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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Controlling Horizontal Dipole Orientation and Emission Spectrum of Ir Complexes by Chemical Design of Ancillary Ligands for Efficient Deep‐Blue Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
    Wiley ; 2019
    In:  Advanced Materials Vol. 31, No. 21 ( 2019-05)
    Details
    In: Advanced Materials, Wiley, Vol. 31, No. 21 ( 2019-05)
    Abstract: Deep‐blue emitting Iridium (Ir) complexes with horizontally oriented emitting dipoles are newly designed and synthesized through engineering of the ancillary ligand, where 2′,6′‐difluoro‐4‐(trimethylsilyl)‐2,3′‐bipyridine (dfpysipy) is used as the main ligand. Introduction of a trimethylsilyl group at the pyridine and a nitrogen at the difluoropyrido group increases the bandgap of the emitter, resulting in deep‐blue emission. Addition of a methyl group (mpic) to a picolinate (pic) ancillary ligand or replacement of an acetate structure of pic with a perfluoromethyl‐triazole structure (fptz) increases the horizontal component of the emitting dipoles in sequence of mpic (86%) 〉 fptz (77%) 〉 pic (74%). The organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) using the Ir complex with the mpic ancillary ligand shows the highest external quantum efficiency (31.9%) among the reported blue OLEDs with a y ‐coordinate value lower than 0.2 in the 1931 Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) chromaticity diagram.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0935-9648 , 1521-4095
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/adma.v31.21
    DOI: 10.1002/adma.201808102
    RVK:
    UA 1538
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1474949-X
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Attributing Causes of 2015 Record Minimum Sea-Ice Extent in the Sea of Okhotsk
    American Meteorological Society ; 2017
    In:  Journal of Climate Vol. 30, No. 12 ( 2017-06), p. 4693-4703
    Details
    In: Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 30, No. 12 ( 2017-06), p. 4693-4703
    Abstract: In 2015, the sea ice extent (SIE) over the Sea of Okhotsk (Okhotsk SIE) hit a record low since 1979 during February–March, the period when the sea ice extent generally reaches its annual maximum. To quantify the role of anthropogenic influences on the changes observed in Okhotsk SIE, this study employed a fraction of attributable risk (FAR) analysis to compare the probability of occurrence of extreme Okhotsk SIE events and long-term SIE trends using phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) multimodel simulations performed with and without anthropogenic forcing. It was found that because of anthropogenic influence, both the probability of extreme low Okhotsk SIEs that exceed the 2015 event and the observed long-term trends during 1979–2015 have increased by more than 4 times (FAR = 0.76 to 1). In addition, it is suggested that a strong negative phase of the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) during midwinter (January–February) 2015 also contributed to the 2015 extreme SIE event. An analysis based on multiple linear regression was conducted to quantify relative contributions of the external forcing (anthropogenic plus natural) and the NPO (internal variability) to the observed SIE changes. About 56.0% and 24.7% of the 2015 SIE anomaly was estimated to be attributable to the external forcing and the strong negative NPO influence, respectively. The external forcing was also found to explain about 86.1% of the observed long-term SIE trend. Further, projections from the CMIP5 models indicate that a sea ice–free condition may occur in the Sea of Okhotsk by the late twenty-first century in some models.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0894-8755 , 1520-0442
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0587.1
    DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0587.s1
    RVK:
    UA 4548
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 246750-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021723-7
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Breaking the Efficiency Limit of Deep‐Blue Fluorescent OLEDs Based on Anthracene Derivatives (Adv. Mater. 1/2022)
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Advanced Materials Vol. 34, No. 1 ( 2022-01)
    Details
    In: Advanced Materials, Wiley, Vol. 34, No. 1 ( 2022-01)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0935-9648 , 1521-4095
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/adma.v34.1
    DOI: 10.1002/adma.202270002
    RVK:
    UA 1538
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1474949-X
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Breaking the Efficiency Limit of Deep‐Blue Fluorescent OLEDs Based on Anthracene Derivatives
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Advanced Materials Vol. 34, No. 1 ( 2022-01)
    Details
    In: Advanced Materials, Wiley, Vol. 34, No. 1 ( 2022-01)
    Abstract: Triplet harvesting is important for the realization of high‐efficiency fluorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). Triplet–triplet annihilation (TTA) is one triplet‐harvesting strategy. However, for blue‐emitting anthracene derivatives, the theoretical maximum radiative singlet‐exciton ratio generated from the TTA process is known to be 15% in addition to the initially generated singlets of 25%, which is insufficient for high‐efficiency fluorescent devices. In this study, nearly 25% of the radiative singlet‐exciton ratio is realized by TTA using an anthracene derivative, breaking the theoretical limit. As a result, efficient deep‐blue TTA fluorescent devices are developed, exhibiting external quantum efficiencies of 10.2% and 8.6% with Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage color coordinates of (0.134, 0.131) and (0.137, 0.076), respectively. The theoretical model provided herein explains the experimental results considering both the TTA and reverse intersystem crossing to a singlet state from higher triplet states formed by the TTA, clearly demonstrating that the radiative singlet ratio generated from TTA can reach 37.5% (total radiative singlet‐exciton ratio: 62.5%), well above 15% (total 40%), despite the molecule having S 1 , T 2   〈  2T 1   〈 Q 1 energy levels, which will lead to the development of high‐efficiency fluorescent OLEDs with external quantum efficiencies exceeding 28% if the outcoupling efficiency is 45%.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0935-9648 , 1521-4095
