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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Metallofullerene nanoparticles circumvent tumor resistance to cisplatin by reactivating endocytosis
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2010
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 107, No. 16 ( 2010-04-20), p. 7449-7454
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 107, No. 16 ( 2010-04-20), p. 7449-7454
    Abstract: Cisplatin is a chemotherapeutic drug commonly used in clinics. However, acquired resistance confines its application in chemotherapeutics. To overcome the acquired resistance to cisplatin, it is reasoned, based on our previous findings of mediation of cellular responses by [Gd@C 82 (OH) 22 ] n nanoparticles, that [Gd@C 82 (OH) 22 ] n may reverse tumor resistance to cisplatin by reactivating the impaired endocytosis of cisplatin-resistant human prostate cancer (CP-r) cells. Here we report that exposure of the CP-r PC-3-luc cells to cisplatin in the presence of nontoxic [Gd@C 82 (OH) 22 ] n not only decreased the number of surviving CP-r cells but also inhibited growth of the CP-r tumors in athymic nude mice as measured by both optical and MRI. Labeling the CP-r PC-3 cells with transferrin, an endocytotic marker, demonstrated that pretreatment of the CP-r PC-3-luc cells with [Gd@C 82 (OH) 22 ] n enhanced intracellular accumulation of cisplatin and formation of cisplatin-DNA adducts by restoring the defective endocytosis of the CP-r cancer cells. The results suggest that [Gd@C 82 (OH) 22 ] n nanoparticles overcome tumor resistance to cisplatin by increasing its intracellular accumulation through the mechanism of restoring defective endocytosis. The technology can be extended to other challenges related to multidrug resistance often found in cancer treatments.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0909707107
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2010
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  • 2
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    Cysteine carboxyethylation generates neoantigens to induce HLA-restricted autoimmunity
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2023
    In:  Science Vol. 379, No. 6637 ( 2023-03-17)
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 379, No. 6637 ( 2023-03-17)
    Abstract: Autoimmune diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis (AS) can be caused by emerging neoantigens that break immune tolerance in humans. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) have been shown to be a critical mechanism that alters protein structure and function to generate neoantigens and induce subsequent autoimmune responses. Previous studies have confirmed that citrulline-modified peptides are a critical source of neoantigens in rheumatoid arthritis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying neoantigen formation and pathogenic autoreactive responses for AS are largely unknown. There is an urgent need to develop a systematic approach to profiling the possible PTMs in patients with AS and identifying AS-associated PTMs responsible for autoreactive neoantigen production to better understand the etiology of autoimmune diseases. RATIONALE AS has been suggested to be an autoimmune disease because of its clear correlation with certain major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles, including HLA-B27. Neoantigens have been hypothesized to induce an aberrant immune response, leading to pathogenic autoreactive T cell responses and autoantibody generation in AS. Here, we developed a systematic open search approach to identify any possible amino acid residues and derivatives in the proteins that are different from the genomic coding sequences. We then applied this information to identify AS-related neoantigens with PTMs within a possible pool of PTM autoantigens and elucidate the pathogenesis of AS. RESULTS An open search approach was applied to identify any possible amino acid derivatives across the proteome of patients with AS. This approach generated a large set of noncoded amino acids representing the mass differences between the coded amino acids and actual residues. Among these, an amino acid derivative with a delta mass of 72.021 showed the greatest increase in patients with AS and resulted from a PTM called cysteine carboxyethylation. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that carboxyethylation at a cysteine residue of integrin αIIb [ITGA2B (CD41)] was catalyzed by cystathionine beta synthase (CBS) in a process that required 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HPA), a metabolite commonly released from gut microbes. Cysteine carboxyethylation induced the lysosomal degradation of ITGA2B and produced neoantigens that triggered MHC-II–dependent CD4 + T cell responses. Fluorescence polarization and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) demonstrated that the identified carboxyethylated peptide (ITGA2B-ceC96) specifically interacted with HLA-DRA*01/HLA-DRB1*04 and was associated with autoantibody production and T cell responses in HLA-DRB1*04 patients. Additional in vitro assays showed that the neoantigen ITGA2B-ceC96 correlated with 3-HPA levels but was independent of CBS expression. HLA-DRB1 haplotype, the carboxyethylated peptide, specific autoantibodies, and 3-HPA levels in patients with AS all correlated with one another. 3-HPA–treated and ITGA2B-ceC96–immunized HLA-DR4 transgenic mice developed colitis and vertebral bone erosion. Thus, cysteine carboxyethylation induced by the metabolite 3-HPA generates a neoantigen that appears to be critical for autoimmune responses in patients with AS. CONCLUSION Cysteine carboxyethylation is an in vivo protein modification induced by the metabolite 3-HPA, which is commonly released from gut microbes. Carboxyethylated ITGA2B then induces autoantibody production and autoimmune response in AS. Our work provides a systematic workflow to identify differentially modified proteins that are important for neoantigen production in immune disorders. This approach furthers our understanding of AS pathogenesis and may aid in the development of neoantigen-based diagnosis and treatment for AS and other autoimmune diseases. Metabolite-induced cysteine carboxyethylation provokes HLA-restricted autoimmune responses in ankylosing spondylitis. 3-HPA, which is commonly obtained from food and gut microbes, induces carboxyethylation of cysteine residues in integrin αIIb (ITGA2B). Cysteine carboxyethylation requires CBS, and carboxyethylated ITGA2B (ITGA2B-ceC96) peptides are recruited to the HLA-DR4 complex and thereby stimulate CD4 + T cell responses closely related to AS.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.abg2482
