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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Detection of Bovine and Porcine Adenoviruses for Tracing the Source of Fecal Contamination
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2004
    In:  Applied and Environmental Microbiology Vol. 70, No. 3 ( 2004-03), p. 1448-1454
    Details
    In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 70, No. 3 ( 2004-03), p. 1448-1454
    Abstract: In this study, a molecular procedure for the detection of adenoviruses of animal origin was developed to evaluate the level of excretion of these viruses by swine and cattle and to design a test to facilitate the tracing of specific sources of environmental viral contamination. Two sets of oligonucleotides were designed, one to detect porcine adenoviruses and the other to detect bovine and ovine adenoviruses. The specificity of the assays was assessed in 31 fecal samples and 12 sewage samples that were collected monthly during a 1-year period. The data also provided information on the environmental prevalence of animal adenoviruses. Porcine adenoviruses were detected in 17 of 24 (70%) pools of swine samples studied, with most isolates being closely related to serotype 3. Bovine adenoviruses were present in 6 of 8 (75%) pools studied, with strains belonging to the genera Mastadenovirus and Atadenovirus and being similar to bovine adenoviruses of types 2, 4, and 7. These sets of primers produced negative results in nested PCR assays when human adenovirus controls and urban-sewage samples were tested. Likewise, the sets of primers previously designed for detection of human adenovirus also produced negative results with animal adenoviruses. These results indicate the importance of further studies to evaluate the usefulness of these tests to trace the source of fecal contamination in water and food and for environmental studies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0099-2240 , 1098-5336
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.3.1448-1454.2004
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2004
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 223011-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1478346-0
    SSG: 12
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vaccinia virus immune evasion: mechanisms, virulence and immunogenicity
    Microbiology Society ; 2013
    In:  Journal of General Virology Vol. 94, No. 11 ( 2013-11-01), p. 2367-2392
    Details
    In: Journal of General Virology, Microbiology Society, Vol. 94, No. 11 ( 2013-11-01), p. 2367-2392
    Abstract: Virus infection of mammalian cells is sensed by pattern recognition receptors and leads to an innate immune response that restricts virus replication and induces adaptive immunity. In response, viruses have evolved many countermeasures that enable them to replicate and be transmitted to new hosts, despite the host innate immune response. Poxviruses, such as vaccinia virus (VACV), have large DNA genomes and encode many proteins that are dedicated to host immune evasion. Some of these proteins are secreted from the infected cell, where they bind and neutralize complement factors, interferons, cytokines and chemokines. Other VACV proteins function inside cells to inhibit apoptosis or signalling pathways that lead to the production of interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In this review, these VACV immunomodulatory proteins are described and the potential to create more immunogenic VACV strains by manipulation of the gene encoding these proteins is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-1317 , 1465-2099
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.055921-0
    RVK:
    XA 53770
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Microbiology Society
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2007065-2
    SSG: 12
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vaccinia virus protein A49 activates Wnt signalling by targetting the E3 ligase β-TrCP
    Microbiology Society ; 2017
    In:  Journal of General Virology Vol. 98, No. 12 ( 2017-12-01), p. 3086-3092
    Details
    In: Journal of General Virology, Microbiology Society, Vol. 98, No. 12 ( 2017-12-01), p. 3086-3092
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-1317 , 1465-2099
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000946
    RVK:
    XA 53770
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Microbiology Society
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2007065-2
    SSG: 12
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vaccinia virus virulence factor N1 can be ubiquitylated on multiple lysine residues
    Microbiology Society ; 2014
    In:  Journal of General Virology Vol. 95, No. 9 ( 2014-09-01), p. 2038-2049
    Details
    In: Journal of General Virology, Microbiology Society, Vol. 95, No. 9 ( 2014-09-01), p. 2038-2049