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/adma.v34.1
    DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100161
    RVK:
    UA 1538
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1474949-X
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effect of 8-hydroxy-quinolinato lithium thickness on the power conversion efficiency of polymer photovoltaic cells
    Korean Physical Society ; 2013
    In:  Journal of the Korean Physical Society Vol. 62, No. 3 ( 2013-2), p. 490-495
    Details
    In: Journal of the Korean Physical Society, Korean Physical Society, Vol. 62, No. 3 ( 2013-2), p. 490-495
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0374-4884 , 1976-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3938/jkps.62.490
    RVK:
    UA 4880
    Language: English
    Publisher: Korean Physical Society
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2046361-3
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas and Aerosol Contributions to Extreme Temperature Changes during 1951–2015
    American Meteorological Society ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Climate Vol. 34, No. 3 ( 2021-02), p. 857-870
    Details
    In: Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 34, No. 3 ( 2021-02), p. 857-870
    Abstract: This study conducted a detection and attribution analysis of the observed global and regional changes in extreme temperatures during 1951–2015. HadEX3 observations were compared with multimodel simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) using an optimal fingerprinting technique. Annual maximum daily maximum and minimum temperatures (TXx and TNx; warm extremes) and annual minimum daily maximum and minimum temperatures (TXn and TNn; cold extremes) over land were analyzed considering global, continental, and subcontinental scales. Response patterns (fingerprints) of extreme temperatures to anthropogenic (ANT), greenhouse gases (GHG), aerosols (AA), and natural (NAT) forcings were obtained from CMIP6 forced simulations. The internal variability ranges were estimated from preindustrial control simulations. A two-signal detection analysis where the observations are regressed onto ANT and NAT fingerprints simultaneously reveals that ANT signals are robustly detected in separation from NAT over global and all continental domains (North and South America, Europe, Asia, and Oceania) for most of the extreme indices. ANT signals are also detected over many subcontinental regions, particularly for warm extremes (more than 60% of 33 subregions). A three-signal detection analysis that considers GHG, AA, and NAT fingerprints simultaneously demonstrates that GHG signals are detected in isolation from other external forcings over global, continental, and several subcontinental domains especially for warm extremes, explaining most of the observed warming. Moreover, AA influences are detected for warm extremes over Europe and Asia, indicating significant offsetting cooling contributions. Overall, human influences are detected more frequently, compared to previous studies, particularly for cold extremes, due to the extended period and the improved spatial coverage of observations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0894-8755 , 1520-0442
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-19-1023.1
    DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-19-1023.s1
    RVK:
    UA 4548
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 246750-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021723-7
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Attribution of Extreme Precipitation with Updated Observations and CMIP6 Simulations
    American Meteorological Society ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Climate Vol. 34, No. 3 ( 2021-02), p. 871-881
    Details
    In: Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 34, No. 3 ( 2021-02), p. 871-881
    Abstract: While the IPCC Fifth Assessment Working Group I report assessed observed changes in extreme precipitation on the basis of both absolute and percentile-based extreme indices, human influence on extreme precipitation has rarely been evaluated on the basis of percentile-based extreme indices. Here we conduct a formal detection and attribution analysis on changes in four percentile-based precipitation extreme indices. The indices include annual precipitation totals from days with precipitation exceeding the 99th and 95th percentiles of wet-day precipitation in 1961–90 (R99p and R95p) and their contributions to annual total precipitation (R99pTOT and R95pTOT). We compare these indices from a set of newly compiled observations during 1951–2014 with simulations from models participating in phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). We show that most land areas with observations experienced increases in these extreme indices with global warming during the historical period 1951–2014. The new CMIP6 models are able to reproduce these overall increases, although with considerable over- or underestimations in some regions. An optimal fingerprinting analysis reveals detectable anthropogenic signals in the observations of these indices averaged over the globe and over most continents. Furthermore, signals of greenhouse gases can be separately detected, taking other forcing into account, over the globe and over Asia in these indices except for R95p. In contrast, signals of anthropogenic aerosols and natural forcings cannot be detected in any of these indices at either global or continental scales.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0894-8755 , 1520-0442
