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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Endocrine Society ; 2021
    In:  The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 106, No. 2 ( 2021-01-23), p. e687-e695
    In: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, The Endocrine Society, Vol. 106, No. 2 ( 2021-01-23), p. e687-e695
    Abstract: This work aims to estimate the prevalence of sarcopenia and to investigate the association between sarcopenia and functional performance in patients with and without diabetes admitted for inpatient rehabilitation. Materials and Methods Consecutive patients admitted to the subacute inpatient rehabilitation unit at St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Australia (November 2016 to March 2020) were prospectively recruited into this cross-sectional study. Sarcopenia was diagnosed using the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2018 algorithm. Participants’ functional performance was measured by the total Functional Independence Measure, motor Functional Independence Measure, and the Short Physical Performance Battery. The association between sarcopenia and functional performance was investigated using quantile regression. Results Of 300 participants, 49 (16%) had a history of diabetes and 44 (14.7%) were diagnosed with sarcopenia. No significant difference in the prevalence of sarcopenia between patients with or without diabetes was identified (11/49, 22.5% vs 33/251, 13.2%, P = .12). In patients with diabetes, those with sarcopenia had significantly reduced functional performance compared to those without sarcopenia on Functional Independence Measure, motor Functional Independence Measure, and the Short Physical Performance Battery, whereas in patients without diabetes no significant difference between patients with and without sarcopenia were identified for either functional performance measure (all P values for interaction & lt; .005). Conclusions The diagnosis of sarcopenia was associated with a reduced functional performance on admission to inpatient rehabilitation in patients with diabetes, but not in those without diabetes. Further investigation is needed into the progress of patients with dual diagnoses of diabetes and sarcopenia in inpatient rehabilitation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-972X , 1945-7197
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Endocrine Society
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2026217-6
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Endocrine Society ; 2022
    In:  The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 107, No. 1 ( 2022-01-01), p. e1-e24
    In: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, The Endocrine Society, Vol. 107, No. 1 ( 2022-01-01), p. e1-e24
    Abstract: The increasing burden of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has led to the discovery of novel therapies. Objective This review aims to summarize the results of recent clinical trials that test the efficacy of potential therapies for DKD. Methods A systematized narrative review was performed utilizing the PubMed, Embase (Ovid), CINAHL, and Cochrane databases (January 2010 to January 2021). The included trials assessed the efficacy of specific medications using renal endpoints in adult participants with type 1 or 2 diabetes. Results Fifty-three trials were identified. Large, multinational, and high-powered trials investigating sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors demonstrated improved renal outcomes, even in patients with established DKD. Trials examining incretin-related therapies also showed some improvement in renal outcomes. Additionally, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists exhibited potential with multiple improved renal outcomes in large trials, including those involving participants with established DKD. Atrasentan, baricitinib, ASP8232, PF-04634817, CCX140-B, atorvastatin, fenofibrate, probucol, doxycycline, vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, silymarin, turmeric, total glucosides of paeony, and tripterygium wilfordii Hook F extract were all associated with some improved renal endpoints but need further exploration. While bardoxolone methyl was associated with a decrease in albuminuria, high rates of cardiovascular adverse effects curtailed further exploration into this agent. Selonsertib, allopurinol, praliciguat, palosuran, benfotiamine, and diacerein were not associated with improved renal outcomes. Conclusion Trials have yielded promising results in the search for new therapies to manage DKD. SGLT2 inhibitors and incretin-related therapies have demonstrated benefit and were associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists are another class of agents with increasing evidence of benefits.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-972X , 1945-7197
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Endocrine Society
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2026217-6
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Endocrine Society ; 2022
    In:  The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 107, No. 6 ( 2022-05-17), p. e2221-e2236
    In: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, The Endocrine Society, Vol. 107, No. 6 ( 2022-05-17), p. e2221-e2236
