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  • 1
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    Dimethylated sulfur compounds in the Peruvian upwelling system
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2022
    In:  Biogeosciences Vol. 19, No. 3 ( 2022-02-04), p. 701-714
    Details
    In: Biogeosciences, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 19, No. 3 ( 2022-02-04), p. 701-714
    Abstract: Abstract. Our understanding of the biogeochemical cycling of the climate-relevant trace gas dimethyl sulfide (DMS) in the Peruvian upwelling system is still limited. Here we present oceanic and atmospheric DMS measurements which were made during two shipborne cruises in December 2012 (M91) and October 2015 (SO243) in the Peruvian upwelling region. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were also measured during M91. DMS concentrations were 1.9 ± 0.9 and 2.5 ± 1.9 nmol L−1 in surface waters in October 2015 and December 2012, respectively. Nutrient availability appeared to be the main driver of the observed variability in the surface DMS distributions in the coastal areas. DMS, DMSP, and DMSO showed maxima in the surface layer, and no elevated concentrations associated with the oxygen minimum zone off Peru were measured. The possible role of DMS, DMSP, and DMSO as radical scavengers (stimulated by nitrogen limitation) is supported by their negative correlations with N:P (sum of nitrate and nitrite : dissolved phosphate) ratios. Large variations in atmospheric DMS mole fractions were measured during M91 (144.6 ± 95.0 ppt) and SO243 (91.4 ± 55.8 ppt); however, the atmospheric mole fractions were generally low, and the sea-to-air flux was primarily driven by seawater DMS. The Peruvian upwelling region was identified as a source of atmospheric DMS in December 2012 and October 2015. However, in comparison to the previous measurements in the adjacent regions, the Peru upwelling was a moderate source of DMS emissions at either time (M91: 5.9 ± 5.3 µmol m−2 d−1; SO243: 3.8 ± 2.7 µmol m−2 d−1).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1726-4189
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/bg-19-701-2022
    DOI: 10.5194/bg-19-701-2022-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2158181-2
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  • 2
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    The influence of dissolved organic matter on the marine production of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) and carbon disulfide (CS〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) in the Peruvian upwelling
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2019
    In:  Ocean Science Vol. 15, No. 4 ( 2019-08-14), p. 1071-1090
    Details
    In: Ocean Science, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 15, No. 4 ( 2019-08-14), p. 1071-1090
    Abstract: Abstract. Oceanic emissions of the climate-relevant trace gases carbonyl sulfide (OCS) and carbon disulfide (CS2) are a major source to their atmospheric budget. Their current and future emission estimates are still uncertain due to incomplete process understanding and therefore inexact quantification across different biogeochemical regimes. Here we present the first concurrent measurements of both gases together with related fractions of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool, i.e., solid-phase extractable dissolved organic sulfur (DOSSPE, n=24, 0.16±0.04 µmol L−1), chromophoric (CDOM, n=76, 0.152±0.03), and fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM, n=35), from the Peruvian upwelling region (Guayaquil, Ecuador to Antofagasta, Chile, October 2015). OCS was measured continuously with an equilibrator connected to an off-axis integrated cavity output spectrometer at the surface (29.8±19.8 pmol L−1) and at four profiles ranging down to 136 m. CS2 was measured at the surface (n=143, 17.8±9.0 pmol L−1) and below, ranging down to 1000 m (24 profiles). These observations were used to estimate in situ production rates and identify their drivers. We find different limiting factors of marine photoproduction: while OCS production is limited by the humic-like DOM fraction that can act as a photosensitizer, high CS2 production coincides with high DOSSPE concentration. Quantifying OCS photoproduction using a specific humic-like FDOM component as proxy, together with an updated parameterization for dark production, improves agreement with observations in a 1-D biogeochemical model. Our results will help to better predict oceanic concentrations and emissions of both gases on regional and, potentially, global scales.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1812-0792
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/os-15-1071-2019
    DOI: 10.5194/os-15-1071-2019-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2183769-7
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  • 3
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    Direct oceanic emissions unlikely to account for the missing source of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2017
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 17, No. 1 ( 2017-01-10), p. 385-402
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 17, No. 1 ( 2017-01-10), p. 385-402
    Abstract: Abstract. The climate active trace-gas carbonyl sulfide (OCS) is the most abundant sulfur gas in the atmosphere. A missing source in its atmospheric budget is currently suggested, resulting from an upward revision of the vegetation sink. Tropical oceanic emissions have been proposed to close the resulting gap in the atmospheric budget. We present a bottom-up approach including (i) new observations of OCS in surface waters of the tropical Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans and (ii) a further improved global box model to show that direct OCS emissions are unlikely to account for the missing source. The box model suggests an undersaturation of the surface water with respect to OCS integrated over the entire tropical ocean area and, further, global annual direct emissions of OCS well below that suggested by top-down estimates. In addition, we discuss the potential of indirect emission from CS2 and dimethylsulfide (DMS) to account for the gap in the atmospheric budget. This bottom-up estimate of oceanic emissions has implications for using OCS as a proxy for global terrestrial CO2 uptake, which is currently impeded by the inadequate quantification of atmospheric OCS sources and sinks.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-385-2017
