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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Foundation species promote community stability by increasing diversity in a giant kelp forest
    Wiley ; 2020
    In:  Ecology Vol. 101, No. 5 ( 2020-05)
    Details
    In: Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 101, No. 5 ( 2020-05)
    Abstract: Foundation species structure communities, promote biodiversity, and stabilize ecosystem processes by creating locally stable environmental conditions. Despite their critical importance, the role of foundation species in stabilizing natural communities has seldom been quantified. In theory, the stability of a foundation species should promote community stability by enhancing species richness, altering the population fluctuations of individual species, or both. Here we tested the hypothesis that the stability of a marine foundation species, the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera , increased the stability of the aggregate biomass of a phylogenetically diverse assemblage of understory algae and sessile invertebrates that compete for space beneath the giant kelp canopy. To achieve this goal, we analyzed an 18‐yr time series of the biomass of giant kelp and its associated benthic community collected from 32 plots distributed among nine shallow reefs in the Santa Barbara Channel, USA. We showed that the stability of understory algae and sessile invertebrates was positively and indirectly related to the stability of giant kelp, which primarily resulted from giant kelp's direct positive association with species richness. The stability of all community types was positively related to species richness via increased species stability and species asynchrony. The stabilizing effects of richness were three to four times stronger when algae and invertebrates were considered separately rather than in combination. Our finding that diversity–stability relationships were stronger in communities consisting of species with similar resource requirements suggests that competition for shared resources rather than differential responses to environmental conditions played a more important role in stabilizing the community. Increasing threats to structure‐forming foundation species worldwide necessitates a detailed understanding of how they influence their associated community. This study is among the first to show that dampened temporal fluctuations in the biomass of a foundation species is an important determinant of the stability of the complex communities it supports.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0012-9658 , 1939-9170
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ecy.v101.5
    DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2987
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1797-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2010140-5
    SSG: 12
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Detrital supply suppresses deforestation to maintain healthy kelp forest ecosystems
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Ecology Vol. 103, No. 5 ( 2022-05)
    Details
    In: Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 103, No. 5 ( 2022-05)
    Abstract: Herbivores can reach extraordinary abundances in many ecosystems. When herbivore abundance is high, heavy grazing can severely defoliate primary producers and, in some cases, even drive ecosystem to undergo regime shifts from a high productivity state to a denuded, low productivity state. While the phenomenon of herbivore‐driven regime shifts is well documented, we only partially understand the mechanisms underlying these events. Here, we combine herbivory experiments with 21 years of long‐term monitoring data of kelp forest ecosystems to test the hypothesis that herbivores drive regime shifts when herbivory exceeds primary production. To test this hypothesis, we quantified how the foraging habits of an important group of marine herbivores—sea urchins—change with increases in sea urchin biomass and trigger regime shifts to a foundation species, giant kelp ( Macrocystis pyrifera ). Using experiments, we quantified how the grazing capacity of urchins increases as urchin biomass increases, then we combined these estimates of urchin grazing capacity with estimates of kelp production to predict when and where urchin grazing capacity exceeded kelp production. When grazing capacity exceeded kelp production, sea urchins caused a 50‐fold reduction in giant kelp biomass. Our findings support the hypothesis that the balance between herbivory and production underlies herbivore‐driven regime shifts in Southern California kelp forests and provides insight into when and where urchins are likely to force regime shifts in kelp forest ecosystems.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0012-9658 , 1939-9170
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ecy.v103.5
    DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3673
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1797-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2010140-5
    SSG: 12
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    Online Resource
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Variation in disturbance to a foundation species structures the dynamics of a benthic reef community
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Ecology Vol. 102, No. 5 ( 2021-05)
    Details
    In: Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 102, No. 5 ( 2021-05)
    Abstract: Disturbance and foundation species can both have strong impacts on ecosystem structure and function, but studies of their interacting effects are hindered by the long life spans and slow growth of most foundation species. Here, we investigated the extent to which foundation species may mediate the impacts of disturbance on ecological communities, using the kelp forest ecosystem as a study system. Giant kelp ( Macrocystis pyrifera ) grows rapidly and experiences wave disturbance from winter storms. We developed and analyzed a model of the effects of variable storm regimes on giant kelp population dynamics and of the cascading effects on kelp‐mediated competition between benthic community members in kelp forests. Simulations of severe storm regimes resulted in a greater abundance of understory macroalgae and a lower abundance of sessile invertebrates than did milder regimes. Both the cascading effects of periodic loss of giant kelp as well as the degree to which storms directly impacted the benthos (in the form of scouring) influenced the outcome of competition between benthic community members. The model’s qualitative predictions were consistent with empirical data from a 20‐yr time series of community dynamics, suggesting that interannual variability in disturbance that affects giant kelp abundance can have strong consequences for benthic community structure. Our findings point to the value of long‐term studies in elucidating the interacting effects of disturbance and foundation species.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0012-9658 , 1939-9170
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ecy.v102.5
    DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3304
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1797-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2010140-5
    SSG: 12
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Perception and Conflict in Conservation: The Rashomon Effect
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2021
    In:  BioScience Vol. 71, No. 1 ( 2021-01-08), p. 64-72
    Details
    In: BioScience, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 71, No. 1 ( 2021-01-08), p. 64-72