    Abstract: Although glycated hemoglobin A1c is currently the best parameter used clinically to assess risk for the development of diabetes complications, it does not provide insight into short-term fluctuations in glucose levels. This review summarizes the relationship between continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)-derived metrics of glycemic variability and diabetes-related complications. Evidence Acquisition PubMed and Embase databases were searched from January 1, 2010 to August 22, 2020, using the terms type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, diabetes-related microvascular and macrovascular complications, and measures of glycaemic variability. Exclusion criteria were studies that did not use CGM and studies involving participants who were not diabetic, acutely unwell (post stroke, post surgery), pregnant, or using insulin pumps. Evidence Synthesis A total of 1636 records were identified, and 1602 were excluded, leaving 34 publications in the final review. Of the 20 852 total participants, 663 had type 1 diabetes (T1D) and 19 909 had type 2 diabetes (T2D). Glycemic variability and low time in range (TIR) showed associations with all studied microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes. Notably, higher TIR was associated with reduced risk of albuminuria, retinopathy, cardiovascular disease mortality, all-cause mortality, and abnormal carotid intima-media thickness. Peripheral neuropathy was predominantly associated with standard deviation of blood glucose levels (SD) and mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE). Conclusion The evidence supports the association between diabetes complications and CGM-derived measures of intraday glycemic variability. TIR emerged as the most consistent measure, supporting its emerging role in clinical practice. More longitudinal studies and trials are required to confirm these associations, particularly for T1D, for which there are limited data.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-972X , 1945-7197
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Endocrine Society
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2026217-6
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography Vol. 45, No. 2 ( 2021-3), p. 218-223
    In: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), Vol. 45, No. 2 ( 2021-3), p. 218-223
    Abstract: Renal echo planar diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has clinical potential but suffers from geometric distortion. We evaluated feasibility of reversed gradient distortion correction in 10 diabetic patients and 6 volunteers. Renal area, apparent diffusion coefficient, fractional anisotropy, and tensor eigenvalues were measured on uncorrected and distortion-corrected DTI. Corrected DTI correlated better than uncorrected DTI ( r = 0.904 vs 0.840, P = 0.002) with reference anatomic T2-weighted imaging, with no significant difference in DTI metrics.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1532-3145 , 0363-8715
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2039772-0
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  • 5
    In: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, Wiley, Vol. 63, No. 6 ( 2019-07), p. 761-768
    Abstract: Critically ill patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are at increased risk of in‐hospital complications and the optimal glycemic target for such patients remains unclear. A more liberal approach to glucose control has recently been suggested for patients with DM, but uncertainty remains regarding its impact on complications. Methods We aimed to test the hypothesis that complications would be more common with a liberal glycemic target in ICU patients with DM. Thus, we compared hospital‐acquired complications in the first 400 critically ill patients with DM included in a sequential before‐and‐after trial of liberal (glucose target: 10‐14 mmol/L) vs conventional (glucose target: 6‐10 mmol/L) glucose control. Results Of the 400 patients studied, 165 (82.5%) patients in the liberal and 177 (88.5%) in the conventional‐control group were coded for at least one hospital‐acquired complication ( P  = 0.09). When comparing clinically relevant complications diagnosed between ICU admission and hospital discharge, we found no difference in the odds for infectious (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] for liberal‐control: 1.15 [95% CI: 0.68‐1.96] , P  = 0.60), cardiovascular (aOR 1.40 [95% CI: 0.63‐3.12], P  = 0.41) or neurological complications (aOR: 1.07 [95% CI: 0.61‐1.86], P  = 0.81), acute kidney injury (aOR 0.83 [95% CI: 0.43‐1.58], P  = 0.56) or hospital mortality (aOR: 1.09 [95% CI: 0.59‐2.02], P  = 0.77) between the liberal and the conventional‐control group. Conclusion In this prospective before‐and‐after study, liberal glucose control was not associated with an increased risk of hospital‐acquired infectious, cardiovascular, renal or neurological complications in critically ill patients with diabetes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-5172 , 1399-6576
    URL: Issue
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2004319-3
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  • 6
    In: Clinical Endocrinology, Wiley, Vol. 96, No. 4 ( 2022-04), p. 549-557