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-385-2017-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2092549-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2069847-1
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  • 4
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    Seasonal study of the small-scale variability in dissolved methane in the western Kiel Bight (Baltic Sea) during the European heatwave in 2018
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2022
    In:  Biogeosciences Vol. 19, No. 20 ( 2022-10-27), p. 4993-5006
    Details
    In: Biogeosciences, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 19, No. 20 ( 2022-10-27), p. 4993-5006
    Abstract: Abstract. Methane (CH4) is a climate-relevant atmospheric trace gas which is emitted to the atmosphere from coastal areas such as the Baltic Sea. The oceanic CH4 emission estimates are still associated with a high degree of uncertainty partly because the temporal and spatial variability in the CH4 distribution in the ocean surface layer is usually not known. In order to determine the small-scale variability in dissolved CH4 we set up a purge and trap system with a significantly improved precision for the CH4 concentration measurements compared to static headspace equilibration measurements. We measured the distribution of dissolved CH4 in the water column of the western Kiel Bight and Eckernförde Bay in June and September 2018. The top 1 m was sampled in high resolution to determine potential small-scale CH4 concentration gradients within the mixed layer. CH4 concentrations throughout the water column of the western Kiel Bight and Eckernförde Bay were generally higher in September than in June. The increase in the CH4 concentrations in the bottom water was accompanied by a strong decrease in O2 concentrations which led to anoxic conditions favourable for microbial CH4 production in September. In summer 2018, northwestern Europe experienced a pronounced heatwave. However, we found no relationship between the anomalies of water temperature and excess CH4 in both the surface and the bottom layer at the site of the Boknis Eck Time Series Station (Eckernförde Bay). Therefore, the 2018 European heatwave most likely did not affect the observed increase in the CH4 concentrations in the western Kiel Bight from June to September 2018. The high-resolution measurements of the CH4 concentrations in the upper 1 m of the water column were highly variable and showed no uniform decreasing or increasing gradients with water depth. Overall, our results show that the CH4 distribution in the water column of the western Kiel Bight and Eckernförde Bay is strongly affected by both large-scale temporal (i.e. seasonal) and small-scale spatial variabilities which need to be considered when quantifying the exchange of CH4 across the ocean–atmosphere interface.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1726-4189
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/bg-19-4993-2022
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2158181-2
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  • 5
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    Isoprene Production and Its Driving Factors in the Northwest Pacific Ocean
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2023
    In:  Global Biogeochemical Cycles Vol. 37, No. 12 ( 2023-12)
    Details
    In: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 37, No. 12 ( 2023-12)
    Abstract: Nutrient enrichment in the surface seawater driven by upwelling and atmospheric deposition promoted the biological production of isoprene Photochemical production was confirmed as an abiotic source of marine isoprene Approximately 10%∼63% of net isoprene produced in the mixed layer was transferred to the atmosphere
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0886-6236 , 1944-9224
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2023GB007841
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021601-4
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 13
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  • 6
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    Abundant microzooplankton possibly cause ultrahigh seawater dimethylsulfide during Southern Ocean algal blooms
    Elsevier BV ; 2022
    In:  Progress in Oceanography Vol. 202 ( 2022-03), p. 102744-
    Details
    In: Progress in Oceanography, Elsevier BV, Vol. 202 ( 2022-03), p. 102744-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0079-6611
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.pocean.2022.102744
    RVK:
    RB 10402
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1497436-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 4062-9
    SSG: 21,3
    SSG: 14
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  • 7
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    The Influence of Air‐Sea Fluxes on Atmospheric Aerosols During the Summer Monsoon Over the Tropical Indian Ocean
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2018
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 45, No. 1 ( 2018-01-16), p. 418-426
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 45, No. 1 ( 2018-01-16), p. 418-426
    Abstract: Linkage of sulfur source gases and remotely sensed aerosol numbers Western tropical Indian Ocean DMS hot spot confirmed First eddy covariance measurements of DMS in the Western Tropical Indian Ocean
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276 , 1944-8007
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/grl.v45.1
    DOI: 10.1002/2017GL076410
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021599-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 7403-2
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 8
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    Winter season Southern Ocean distributions of climate-relevant trace gases
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2022
    In:  Biogeosciences Vol. 19, No. 20 ( 2022-10-28), p. 5021-5040
    Details
