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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cloning of the cDNA encoding the urotensin II precursor in frog and human reveals intense expression of the urotensin II gene in motoneurons of the spinal cord
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 1998
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 95, No. 26 ( 1998-12-22), p. 15803-15808
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 95, No. 26 ( 1998-12-22), p. 15803-15808
    Abstract: Urotensin II (UII) is a cyclic peptide initially isolated from the caudal neurosecretory system of teleost fish. Subsequently, UII has been characterized from a frog brain extract, indicating that a gene encoding a UII precursor is also present in the genome of a tetrapod. Here, we report the characterization of the cDNAs encoding frog and human UII precursors and the localization of the corresponding mRNAs. In both frog and human, the UII sequence is located at the C-terminal position of the precursor. Human UII is composed of only 11 amino acid residues, while fish and frog UII possess 12 and 13 amino acid residues, respectively. The cyclic region of UII, which is responsible for the biological activity of the peptide, has been fully conserved from fish to human. Northern blot and dot blot analysis revealed that UII precursor mRNAs are found predominantly in the frog and human spinal cord. In situ hybridization studies showed that the UII precursor gene is actively expressed in motoneurons. The present study demonstrates that UII, which has long been regarded as a peptide exclusively produced by the urophysis of teleost fish, is actually present in the brain of amphibians and mammals. The fact that evolutionary pressure has acted to conserve fully the biologically active sequence of UII suggests that the peptide may exert important physiological functions in humans.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.26.15803
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 1998
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 209104-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461794-8
    SSG: 11
    SSG: 12
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Comparative genomics provides evidence for close evolutionary relationships between the urotensin II and somatostatin gene families
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2006
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 103, No. 7 ( 2006-02-14), p. 2237-2242
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 103, No. 7 ( 2006-02-14), p. 2237-2242
    Abstract: Although urotensin II (UII) and somatostatin 1 (SS1) exhibit some structural similarities, their precursors do not show any appreciable sequence identity and, thus, it is widely accepted that the UII and SS1 genes do not derive from a common ancestral gene. The recent characterization of novel isoforms of these two peptides, namely urotensin II-related peptide (URP) and somatostatin 2 (SS2)/cortistatin (CST), provides new opportunity to revisit the phylogenetic relationships of UII and SS1 using a comparative genomics approach. In the present study, by radiation hybrid mapping and in silico sequence analysis, we have determined the chromosomal localization of the genes encoding UII- and somatostatin-related peptides in several vertebrate species, including human, chicken, and zebrafish. In most of the species investigated, the UII and URP genes are closely linked to the SS2/CST and SS1 genes, respectively. We also found that the UII-SS2/CST locus and the URP/SS1 locus are paralogous. Taken together, these data indicate that the UII and URP genes, on the one hand, and the SS1 and SS2/CST genes, on the other hand, arose through a segmental duplication of two ancestral genes that were already physically linked to each other. Our results also suggest that these two genes arose themselves through a tandem duplication of a single ancestral gene. It thus appears that the genes encoding UII- and somatostatin-related peptides belong to the same superfamily.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0510700103
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 209104-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461794-8
    SSG: 11
    SSG: 12
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Origin and Evolution of the Neuroendocrine Control of Reproduction in Vertebrates, With Special Focus on Genome and Gene Duplications
    American Physiological Society ; 2020
    In:  Physiological Reviews Vol. 100, No. 2 ( 2020-04-01), p. 869-943
    Details
    In: Physiological Reviews, American Physiological Society, Vol. 100, No. 2 ( 2020-04-01), p. 869-943
    Abstract: In humans, as in the other mammals, the neuroendocrine control of reproduction is ensured by the brain-pituitary gonadotropic axis. Multiple internal and environmental cues are integrated via brain neuronal networks, ultimately leading to the modulation of the activity of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. The decapeptide GnRH is released into the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal blood system and stimulates the production of pituitary glycoprotein hormones, the two gonadotropins luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. A novel actor, the neuropeptide kisspeptin, acting upstream of GnRH, has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Other neuropeptides, such as gonadotropin-inhibiting hormone/RF-amide related peptide, and other members of the RF-amide peptide superfamily, as well as various nonpeptidic neuromediators such as dopamine and serotonin also provide a large panel of stimulatory or inhibitory regulators. This paper addresses the origin and evolution of the vertebrate gonadotropic axis. Brain-pituitary neuroendocrine axes are typical of vertebrates, the pituitary gland, mediator and amplifier of brain control on peripheral organs, being a vertebrate innovation. The paper reviews, from molecular and functional perspectives, the evolution across vertebrate radiation of some key actors of the vertebrate neuroendocrine control of reproduction and traces back their origin along the vertebrate lineage and in other metazoa before the emergence of vertebrates. A focus is given on how gene duplications, resulting from either local events or from whole genome duplication events, and followed by paralogous gene loss or conservation, might have shaped the evolutionary scenarios of current families of key actors of the gonadotropic axis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0031-9333 , 1522-1210
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00009.2019
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1471693-8
    SSG: 12
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cloning, sequence analysis and tissue distribution of the mouse and rat urotensin II precursors
    Wiley ; 1999
    In:  FEBS Letters Vol. 457, No. 1 ( 1999-08-20), p. 28-32
    Details
    In: FEBS Letters, Wiley, Vol. 457, No. 1 ( 1999-08-20), p. 28-32
    Abstract: Urotensin II (UII) is a cyclic neuropeptide initially isolated from the caudal neurosecretory system of teleost fish. The recent cloning of the UII precursor in frog and human has demonstrated that the peptide is not restricted to the fish urophysis but that it is also expressed in the central nervous system of tetrapods. Here, we describe the characterization of the cDNAs encoding prepro‐UII in mouse and rat. A comparison of the primary structures of mouse and rat UII with those of other vertebrate UII reveals that the sequence of the cyclic region of the molecule (CFWKYC) has been fully conserved. In contrast, the N‐terminal flanking domain of prepro‐UII has markedly diverged with only 48% sequence identity between the mouse or rat and the human precursors. In situ hybridization histochemistry showed that the prepro‐UII gene is predominantly expressed in motoneurons of the brainstem and spinal cord, suggesting that UII may play a role in the control of neuromuscular functions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0014-5793 , 1873-3468
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/S0014-5793(99)01003-0
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 1999
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1460391-3
    SSG: 12
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