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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Soil Water Repellency within a Burned Piñon–Juniper Woodland: Spatial Distribution, Severity, and Ecohydrologic Implications
    Wiley ; 2011
    In:  Soil Science Society of America Journal Vol. 75, No. 4 ( 2011-07), p. 1543-1553
    Details
    In: Soil Science Society of America Journal, Wiley, Vol. 75, No. 4 ( 2011-07), p. 1543-1553
    Abstract: Soil water repellency is commonly found in piñon ( Pinus spp.)–juniper ( Juniperus spp.) (P‐J) woodlands and may limit site recovery after a fire. Understanding the extent of this problem and the impact it has on vegetation recovery will help guide land managers in conducting their restoration efforts. In this study, we (i) examined the spatial distribution and severity of post‐fire soil water repellency in a burned P‐J woodland, (ii) related ecohydrologic properties to pre‐fire tree canopy cover and post‐fire vegetation establishment, and (iii) demonstrated a geographic information system (GIS)‐based approach to extrapolate observed patterns to the fire boundary scale. During a 2‐yr period, several soil and vegetative measurements were performed along radial line transects extending from the trunk of burned Utah juniper [ Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little] trees to twice the canopy radius. Results indicate that water repellency patterns are highly correlated with pre‐fire tree canopy cover. Critical water repellency extended from the base of the tree to just beyond the canopy edge, while subcritical water repellency extended half a canopy radius past the edge of the critical water repellency zone. At sites where critical water repellency was present, infiltration rates, soil moisture, and vegetation cover and density were significantly less than non‐water‐repellent sites. These variables wer e also reduced in soils with subcritical water repellency (albeit to a lesser extent). Results were exported into a GIS‐based model and used in conjunction with remotely sensed imagery to estimate the spatial distribution of soil water repellency at the landscape scale.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-5995 , 1435-0661
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2136/sssaj2010.0320
    RVK:
    RA 4845
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2011
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481691-X
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cross‐Reference System for Translating Between Genetic Soil Classification of China and Soil Taxonomy
    Wiley ; 2006
    In:  Soil Science Society of America Journal Vol. 70, No. 1 ( 2006-01), p. 78-83
    Details
    In: Soil Science Society of America Journal, Wiley, Vol. 70, No. 1 ( 2006-01), p. 78-83
    Abstract: Soil classification systems are not consistent among countries or organizations thereby hindering the communication and organizational functions they are intended to promote. The development of translations between systems will be critical for overcoming the gap in understanding that has resulted from the lack of a single internationally accepted classification system. This paper describes the application of a process that resulted in the translation of the Genetic Soil Classification of China (GSCC) to Soil Taxonomy (ST). A brief history of soil classification in China is also provided to familiarize readers with GSCC and its origins. Genetic Soil Classification of China is the attribute base for the recently assembled digital form of the 1:1 000 000 soil map of The People's Republic of China. The translation between GSCC and ST was based on profile, chemical, and physical descriptions of 2540 soil series. First, the 2540 soil series were classified to their equivalent soil order, suborder, great group, and subgroup according to ST and GSCC subgroup descriptors. Order names for both classification systems were then linked to corresponding map units in the 1:1 000 000 digital soil map of China using a geographic information system (GIS). Differences in classification criteria and in the number of orders of the two systems (there are more GSCC orders than ST orders) meant that each GSCC order could possibly be assigned to more than one ST order. To resolve the differences, the percent correspondence in area between orders was determined and used as the criterion for assigning GSCC orders to ST orders. Some percentages of correspondence were low so additional processing was used to improve the assignment process. The GSCC suborders were then matched with ST orders. When the area for each order was summarized, the percentage of correspondence increased except for two subgroups in the Ferrasols order.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-5995 , 1435-0661
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2136/sssaj2004.0318
    RVK:
    RA 4845
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2006
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2239747-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 196788-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481691-X
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hydraulic Conductivity as Related to Certain Soil Properties in a Number of Great Soil Groups—Sampling Errors Involved
    Wiley ; 1957
    In:  Soil Science Society of America Journal Vol. 21, No. 5 ( 1957-09), p. 554-560
    Details
    In: Soil Science Society of America Journal, Wiley, Vol. 21, No. 5 ( 1957-09), p. 554-560