    In: Biogeosciences, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 19, No. 20 ( 2022-10-28), p. 5021-5040
    Abstract: Abstract. Climate-relevant trace gas air–sea exchange exerts an important control on air quality and climate, especially in remote regions of the planet such as the Southern Ocean. It is clear that polar regions exhibit seasonal trends in productivity and biogeochemical cycling, but almost all of the measurements there are skewed to summer months. If we want to understand how the Southern Ocean affects the balance of climate through trace gas air–sea exchange, it is essential to expand our measurement database over greater temporal and spatial scales, including all seasons. Therefore, in this study, we report measured concentrations of dimethylsulfide (DMS, as well as related sulfur compounds) and isoprene in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean during the winter to understand the spatial and temporal distribution in comparison to current knowledge and climatological calculations for the Southern Ocean. The observations of isoprene are the first in the winter season in the Southern Ocean. We found that the concentrations of DMS from the surface seawater and air in the investigated area were 1.03 ± 0.98 nmol−1 and 28.80 ±  12.49 pptv, respectively. The concentrations of isoprene in surface seawater were 14.46 ± 12.23 pmol−1. DMS and isoprene fluxes were 4.04 ± 4.12 µmol m−2 d−1 and 80.55 ± 78.57 nmol m−2 d−1, respectively. These results are generally lower than the values presented or calculated in currently used climatologies and models. More data are urgently needed to better interpolate climatological values and validate process-oriented models, as well as to explore how finer measurement resolution, both spatially and temporally, can influence air–sea flux calculations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1726-4189
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/bg-19-5021-2022
    DOI: 10.5194/bg-19-5021-2022-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2158181-2
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  • 9
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    Marine carbonyl sulfide (OCS) and carbon disulfide (CS〈sub〉2〈/sub〉): a compilation of measurements in seawater and the marine boundary layer
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2020
    In:  Earth System Science Data Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2020-03-17), p. 591-609
    Details
    In: Earth System Science Data, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2020-03-17), p. 591-609
    Abstract: Abstract. Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) and carbon disulfide (CS2) are volatile sulfur gases that are naturally formed in seawater and exchanged with the atmosphere. OCS is the most abundant sulfur gas in the atmosphere, and CS2 is its most important precursor. They have attracted increased interest due to their direct (OCS) or indirect (CS2 via oxidation to OCS) contribution to the stratospheric sulfate aerosol layer. Furthermore, OCS serves as a proxy to constrain terrestrial CO2 uptake by vegetation. Oceanic emissions of both gases contribute a major part to their atmospheric concentration. Here we present a database of previously published and unpublished (mainly shipborne) measurements in seawater and the marine boundary layer for both gases, available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.905430 (Lennartz et al., 2019). The database contains original measurements as well as data digitalized from figures in publications from 42 measurement campaigns, i.e., cruises or time series stations, ranging from 1982 to 2019. OCS data cover all ocean basins except for the Arctic Ocean, as well as all months of the year, while the CS2 dataset shows large gaps in spatial and temporal coverage. Concentrations are consistent across different sampling and analysis techniques for OCS. The database is intended to support the identification of global spatial and temporal patterns and to facilitate the evaluation of model simulations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1866-3516
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/essd-12-591-2020
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2475469-9
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Can simple models predict large-scale surface ocean isoprene concentrations?
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2016
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 16, No. 18 ( 2016-09-22), p. 11807-11821
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 16, No. 18 ( 2016-09-22), p. 11807-11821
    Abstract: Abstract. We use isoprene and related field measurements from three different ocean data sets together with remotely sensed satellite data to model global marine isoprene emissions. We show that using monthly mean satellite-derived chl a concentrations to parameterize isoprene with a constant chl a normalized isoprene production rate underpredicts the measured oceanic isoprene concentration by a mean factor of 19 ± 12. Improving the model by using phytoplankton functional type dependent production values and by decreasing the bacterial degradation rate of isoprene in the water column results in only a slight underestimation (factor 1.7 ± 1.2). We calculate global isoprene emissions of 0.21 Tg C for 2014 using this improved model, which is twice the value calculated using the original model. Nonetheless, the sea-to-air fluxes have to be at least 1 order of magnitude higher to account for measured atmospheric isoprene mixing ratios. These findings suggest that there is at least one missing oceanic source of isoprene and, possibly, other unknown factors in the ocean or atmosphere influencing the atmospheric values. The discrepancy between calculated fluxes and atmospheric observations must be reconciled in order to fully understand the importance of marine-derived isoprene as a precursor to remote marine boundary layer particle formation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-11807-2016
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-11807-2016-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2092549-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2069847-1
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