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 3
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    Rat embryonic stem cells produce fertile offspring through tetraploid complementation
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2017
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 114, No. 45 ( 2017-11-07), p. 11974-11979
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 114, No. 45 ( 2017-11-07), p. 11974-11979
    Abstract: Pluripotency of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be functionally assessed according to the developmental potency. Tetraploid complementation, through which an entire organism is produced from the pluripotent donor cells, is taken as the most stringent test for pluripotency. It remains unclear whether ESCs of other species besides mice can pass this test. Here we show that the rat ESCs derived under 2i (two small molecule inhibitors) conditions at very early passages are able to produce fertile offspring by tetraploid complementation. However, they lose this capacity rapidly during culture due to a nearly complete loss of genomic imprinting. Our findings support that the naïve ground state pluripotency can be captured in rat ESCs but also point to the species-specific differences in its regulation and maintenance, which have implications for the derivation and application of naïve pluripotent stem cells in other species including human.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708710114
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2017
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  • 4
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    Arsenic trioxide replacing or reducing chemotherapy in consolidation therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL2012 trial)
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2021
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 118, No. 6 ( 2021-02-09)
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 118, No. 6 ( 2021-02-09)
    Abstract: As all- trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO) are widely accepted in treating acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), deescalating toxicity becomes a research hotspot. Here, we evaluated whether chemotherapy could be replaced or reduced by ATO in APL patients at different risks. After achieving complete remission with ATRA-ATO–based induction therapy, patients were randomized (1:1) into ATO and non-ATO groups for consolidation: ATRA-ATO versus ATRA–anthracycline for low-/intermediate-risk patients, or ATRA-ATO–anthracycline versus ATRA–anthracycline–cytarabine for high-risk patients. The primary end point was to assess disease-free survival (DFS) at 3 y by a noninferiority margin of –5%; 855 patients were enrolled with a median follow-up of 54.9 mo, and 658 of 755 patients could be evaluated at 3 y. In the ATO group, 96.1% (319/332) achieved 3-y DFS, compared to 92.6% (302/326) in the non-ATO group. The difference was 3.45% (95% CI –0.07 to 6.97), confirming noninferiority ( P 〈 0.001). Using the Kaplan–Meier method, the estimated 7-y DFS was 95.7% (95% CI 93.6 to 97.9) in ATO and 92.6% (95% CI 89.8 to 95.4) in non-ATO groups ( P = 0.066). Concerning secondary end points, the 7-y cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) was significantly lower in ATO (2.2% [95% CI 1.1 to 4.2]) than in non-ATO group (6.1% [95% CI 3.9 to 9.5] , P = 0.011). In addition, grade 3 to 4 hematological toxicities were significantly reduced in the ATO group during consolidation. Hence, ATRA-ATO in both chemotherapy-replacing and -reducing settings in consolidation is not inferior to ATRA–chemotherapy ( https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ , NCT01987297).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020382118
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 5
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    De novo mutations across 1,465 diverse genomes reveal mutational insights and reductions in the Amish founder population
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2020
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 117, No. 5 ( 2020-02-04), p. 2560-2569
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 117, No. 5 ( 2020-02-04), p. 2560-2569
    Abstract: De novo mutations (DNMs), or mutations that appear in an individual despite not being seen in their parents, are an important source of genetic variation whose impact is relevant to studies of human evolution, genetics, and disease. Utilizing high-coverage whole-genome sequencing data as part of the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Program, we called 93,325 single-nucleotide DNMs across 1,465 trios from an array of diverse human populations, and used them to directly estimate and analyze DNM counts, rates, and spectra. We find a significant positive correlation between local recombination rate and local DNM rate, and that DNM rate explains a substantial portion (8.98 to 34.92%, depending on the model) of the genome-wide variation in population-level genetic variation from 41K unrelated TOPMed samples. Genome-wide heterozygosity does correlate with DNM rate, but only explains 〈 1% of variation. While we are underpowered to see small differences, we do not find significant differences in DNM rate between individuals of European, African, and Latino ancestry, nor across ancestrally distinct segments within admixed individuals. However, we did find significantly fewer DNMs in Amish individuals, even when compared with other Europeans, and even after accounting for parental age and sequencing center. Specifically, we found significant reductions in the number of C→A and T→C mutations in the Amish, which seem to underpin their overall reduction in DNMs. Finally, we calculated near-zero estimates of narrow sense heritability ( h 2 ), which suggest that variation in DNM rate is significantly shaped by nonadditive genetic effects and the environment.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902766117
