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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2019
    In:  Database Vol. 2019 ( 2019-01-01)
    Details
    In: Database, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 2019 ( 2019-01-01)
    Abstract: Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency–Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1758-0463
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/database/baz085
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2496706-3
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Explicit Numerical Diffusion in the WRF Model
    American Meteorological Society ; 2007
    In:  Monthly Weather Review Vol. 135, No. 11 ( 2007-11-01), p. 3808-3824
    Details
    In: Monthly Weather Review, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 135, No. 11 ( 2007-11-01), p. 3808-3824
    Abstract: Diffusion that is implicit in the odd-ordered advection schemes in early versions of the Advanced Research core of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is sometimes insufficient to remove noise from kinematical fields. The problem is worst when grid-relative wind speeds are low and when stratification is nearly neutral or unstable, such as in weakly forced daytime boundary layers, where noise can grow until it competes with the physical phenomena being simulated. One solution to this problem is an explicit, sixth-order numerical diffusion scheme that preserves the WRF model’s high effective resolution and uses a flux limiter to ensure monotonicity. The scheme, and how it was added to the WRF model, are explained. The scheme is then demonstrated in an idealized framework and in simulations of salt breezes and lake breezes in northwestern Utah.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0493 , 0027-0644
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/2007MWR2100.1
    RVK:
    RA 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2033056-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 202616-8
    SSG: 14
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    Online Resource
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Spatial and Temporal Scales of Boundary Layer Wind Predictability in Response to Small-Amplitude Land Surface Uncertainty
    American Meteorological Society ; 2010
    In:  Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Vol. 67, No. 1 ( 2010-01-01), p. 217-233
    Details
    In: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 67, No. 1 ( 2010-01-01), p. 217-233
    Abstract: Predictability experiments with the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model as a proxy for the atmosphere are analyzed to quantify the spatial and temporal scales of boundary layer wind response to land surface perturbations. Soil moisture is chosen as the land surface variable subject to uncertainty because the atmosphere is known to be sensitive to its state. A range of experiments with spatially correlated, small-amplitude perturbations to soil moisture leads to results that show the dependence of predictability on atmospheric conditions. The primary conclusions are as follows: 1) atmospheric conditions, including static instability and the presence of deep convection, determine whether large errors and local loss of predictability are possible in response to soil moisture errors; 2) the scale of soil moisture uncertainty determines scales of PBL wind predictability when the atmosphere is resistant to upscale error transfer, but when the atmosphere is sensitive the scale and magnitude of soil moisture uncertainty are not important after a few hours; and 3) nonlinear error growth is present whether or not the atmosphere is relatively sensitive to soil moisture uncertainty, leading to doubling times of minutes to hours for finite-sized perturbations. Similar results could be expected from other land surface variables or parameters that exert time-dependent forcing on the atmosphere that is similar in magnitude and scale to that of soil moisture.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0469 , 0022-4928
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/2009JAS3162.1
    RVK:
    UA 4800
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 218351-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2025890-2
    SSG: 16,13
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    Online Resource
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Localized ductile shear below the seismogenic zone: Structural analysis of an exhumed strike-slip fault, Austrian Alps
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2007
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research Vol. 112, No. B12 ( 2007-12-14)
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 112, No. B12 ( 2007-12-14)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2007JB004975
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2033040-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094104-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2130824-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016813-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016810-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2403298-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016800-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161666-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161667-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2969341-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161665-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094268-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 710256-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016804-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094181-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094219-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094167-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2220777-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094197-0
    SSG: 16,13
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    Online Resource
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Gold-Based Autometallography
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 1999
    In:  Microscopy and Microanalysis Vol. 5, No. S2 ( 1999-08), p. 486-487
    Details
    In: Microscopy and Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 5, No. S2 ( 1999-08), p. 486-487
    Abstract: Gold labels such as Nanogold ® and colloidal gold are enlarged and visualized in the electron microscope or optically by the selective deposition of silver onto their surfaces. This process, known as autometallography (AMG), silver amplification or silver enhancement, is initiated by exposing the particles to a solution containing silver (I) ions and a reducing agent such as hydroquinone or npropyl gallate. Particles may be enlarged to between 30 and 100 nm in diameter, giving a distinctive black, punctate staining in the light microscope. Nanogold ® labeling with silver amplification is one of the most sensitive methods available for histopathology applications such as in situ hybridization. With Catalyzed Reporter Deposition (CARD; also called Tyramide Signal Amplification, or TSA ® ; NEN Life Sciences, Boston MA), it has been used to detect as few as 1-2 copies of viral DNA or RNA per cell. However, its uses are restricted by reactions of silver (I) with halides and other elements in tissues. Also, after signal development, self-nucleation and non-specific background deposition begin quickly, which can make end-point selection difficult or prevent incorporation into automated procedures.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1431-9276 , 1435-8115
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S1431927600015750
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 1999
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481716-0
    SSG: 11
    SSG: 12
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    Online Resource
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    PBL State Estimation with Surface Observations, a Column Model, and an Ensemble Filter
    American Meteorological Society ; 2007
    In:  Monthly Weather Review Vol. 135, No. 8 ( 2007-08-01), p. 2958-2972
    Details
    In: Monthly Weather Review, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 135, No. 8 ( 2007-08-01), p. 2958-2972