    Abstract: Conflict is a common feature in conservation and resource management. Environmental conflicts are frequently attributed to differences in values; however, variability in the perception of facts, rooted in social and cultural differences also underlies conflicts. Such differences in perception have been termed the Rashomon effect after the Kurosawa film. In the present article, we explore a conservation Rashomon effect—a phenomenon that results from a combination of differences in perspective, plausible alternative perspectives of a conservation issue, and the absence of evidence to elevate one perspective above others. As a remedy to the Rashomon effect, policy-makers have turned to scientists as honest brokers who share a common environmental reality. We evaluate this supposition and suggest that scientists, themselves, display Rashomon effects. We suggest that Rashomon effects can be reduced by acknowledging the plurality of reality, embracing epistemic pluralism, and prioritizing an inclusive process of resource management.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0006-3568 , 1525-3244
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biaa117
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066019-4
    SSG: 12
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Order of arrival affects competition in two reef fishes
    Wiley ; 2009
    In:  Ecology Vol. 90, No. 10 ( 2009-10), p. 2868-2878
    Details
    In: Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 90, No. 10 ( 2009-10), p. 2868-2878
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0012-9658
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1890/08-0630.1
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2009
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1797-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2010140-5
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ocean recoveries for tomorrow’s Earth: Hitting a moving target
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2019
    In:  Science Vol. 363, No. 6425 ( 2019-01-25)
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 363, No. 6425 ( 2019-01-25)
    Abstract: Growing scientific awareness, strong regulations, and effective management have begun to fulfill the promise of recovery in the ocean. However, many efforts toward ocean recovery remain unsuccessful, in part because marine ecosystems and the human societies that depend upon them are constantly changing. Furthermore, recovery efforts are embedded in marine social-ecological systems where large-scale dynamics can inhibit recovery. We argue that the ways forward are to (i) rethink an inclusive definition of recovery that embraces a diversity of stakeholder perspectives about acceptable recovery goals and ecosystem outcomes; (ii) encourage research that enables anticipation of feasible recovery states and identifies pathways toward resilient ecosystems; and (iii) adopt policies that are sufficiently nimble to keep pace with rapid change and governance that works seamlessly from local to regional scales. Application of these principles can facilitate successful recoveries in a world where environmental conditions and social imperatives are constantly shifting.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.aav1004
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0
    SSG: 11
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Predator‐induced selection on urchin activity level depends on urchin body size
    Wiley ; 2019
    In:  Ethology Vol. 125, No. 10 ( 2019-10), p. 716-723
    Details
    In: Ethology, Wiley, Vol. 125, No. 10 ( 2019-10), p. 716-723
    Abstract: Temporally consistent individual differences in behavior impact many ecological processes. We simultaneously examined the effects of individual variation in prey activity level, covering behavior, and body size on prey survival with predators using an urchin–lobster system. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that slow‐moving purple sea urchins ( Strongylocentrotus purpuratus ) and urchins who deploy extensive substrate (pebbles and stones) covering behavior will out‐survive active urchins that deploy little to no covering behavior when pitted against a predator, the California spiny lobster ( Panulirus interruptus ). We evaluated this hypothesis by first confirming whether individual urchins exhibit temporally consistent differences in activity level and covering behavior, which they did. Next, we placed groups of four urchins in mesocosms with single lobster and monitored urchin survival for 108 hr. High activity level was negatively associated with survival, whereas urchin size and covering behavior independently did not influence survival. The negative effect of urchin activity level on urchin survival was strong for smaller urchins and weaker for large urchins. Taken together, these results suggest that purple urchin activity level and size jointly determine their susceptibility to predation by lobsters. This is potentially of great interest, because predation by recovering lobster populations could alter the stability of kelp forests by culling specific phenotypes, like foraging phenotypes, from urchin populations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0179-1613 , 1439-0310
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/eth.v125.10
    DOI: 10.1111/eth.12924
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020221-0
    SSG: 22
    SSG: 12,22
    SSG: 5,2
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Predation and landscape characteristics independently affect reef fish community organization
    Wiley ; 2014
    In:  Ecology Vol. 95, No. 5 ( 2014-05), p. 1294-1307
    Details
    In: Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 95, No. 5 ( 2014-05), p. 1294-1307
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0012-9658
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1890/12-1441.1
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1797-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2010140-5
    SSG: 12
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Predator density and timing of arrival affect reef fish community assembly
    Wiley ; 2013
    In:  Ecology Vol. 94, No. 5 ( 2013-05), p. 1057-1068
    Details
    In: Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 94, No. 5 ( 2013-05), p. 1057-1068
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0012-9658
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1890/11-1983.1
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1797-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2010140-5
    SSG: 12
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Material legacies can degrade resilience: Structure‐retaining disturbances promote regime shifts on coral reefs
    Wiley ; 2023
    In:  Ecology Vol. 104, No. 4 ( 2023-04)
    Details
    In: Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 104, No. 4 ( 2023-04)
    Abstract: Standing dead structures of habitat‐forming organisms (e.g., dead trees, coral skeletons, oyster shells) killed by a disturbance are material legacies that can affect ecosystem recovery processes. Many ecosystems are subject to different types of disturbance that either remove biogenic structures or leave them intact. Here we used a mathematical model to quantify how the resilience of coral reef ecosystems may be differentially affected following structure‐removing and structure‐retaining disturbance events, focusing in particular on the potential for regime shifts from coral to macroalgae. We found that dead coral skeletons could substantially diminish coral resilience if they provided macroalgae refuge from herbivory, a key feedback associated with the recovery of coral populations. Our model shows that the material legacy of dead skeletons broadens the range of herbivore biomass over which coral and macroalgae states are bistable. Hence, material legacies can alter resilience by modifying the underlying relationship between a system driver (herbivory) and a state variable (coral cover).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0012-9658 , 1939-9170
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ecy.v104.4
    DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4006
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1797-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2010140-5
    SSG: 12
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