    Abstract: Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have been associated with diabetic ketoacidosis at the time of colonoscopy. This study aimed to identify factors associated with ketone concentrations in SGLT2i‐treated type 2 diabetes compared with non‐SGLT2i‐treated diabetes, and those with impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG) and normoglycaemia. Design Cross‐sectional, multicentre, observational study June–December 2020 in four Australian tertiary hospitals. Participants Capillary glucose and ketones were measured in people undergoing colonoscopy: 37 SGLT2i‐treated and 105 non‐SGLT2i‐treated type 2 diabetes, 65 IFG and 151 normoglycaemia. Measurements Body mass index (BMI), age, glucose, fasting duration and where relevant, HbA1c and time since last SGLT2i dose. Results In SGLT2i‐treated diabetes, BMI ( ρ  = −0.43 [95% confidence interval: −0.67, −0.11]) and duration since last SGLT2i dose ( ρ  = −0.33 [−0.60, 0.00]) correlated negatively with increasing ketones, but there was no correlation with fasting duration. In non‐SGLT2i‐treated diabetes, BMI correlated negatively ( ρ  = −0.24 [−0.42, −0.05]) and fasting duration positively ( ρ  = 0.26 [0.07, 0.43]) with ketones. In IFG participants, only fasting duration correlated with ketones ( ρ  = 0.28 [0.03, 0.49]). In normoglycaemic participants, there were negative correlations with BMI ( ρ  = −0.20 [−0.35, −0.04]) and fasting glucose ( ρ  = −0.31 [−0.45, −0.15]) and positive correlations with fasting duration ( ρ  = 0.20 [0.04, 0.35]) and age ( ρ  = 0.19 [0.03, 0.34]). Multiple regression analysis of the entire cohort showed BMI, age and fasting glucose remained independently associated with ketones, but in SGLT2i‐treated participants only BMI remained independently associated. Conclusions In SGLT2i‐treated diabetes, lower BMI was a novel risk factor for higher ketones precolonoscopy. Pending larger confirmatory studies, extra vigilance for ketoacidosis is warranted in these people.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0300-0664 , 1365-2265
    URL: Issue
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2004597-9
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  • 7
    In: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, The Endocrine Society, ( 2024-02-19)
    Abstract: We compared treatment satisfaction with a tubeless insulin pump (Omnipod DASH® Insulin Management System) to usual care (multiple daily injections [MDI] or tubed insulin pump therapy [IPT] ) in adults with type 1 diabetes using self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG). Research Design and Methods Adults with type 1 diabetes on MDI (n = 40) or IPT (n = 25) from four diabetes centers in Australia were randomized in a 1:1 non-blinded manner to Omnipod DASH System (Omnipod group) or continue usual care (Usual Care group) for 12 weeks, followed by a further 12-week extension where all participants used the device. The primary outcome was treatment satisfaction assessed by change in Diabetes Technology Questionnaire ‘current’ (ΔDTQ-current) score at 12-weeks (study-end). Secondary outcomes included ΔDTQ-current following extension and other participant-reported outcomes (PROs) measuring quality of life, burden of disease treatment, glycemic and device-related outcomes at 12-weeks (study-end) and 24-weeks (end-extension). Results Treatment satisfaction improved more in Omnipod group vs. Usual Care group (ΔDTQ-current score of 16.4 [21.2] vs. 0.0 [12.8] ; p & lt; 0.001) at study-end. Significantly greater improvements in other PROs and HbA1c were also observed. Improvements in DTQ-current and other PROs comparing study-end and end-extension were similar. While %TIR change from baseline did not differ at study-end (-2.0 [12.7] %), it was significantly greater at end-extension (5.6 [10.9] %; p = 0.016). Conclusions Omnipod DASH System resulted in greater treatment satisfaction at 12 weeks in adults with type 1 diabetes using SMBG which was sustained after 24 weeks of device use without compromising sleep quality and fear of hypoglycemia. Improvements in glycemia were also observed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-972X , 1945-7197
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Endocrine Society
    Publication Date: 2024
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2026217-6
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Endocrine Society ; 2020
    In:  The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 105, No. 8 ( 2020-08-01), p. 2475-2486
    In: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, The Endocrine Society, Vol. 105, No. 8 ( 2020-08-01), p. 2475-2486
    Abstract: Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have emerged as an important class of blood glucose–lowering medications, due to cardiovascular, metabolic, and renal benefits. However, there is a small but significant risk of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) associated with their use. Methods A literature search was conducted in Ovid MEDLINE and Embase to July 2019 using variants on the key search terms sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, diabetic ketoacidosis, and type 2 diabetes. A broad spectrum of evidence was incorporated to facilitate a comprehensive narrative review. Further sources were identified through hand searching of reference lists. Discussion Although cardiovascular outcome trials demonstrated mixed evidence of SGLT2i associated DKA, increasing evidence from case reports and cohort studies has identified an increased risk. SGLT2i use is associated with a ketotic state caused by an increased glucagon:insulin ratio and stimulated by factors including stress-induced hormonal changes, insufficient insulin, decreased glucose, increased ketone resorption, and hypovolemia. Atypical presentations of DKA with lower-than-expected blood glucose levels are possible with SGLT2i use, so clinical and biochemical monitoring is vital for early identification and management. DKA risk is particularly increased with precipitating factors, therefore optimization of risk factors is vital. Recommendations for perioperative and sick day management of patients taking SGLT2i have been suggested based on available evidence. Conclusion SGLT2i are an excellent class of drug in the physician’s toolkit for managing type 2 diabetes. However, both clinicians and patients must be aware of the potential for DKA and the need for increased monitoring, both clinically and biochemically, when potential precipitating factors are present. In acutely unwell patients, these medications should be withheld to reduce the risk of DKA.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-972X , 1945-7197