    Abstract: Following recent results showing the potential for using surface observations of temperature, water vapor mixing ratio, and winds to determine PBL profiles, this paper reports on experiments with real observations. A 1D column model with soil, surface-layer, and PBL parameterization schemes that are the same as in the Weather Research and Forecasting model is used to estimate PBL profiles with an ensemble filter. Surface observations over the southern Great Plains are assimilated during the spring and early summer period of 2003. To strictly quantify the utility of the observations for determining PBL profiles in the ensemble filter framework, only climatological information is provided for initialization and forcing. The analysis skill, measured against rawinsondes for an independent verification, is compared against climatology to quantify the influence of the observations. Sensitivity to changing parameterization schemes, and to prescribed values of observation error variance, is examined. Temporal propagation of skillful analyses is also assessed, separating the effects of good prior state estimates from the impact of assimilation at night when covariance is weak. Results show that accurate profiles of temperature, mixing ratio, and winds are estimated with the column model and ensemble filter assimilating only surface observations. Results are largely insensitive to choice of parameterization scheme and specified observation error variance. The effects of using different parameterization schemes within the column model depend on whether assimilation is included, showing the importance of evaluating models within assimilation systems. At night, skillful estimates are possible because the influence of the observations from the previous day is temporally propagated, and atmospheric dynamics in the residual layer operate on slow time scales. It is expected that these profiles will have applications for nowcasting and secondary models (e.g., plume dispersion models) that rely on accurate specification of PBL structure.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0493 , 0027-0644
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/MWR3443.1
    RVK:
    RA 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2033056-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 202616-8
    SSG: 14
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    Online Resource
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Multivariate Ensemble Sensitivity with Localization
    American Meteorological Society ; 2015
    In:  Monthly Weather Review Vol. 143, No. 6 ( 2015-06-01), p. 2013-2027
    Details
    In: Monthly Weather Review, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 143, No. 6 ( 2015-06-01), p. 2013-2027
    Abstract: Ensemble sensitivities have proven a useful alternative to adjoint sensitivities for large-scale dynamics, but their performance in multiscale flows has not been thoroughly examined. When computing sensitivities, the analysis covariance is usually approximated with the corresponding diagonal matrix, leading to a simple univariate regression problem rather than a more general multivariate regression problem. Sensitivity estimates are affected by sampling error arising from a finite ensemble and can lead to an overestimated response to an analysis perturbation. When forecasts depend on many details of an analysis, it is reasonable to expect that the diagonal approximation is too severe. Because spurious covariances are more likely when correlations are weak, computing the sensitivity with a multivariate regression that retains the full analysis covariance may increase the need for sampling error mitigation. The purpose of this work is to clarify the effects of the diagonal approximation, and investigate the need for mitigating spurious covariances arising from sampling error. A two-scale model with realistic spatial covariances is the basis for experimentation. For most problems, an efficient matrix inversion is possible by finding a minimum-norm solution, and employing appropriate matrix factorization. A published hierarchical approach for estimating regression factors for tapering (localizing) covariances is used to measure the effects of sampling error. Compared to univariate regressions in the diagonal approximation, skill in predicting a nonlinear response from the linear sensitivities is superior when localized multivariate sensitivities are used, particularly when fast scales are present, model error is present, and the observing network is sparse.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-0644 , 1520-0493
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-14-00309.1
    RVK:
    RA 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2033056-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 202616-8
    SSG: 14
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    Online Resource
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Object-Based Analog Forecasts for Surface Wind Speed
    American Meteorological Society ; 2017
    In:  Monthly Weather Review Vol. 145, No. 12 ( 2017-12), p. 5083-5102
    Details
    In: Monthly Weather Review, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 145, No. 12 ( 2017-12), p. 5083-5102
    Abstract: Analogs are used as a forecast postprocessing technique, in which a statistical forecast is derived from past prognostic states. This study proposes a method to identify analogs through spatial objects, which are then used to create forecast ensembles. The object-analog technique preserves the field’s spatial relationships, reduces spatial dimensionality, and consequently facilitates the use of artificial intelligence algorithms to improve analog selection. Forecast objects are created with a three-step object selection, combining standard image processing algorithms. The resulting objects are used to find similar forecasts in a training set with a similarity measure based on object area intersection and magnitude. Storm-induced power outages in the Northeast United States motivated the method’s validation for 10-m AGL wind speed forecasts. The training set comprises reforecasts and reanalyses of events that caused damages to the utility infrastructure. The corresponding reanalyses of the best reforecast analogs are used to produce the object-analog ensemble forecasts. The forecasts are compared with other analog forecast methods. Analogs representing lower and upper predictability limits provide references to distinguish the method’s ability (to find good analogs) from the training set’s ability (to provide good analogs) to generate skillful ensemble forecasts. The object-analog forecasts are competitively skillful compared to simpler analog techniques with an advantage of lower spatial dimensionality, while generating reliable ensemble forecasts, with reduced systematic and random errors, maintaining correlation, and improving Brier scores.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-0644 , 1520-0493
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-17-0012.1
    RVK:
    RA 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2033056-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 202616-8
    SSG: 14
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    Online Resource
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Data Availability Principles and Practice
    American Meteorological Society ; 2020
    In:  Monthly Weather Review Vol. 148, No. 12 ( 2020-12), p. 4701-4702
    Details
    In: Monthly Weather Review, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 148, No. 12 ( 2020-12), p. 4701-4702
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-0644 , 1520-0493
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-20-0323.1
    RVK:
    RA 1000
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2033056-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 202616-8
    SSG: 14
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    Online Resource
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ensemble Experiments on Numerical Weather Prediction Error and Uncertainty for a North Pacific Forecast Failure
    American Meteorological Society ; 2003
    In:  Weather and Forecasting Vol. 18, No. 1 ( 2003-02), p. 12-31
    Details
    In: Weather and Forecasting, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 18, No. 1 ( 2003-02), p. 12-31
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0882-8156 , 1520-0434
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018〈0012:EEONWP〉2.0.CO;2
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2003
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2025194-4
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