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 6
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    Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2023
    In:  Nature Vol. 615, No. 7954 ( 2023-03-30), p. 874-883
    Details
    In: Nature, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 615, No. 7954 ( 2023-03-30), p. 874-883
    Abstract: Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being 1–6 . Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was 〈 1.1 kg m –2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0028-0836 , 1476-4687
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05772-8
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 7
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    Analyses of non-coding somatic drivers in 2,658 cancer whole genomes
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2020
    In:  Nature Vol. 578, No. 7793 ( 2020-02-06), p. 102-111
    Details
    In: Nature, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 578, No. 7793 ( 2020-02-06), p. 102-111
    Abstract: The discovery of drivers of cancer has traditionally focused on protein-coding genes 1–4 . Here we present analyses of driver point mutations and structural variants in non-coding regions across 2,658 genomes from the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium 5 of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). For point mutations, we developed a statistically rigorous strategy for combining significance levels from multiple methods of driver discovery that overcomes the limitations of individual methods. For structural variants, we present two methods of driver discovery, and identify regions that are significantly affected by recurrent breakpoints and recurrent somatic juxtapositions. Our analyses confirm previously reported drivers 6,7 , raise doubts about others and identify novel candidates, including point mutations in the 5′ region of TP53 , in the 3′ untranslated regions of NFKBIZ and TOB1 , focal deletions in BRD4 and rearrangements in the loci of AKR1C genes. We show that although point mutations and structural variants that drive cancer are less frequent in non-coding genes and regulatory sequences than in protein-coding genes, additional examples of these drivers will be found as more cancer genomes become available.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0028-0836 , 1476-4687
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-1965-x
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 8
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    Author Correction: Analyses of non-coding somatic drivers in 2,658 cancer whole genomes
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2023
    In:  Nature
    Details
    In: Nature, Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0028-0836 , 1476-4687
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05599-9
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 120714-3
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  • 9
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    A genetic module at one locus in rice protects chloroplasts to enhance thermotolerance
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2022
    In:  Science Vol. 376, No. 6599 ( 2022-06-17), p. 1293-1300
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 376, No. 6599 ( 2022-06-17), p. 1293-1300
    Abstract: A tag team of protein degradation protects rice plants from excess heat.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.abo5721
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0
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  • 10
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    A saturated map of common genetic variants associated with human height
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2022
    In:  Nature Vol. 610, No. 7933 ( 2022-10-27), p. 704-712
    Details
    In: Nature, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 610, No. 7933 ( 2022-10-27), p. 704-712
    Abstract: Common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are predicted to collectively explain 40–50% of phenotypic variation in human height, but identifying the specific variants and associated regions requires huge sample sizes 1 . Here, using data from a genome-wide association study of 5.4 million individuals of diverse ancestries, we show that 12,111 independent SNPs that are significantly associated with height account for nearly all of the common SNP-based heritability. These SNPs are clustered within 7,209 non-overlapping genomic segments with a mean size of around 90 kb, covering about 21% of the genome. The density of independent associations varies across the genome and the regions of increased density are enriched for biologically relevant genes. In out-of-sample estimation and prediction, the 12,111 SNPs (or all SNPs in the HapMap 3 panel 2 ) account for 40% (45%) of phenotypic variance in populations of European ancestry but only around 10–20% (14–24%) in populations of other ancestries. Effect sizes, associated regions and gene prioritization are similar across ancestries, indicating that reduced prediction accuracy is likely to be explained by linkage disequilibrium and differences in allele frequency within associated regions. Finally, we show that the relevant biological pathways are detectable with smaller sample sizes than are needed to implicate causal genes and variants. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive map of specific genomic regions that contain the vast majority of common height-associated variants. Although this map is saturated for populations of European ancestry, further research is needed to achieve equivalent saturation in other ancestries.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0028-0836 , 1476-4687
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05275-y
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 120714-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1413423-8
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