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Endocrine Society
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 9
    In: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, The Endocrine Society, Vol. 105, No. 4 ( 2020-04-01), p. e1187-e1200
    Abstract: Lower sodium intake is paradoxically associated with higher mortality in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Objective To determine whether sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation and endothelial dysfunction contribute to these observations, we examined the effect of salt supplementation on these systems in people with T2D with habitual low sodium. We hypothesized that salt supplementation would lower SNS activity and improve endothelial function compared to placebo. Design We conducted a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Setting The study took place in a tertiary referral diabetes outpatient clinic. Participants Twenty-two people with T2D with habitual low sodium intake (24-hour urine sodium & lt;150 mmol/24h) were included. Intervention Salt supplementation (100 mmol NaCl/24h) or placebo for 3 weeks was administered. Main outcome measures The primary outcome of SNS activity and endothelial function was assessed as follows: Microneurography assessed muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), pulse amplitude tonometry assessed endothelial function via reactive hyperemic index (RHI), and arterial stiffness was assessed via augmentation index (AI). Secondary outcomes included cardiac baroreflex, serum aldosterone, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), heart rate variability (HRV), and salt sensitivity. Results Compared to placebo, salt supplementation increased MSNA (burst frequency P = .047, burst incidence P = .016); however, RHI (P = .24), AI (P = .201), ABPM (systolic P = .09, diastolic P = .14), and HRV were unaffected. Salt supplementation improved baroreflex (slope P = .026) and lowered aldosterone (P = .004), and in salt-resistant individuals there was a trend toward improved RHI (P = .07). Conclusions In people with T2D and low habitual sodium intake, salt supplementation increased SNS activity without altering endothelial function or blood pressure but improved baroreflex function, a predictor of cardiac mortality. Salt-resistant individuals trended toward improved endothelial function with salt supplementation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-972X , 1945-7197
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Endocrine Society
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Endocrine Society ; 2021
    In:  The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 106, No. 1 ( 2021-01-01), p. e61-e73
    In: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, The Endocrine Society, Vol. 106, No. 1 ( 2021-01-01), p. e61-e73
    Abstract: To evaluate diagnostic performance of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimated by modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD), chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI), full age spectrum (FAS), and revised Lund–Malmö (r-LM) equations in adults with diabetes. Methods Individuals were included in this cross-sectional study if they had at least 1 measurement of technetium-99m diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) GFR (mGFR) and serum creatinine (1487 patients with 2703 measures). GFR calculated by estimation equations was compared with mGFR. Diagnostic performance was assessed using concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), bias, precision, accuracy, reduced major axis regression (RMAR), and Bland–Altman plot. Analysis was repeated in subgroups based on sex, diabetes type, Hemoglobin A1C, and GFR level. Results Of all patients, 1189 (86%) had type 2 diabetes. Mean mGFR, MDRD, CKD-EPI, FAS, and revised Lund-Malmö eGFR were 66, 72, 74, 71, and 67 mL/min/1.73m2, respectively. Overall, the r-LM had the highest CCC (0.83), lowest bias (–1.4 mL/min/1.73 m2), highest precision (16.2 mL/min/1.73 m2), and highest accuracy (P10 = 39%). The RMAR (slope, intercept) in r-LM, FAS, MDRD, and CKD-EPI was 1.18, –13.35; 0.97, –2.9; 1, -6.4, and 1.04, –11.3, respectively. The Bland–Altman plot showed that r-LM had the lowest mean difference and the narrowest 95% limit of agreement (–1.0, 54.1 mL/min/1.73 m2), while mean difference was more than 5-fold higher in FAS, MDRD, and CKD-EPI (–5.2, –6.3, and –8.2, respectively). Conclusions In adults with diabetes the revised Lund-Malmö performs better than MDRD, CKD-EPI, and FAS in calculating point estimates of GFR.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-972X , 1945-7197
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Endocrine Society
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2026217-6
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