    Abstract: This study was undertaken to provide information about hydraulic conductivity, percent large pores, and bulk density, their interrelationships, and the magnitude of the sampling error components involved over a wide range of soil conditions. Data from approximately 10,000 individual core samples from about 900 sites in 7 states, furnished in a cooperative project with the Soil Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture, were analyzed. Each sample was classified according to management, genetic unit (great soil group, high family, low family, and series), texture, and horizon. Mean values for hydraulic conductivity, percent large pores and bulk density, when classified by textural groups, showed a consistent decrease in magnitude with increases in silt and clay content. Mean values for the three properties, when classified by great soil groups, showed consistent differences between groups. Correlations between hydraulic conductivity and percent large pores was positive and comparatively consistent; correlations between hydraulic conductivity and bulk density were negative and generally of a low absolute value. The indicated conclusion was that bulk density, in itself, is a poor indicator of soil permeability. Variance components for among cores within sites and horizons, and between sites, after removal of all other classifiable variation, indicated that the between site component of the sampling error was 2 to 3 times larger than the within site component. These components are used to estimate “distinguishable permeability classes” for various sampling schemes, and by assuming various cost ratios, optimum sampling rates are estimated.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-5995 , 1435-0661
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2136/sssaj1957.03615995002100050025x
    RVK:
    RA 4845
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 1957
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2239747-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 196788-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481691-X
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Analytical Solution for Two‐Region Diffusion with Two Well‐Mixed End Chambers
    Wiley ; 1996
    In:  Soil Science Society of America Journal Vol. 60, No. 6 ( 1996-11), p. 1697-1704
    Details
    In: Soil Science Society of America Journal, Wiley, Vol. 60, No. 6 ( 1996-11), p. 1697-1704
    Abstract: Many methods have been developed for determining the effective gaseous diffusion coefficient ( D p ) in soils. Some commonly used methods are the one‐ and two‐chamber apparatuses. In addition, laboratory apparatuses for the study of vapor diffusion, sorption, and biodegradation may consist of soil and vapor chambers. Existing analytical solutions for such apparatuses cannot accommodate diffusion through regions containing two distinct layers of differing porosity and diffusion coefficient. Such dual porosities can represent stagnant air layers, or crusting‐compaction at core ends. We developed an analytical solution for gaseous diffusion in a four‐region chamber system. The system consists of two diffusion regions (with two different porosities), and a well‐mixed end chamber attached at either end. The solution was used to simulate one‐dimensional gas diffusion in an apparatus consisting of two diffusion regions with constant‐concentration boundary conditions. The solution was also used to quantify errors made in estimating D p using the one‐chamber apparatus when the air chamber is not mixed, or when a stagnant air layer exists above the soil surface. Errors due to non‐mixing decreased with time and increased with water content and air‐chamber size when analysis was done using concentrations at a point close to the soil surface. Analysis of the effects of a stagnant air layer showed that errors increased with time and air‐chamber size and decreased with increasing water content. Analysis done to test the effects of soil crusting on diffusion showed that, despite the thinness of the soil crust, large estimation errors in D p are possible.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-5995 , 1435-0661
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000060013x
    RVK:
    RA 4845
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 1996
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 241415-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2239747-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 196788-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481691-X
    SSG: 13
    SSG: 21
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Determination of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity from Soil Percolation Test Results
    Wiley ; 1986
    In:  Soil Science Society of America Journal Vol. 50, No. 2 ( 1986-03), p. 273-276
    Details
    In: Soil Science Society of America Journal, Wiley, Vol. 50, No. 2 ( 1986-03), p. 273-276
    Abstract: Percolation times and saturated hydraulic conductivity rates from 28 test holes were used with data from the literature to relate saturated hydraulic conductivity, K , to percolation time, P . Sites were chosen to represent seven central and western Pennsylvania soils developed in shale and sandstone colluvium, alluvium, glacial outwash, or residual limestone parent materials. Saturated hydraulic conductivity was determined by the shallow well pump‐in method, an in‐situ test that measures three‐dimensional water flow into the soil. Percolation time was determined using a modification of approved procedures of the Environmental Protection Agency and the Pennsylvania Dep. of Environmental Resources. Linear regression analysis performed on the base 10 logarithm of the 28 pairs of data from this study resulted in the equation: log K = −0.309 log P −4.296 (with P in units of s/m and K in units of m/s). This equation was compared to an equation derived from literature data and to a steady‐state three‐dimensional infiltration equation derived from soil‐water flow theory. It was concluded that the literature data and the theoretical equation were different from that generated in this study due to the use of a saturated hydraulic conductivity technique that was sensitive to the layered nature of the soils used. It was further concluded that an equation derived from theory, log K = ‐log ( P ) − log (1 + 4/πα r o ), could be used to convert percolation times, P , to saturated hydraulic conductivity values, K .