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-19-1017.1
    RVK:
    UA 4548
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 246750-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021723-7
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Anthropogenic and Natural Contributions to the Lengthening of the Summer Season in the Northern Hemisphere
    American Meteorological Society ; 2018
    In:  Journal of Climate Vol. 31, No. 17 ( 2018-09), p. 6803-6819
    Details
    In: Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 31, No. 17 ( 2018-09), p. 6803-6819
    Abstract: Observed long-term variations in summer season timing and length in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) continents and their subregions were analyzed using temperature-based indices. The climatological mean showed coastal–inland contrast; summer starts and ends earlier inland than in coastal areas because of differences in heat capacity. Observations for the past 60 years (1953–2012) show lengthening of the summer season with earlier summer onset and delayed summer withdrawal across the NH. The summer onset advance contributed more to the observed increase in summer season length in many regions than the delay of summer withdrawal. To understand anthropogenic and natural contributions to the observed change, summer season trends from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) multimodel simulations forced with the observed external forcings [anthropogenic plus natural forcing (ALL), natural forcing only (NAT), and greenhouse gas forcing only (GHG)] were analyzed. ALL and GHG simulations were found to reproduce the overall observed global and regional lengthening trends, but NAT had negligible trends, which implies that increased greenhouse gases were the main cause of the observed changes. However, ALL runs tend to underestimate the observed trend of summer onset and overestimate that of withdrawal, the causes of which remain to be determined. Possible contributions of multidecadal variabilities, such as Pacific decadal oscillation and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation, to the observed regional trends in summer season length were also assessed. The results suggest that multidecadal variability can explain a moderate portion (about ±10%) of the observed trends in summer season length, mainly over the high latitudes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0894-8755 , 1520-0442
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0643.1
    RVK:
    UA 4548
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 246750-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021723-7
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Systematic Variation in Wintertime Precipitation in East Asia by MJO-Induced Extratropical Vertical Motion
    American Meteorological Society ; 2008
    In:  Journal of Climate Vol. 21, No. 4 ( 2008-02-15), p. 788-801
    Details
    In: Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 21, No. 4 ( 2008-02-15), p. 788-801
    Abstract: The variations in the wintertime precipitation over East Asia and the related large-scale circulation associated with the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) are examined. By analyzing the observed daily precipitation for the period 1974–2000, it is found that the MJO significantly modulates the distribution of precipitation over four East Asian countries; the precipitation rate difference between wet and dry periods over East Asia, when the centers of MJO convective activities are located over the Indian Ocean and western Pacific, respectively, reaches 3–4 mm day−1, which corresponds to the climatological winter-mean value. Composite analysis with respect to the MJO suggests that the MJO–precipitation relation is mostly explained by the strong vertical motion anomalies near an entrance region of the East Asia upper-tropospheric jet and moisture supply in the lower troposphere. To elucidate different dynamic origins of the vertical motion generated by the MJO, diagnostic analysis of a generalized omega equation is adopted. It is revealed that about half of the vertical motion anomalies in East Asia are induced by the quasigeostrophic forcings by the MJO, while diabatic heating forcings explain a very small fraction, less than 10% of total anomalies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0442 , 0894-8755
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/2007JCLI1801.1
    RVK:
    UA 4548
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 246750-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021723-7
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Enhancement of Seebeck Coefficient in Bi$_{0.5}$Sb$_{1.5}$Te$_{3}$ with High-Density Tellurium Nanoinclusions
    IOP Publishing ; 2011
    In:  Applied Physics Express Vol. 4, No. 9 ( 2011-9-7), p. 091801-
    Details
    In: Applied Physics Express, IOP Publishing, Vol. 4, No. 9 ( 2011-9-7), p. 091801-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1882-0778 , 1882-0786
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1143/APEX.4.091801
    RVK:
    UA 2244
    Language: English
    Publisher: IOP Publishing
    Publication Date: 2011
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2417569-9
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