecosystems, particularly across ecotones where there may be strong variation in interaction strengths. Using structural equation models (SEMs) and four decades of integrated data from the San Francisco Estuary, we investigated the relative effects of top‐down, bottom‐up, and environmental drivers on multiple trophic levels of the pelagic food web along an estuarine salinity gradient and at both annual and monthly temporal resolutions. We found that interactions varied across the estuarine gradient and that the detectability of different interactions depended on timescale. For example, for zooplankton and estuarine fishes, bottom‐up effects appeared to be stronger in the freshwater upstream regions, while top‐down effects were stronger in the brackish downstream regions. Some relationships (e.g., bottom‐up effects of phytoplankton on zooplankton) were seen primarily at annual timescales, whereas others (e.g., temperature effects) were only observed at monthly timescales. We also found that the net effect of environmental drivers was similar to or greater than bottom‐up and top‐down effects for all food web components. These findings can help identify which trophic levels or environmental factors could be targeted by management actions to have the greatest impact on estuarine forage fishes and the spatial and temporal scale at which responses might be observed. More broadly, this study highlights how environmental gradients can structure community interactions and how long‐term data sets can be leveraged to generate insights across multiple scales.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0012-9658 , 1939-9170
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4274
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2024
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1797-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2010140-5
    SSG: 12
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Frequently asked questions about nonlinear dynamics and empirical dynamic modelling
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2020
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science Vol. 77, No. 4 ( 2020-07-01), p. 1463-1479
    Details
    In: ICES Journal of Marine Science, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 77, No. 4 ( 2020-07-01), p. 1463-1479
    Abstract: Complex nonlinear dynamics are ubiquitous in marine ecology. Empirical dynamic modelling can be used to infer ecosystem dynamics and species interactions while making minimal assumptions. Although there is growing enthusiasm for applying these methods, the background required to understand them is not typically part of contemporary marine ecology curricula, leading to numerous questions and potential misunderstanding. In this study, we provide a brief overview of empirical dynamic modelling, followed by answers to the ten most frequently asked questions about nonlinear dynamics and nonlinear forecasting.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1095-9289
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz209
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2463178-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1468003-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 29056-7
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  • 20
    Online Resource
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    Applying empirical dynamic modeling to distinguish abiotic and biotic drivers of population fluctuations in sympatric fishes
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Limnology and Oceanography Vol. 67, No. S1 ( 2022-02)
    Details
    In: Limnology and Oceanography, Wiley, Vol. 67, No. S1 ( 2022-02)
    Abstract: Fluctuations in the population abundances of interacting species are widespread. Such fluctuations could be a response to abiotic factors, biotic interactions, or a combination of the two. Correctly identifying the drivers is critical for effective population management. However, such effects are not always static in nature. Nonlinear relationships between abiotic factors and biotic interactions make it difficult to parse true effects. We used a type of nonlinear forecasting, empirical dynamic modeling, to investigate the context‐dependent species interaction between a common fish (three‐spine stickleback) and an endangered one (northern tidewater goby) in a fluctuating environment: a central California bar‐built estuary. We found little evidence for competition, instead both species largely responded independently to abiotic conditions. Stickleback were negatively affected by sandbar breaching. The strongest predictor of tidewater goby abundance was stickleback abundance; however, this effect was not a uniform negative effect of stickleback on goby as would be hypothesized under interspecific competition. The effect of stickleback on gobies was positive, though it was temporally restricted. Tidewater goby abundance in the summer was strongly positively correlated to stickleback abundance in the spring, which represents an offset in the reproductive and recruitment peaks in the two species that may help minimize competition and promote coexistence. Our study demonstrates how empirical dynamic modeling can be applied to understand drivers of population abundance in putative competitors and inform management for endangered species.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0024-3590 , 1939-5590
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/lno.v67.S1
    DOI: 10.1002/lno.12042
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2033191-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 412737-7
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 14
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