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-5995 , 1435-0661
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000020003x
    RVK:
    RA 4845
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 1986
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    SSG: 13
    SSG: 21
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  • 6
    Online Resource
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    Aircraft measurements of atmospheric kinetic energy spectra
    Stockholm University Press ; 1983
    In:  Tellus A Vol. 35A, No. 5 ( 1983-10), p. 379-382
    Details
    In: Tellus A, Stockholm University Press, Vol. 35A, No. 5 ( 1983-10), p. 379-382
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0280-6495 , 1600-0870
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/tela.1983.35A.issue-5
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1983.tb00212.x
    RVK:
    RA 1000
    RVK:
    UA 8382.1
    Language: English
    Publisher: Stockholm University Press
    Publication Date: 1983
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    SSG: 16,13
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Electrically Active Convection in Tropical Easterly Waves and Implications for Tropical Cyclogenesis in the Atlantic and East Pacific
    American Meteorological Society ; 2013
    In:  Monthly Weather Review Vol. 141, No. 2 ( 2013-02-01), p. 542-556
    Details
    In: Monthly Weather Review, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 141, No. 2 ( 2013-02-01), p. 542-556
    Abstract: In this study, the authors investigated the characteristics of tropical easterly wave convection and the possible implications of convective structure on tropical cyclogenesis and intensification over the Atlantic Ocean and the east Pacific Ocean. Easterly waves were partitioned into northerly, southerly, trough, and ridge phases based on the 700-hPa meridional wind from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis dataset. Waves were subsequently divided according to whether they did or did not develop tropical cyclones (i.e., developing and nondeveloping, respectively), and developing waves were further subdivided according to development location. Finally, composites as a function of wave phase and category were created using data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager, Precipitation Radar (PR), and Lightning Imaging Sensor as well as infrared (IR) brightness temperature data from the NASA global-merged IR brightness temperature dataset. Results suggest that the convective characteristics that best distinguish developing from nondeveloping waves vary according to where developing waves spawn tropical cyclones. For waves that develop a cyclone in the Atlantic basin, coverage by IR brightness temperatures ≤240 and ≤210 K provide the best distinction between developing and nondeveloping waves. In contrast, several variables provide a significant distinction between nondeveloping waves and waves that develop cyclones over the east Pacific as these waves near their genesis location including IR threshold coverage, lightning flash rates, and low-level ( & lt;4.5 km) PR reflectivity. Results of this study may be used to help develop thresholds to better distinguish developing from nondeveloping waves and serve as another aid for tropical cyclogenesis forecasting.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-0644 , 1520-0493
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-12-00174.1
    RVK:
    RA 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2013
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    SSG: 14
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  • 8
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    Spatial Resolution Impacts on National Meteorological Center Nested Grid Model Simulations
    American Meteorological Society ; 1993
    In:  Monthly Weather Review Vol. 121, No. 5 ( 1993-05), p. 1450-1466
    Details
    In: Monthly Weather Review, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 121, No. 5 ( 1993-05), p. 1450-1466
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-0644 , 1520-0493
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121〈1450:SRIONM〉2.0.CO;2
    RVK:
    RA 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 1993
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2033056-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 202616-8
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  • 9
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    Assimilation of Surface-Based Boundary Layer Profiler Observations during a Cool-Season Weather Event Using an Observing System Simulation Experiment. Part I: Analysis Impact
    American Meteorological Society ; 2011
    In:  Monthly Weather Review Vol. 139, No. 8 ( 2011-08), p. 2309-2326
    Details
    In: Monthly Weather Review, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 139, No. 8 ( 2011-08), p. 2309-2326
    Abstract: In this study, an Observing System Simulation Experiment was used to examine how the assimilation of temperature, water vapor, and wind profiles from a potential array of ground-based remote sensing boundary layer profiling instruments impacts the accuracy of atmospheric analyses when using an ensemble Kalman filter data assimilation system. Remote sensing systems evaluated during this study include the Doppler wind lidar (DWL), Raman lidar (RAM), microwave radiometer (MWR), and the Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI). The case study tracked the evolution of several extratropical weather systems that occurred across the contiguous United States during 7–8 January 2008. Overall, the results demonstrate that using networks of high-quality temperature, wind, and moisture profile observations of the lower troposphere has the potential to improve the accuracy of wintertime atmospheric analyses over land. The impact of each profiling system was greatest in the lower and middle troposphere on the variables observed or retrieved by that instrument; however, some minor improvements also occurred in the unobserved variables and in the upper troposphere, particularly when RAM observations were assimilated. The best analysis overall was achieved when DWL wind profiles and temperature and moisture observations from the RAM, AERI, or MWR were assimilated simultaneously, which illustrates that both mass and momentum observations are necessary to improve the analysis accuracy.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-0644 , 1520-0493
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/2011MWR3622.1
    RVK:
    RA 1000
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2011
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2033056-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 202616-8
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  • 10
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    Relation between Tropical Easterly Waves, Convection, and Tropical Cyclogenesis: A Lagrangian Perspective
    American Meteorological Society ; 2013
    In:  Monthly Weather Review Vol. 141, No. 8 ( 2013-08-01), p. 2649-2668
    Details
    In: Monthly Weather Review, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 141, No. 8 ( 2013-08-01), p. 2649-2668
    Abstract: In this study, a wave-following Lagrangian framework was used to examine the evolution of tropical easterly wave structure, circulation, and convection in the days leading up to and including tropical cyclogenesis in the Atlantic and east Pacific basins. After easterly waves were separated into northerly, southerly, trough, and ridge phases using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis 700-hPa meridional wind, waves that developed a tropical cyclone [developing waves (DWs)] and waves that never developed a cyclone [nondeveloping waves (NDWs)] were identified. Day zero (D0) was defined as the day on which a tropical depression was identified for DWs or the day the waves achieved maximum 850-hPa vorticity for NDWs. Both waves types were then traced from five days prior to D0 (D − 5) through one day after D0. Results suggest that as genesis is approached for DWs, the coverage by convection and cold cloudiness (e.g., fractional coverage by infrared brightness temperatures ≤240 K) increases, while convective intensity (e.g., lightning flash rate) decreases. Therefore, the coverage by convection appears to be more important than the intensity of convection for tropical cyclogenesis. In contrast, convective coverage and intensity both increase from D − 5 to D0 for NDWs. Compared to NDWs, DWs are associated with significantly greater coverage by cold cloudiness, large-scale moisture throughout a deep layer, and large-scale, upper-level (~200 hPa) divergence, especially within the trough and southerly phases, suggesting that these parameters are most important for cyclogenesis and for distinguishing DWs from NDWs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-0644 , 1520-0493
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-12-00217.1
    RVK:
    RA 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2033056-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 202616-8
    SSG: 14
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