    Abstract: Ubiquitylation is a covalent post-translational modification that regulates protein stability and is involved in many biological functions. Proteins may be modified with mono-ubiquitin or ubiquitin chains. Viruses have evolved multiple mechanisms to perturb the cell ubiquitin system and manipulate it to their own benefit. Here, we report ubiquitylation of vaccinia virus (VACV) protein N1. N1 is an inhibitor of the nuclear factor NF-κB and apoptosis that contributes to virulence, has a Bcl-2-like fold, and is highly conserved amongst orthopoxviruses. The interaction between N1 and ubiquitin occurs at endogenous protein levels during VACV infection and following ectopic expression of N1. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that N1 is covalently ubiquitylated, and heterodimers of ubiquitylated and non-ubiquitylated N1 monomers were identified, suggesting that ubiquitylation does not inhibit N1 dimerization. Studies with other VACV Bcl-2 proteins, such as C6 or B14, revealed that although these proteins also interact with ubiquitin, these interactions are non-covalent. Finally, mutagenesis of N1 showed that ubiquitylation occurs in a conventional lysine-dependent manner at multiple acceptor sites because only an N1 allele devoid of lysine residues remained unmodified. Taken together, we described a previously uncharacterized modification of the VACV protein N1 that provided a new layer of complexity to the biology of this virulence factor, and provided another example of the intricate interplay between poxviruses and the host ubiquitin system.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-1317 , 1465-2099
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.065664-0
    RVK:
    XA 53770
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Microbiology Society
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2007065-2
    SSG: 12
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Analysis of the anti-apoptotic activity of four vaccinia virus proteins demonstrates that B13 is the most potent inhibitor in isolation and during viral infection
    Microbiology Society ; 2014
    In:  Journal of General Virology Vol. 95, No. 12 ( 2014-12-01), p. 2757-2768
    Details
    In: Journal of General Virology, Microbiology Society, Vol. 95, No. 12 ( 2014-12-01), p. 2757-2768
    Abstract: Vaccinia virus (VACV) is a large dsDNA virus encoding ~200 proteins, several of which inhibit apoptosis. Here, a comparative study of anti-apoptotic proteins N1, F1, B13 and Golgi anti-apoptotic protein (GAAP) in isolation and during viral infection is presented. VACVs strains engineered to lack each gene separately still blocked apoptosis to some degree because of functional redundancy provided by the other anti-apoptotic proteins. To overcome this redundancy, we inserted each gene separately into a VACV strain (vv811) that lacked all these anti-apoptotic proteins and that induced apoptosis efficiently during infection. Each protein was also expressed in cells using lentivirus vectors. In isolation, each VACV protein showed anti-apoptotic activity in response to specific stimuli, as measured by immunoblotting for cleaved poly(ADP ribose) polymerase-1 and caspase-3 activation. Of the proteins tested, B13 was the most potent inhibitor, blocking both intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli, whilst the activity of the other proteins was largely restricted to inhibition of intrinsic stimuli. In addition, B13 and F1 were effective blockers of apoptosis induced by vv811 infection. Finally, whilst differences in induction of apoptosis were barely detectable during infection with VACV strain Western Reserve compared with derivative viruses lacking individual anti-apoptotic genes, several of these proteins reduced activation of caspase-3 during infection by vv811 strains expressing these proteins. These results illustrated that vv811 was a useful tool to determine the role of VACV proteins during infection and that whilst all of these proteins have some anti-apoptotic activity, B13 was the most potent.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-1317 , 1465-2099
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.068833-0
    RVK:
    XA 53770
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Microbiology Society
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2007065-2
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Disruption of the cGAS/STING axis does not impair sensing of MVA in BHK21 cells
    Microbiology Society ; 2022
    In:  Journal of General Virology Vol. 103, No. 5 ( 2022-05-18)
    Details
    In: Journal of General Virology, Microbiology Society, Vol. 103, No. 5 ( 2022-05-18)
    Abstract: Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) is an attenuated strain of vaccinia virus (VACV), a dsDNA virus that replicates its genome in the cytoplasm and as a result is canonically sensed by the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and its downstream stimulator of interferon genes (STING). MVA has a highly restricted host range due to major deletions in its genome including inactivation of immunomodulatory genes, only being able to grow in avian cells and the hamster cell line BHK21. Here we studied the interplay between MVA and the cGAS/STING DNA in this permissive cell line and determined whether manipulation of this axis could impact MVA replication and cell responses. We demonstrate that BHK21 cells retain a functional cGAS/STING axis that responds to canonical DNA sensing agonists, upregulating interferon stimulated genes (ISGs). BHK21 cells also respond to MVA, but with a distinct ISG profile. This profile remains unaltered after CRISPR/Cas9 knock-out editing of STING and ablation of cytosolic DNA responses, indicating that MVA responses are independent of the cGAS/STING axis. Furthermore, infection by MVA diminishes the ability of BHK21 cells to respond to exogenous DNA suggesting that MVA still encodes uncharacterised inhibitors of DNA sensing. This suggests that using attenuated strains in permissive cell lines may assist in identification of novel host-virus interactions that may be of relevance to disease or the therapeutic applications of poxviruses.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-1317 , 1465-2099
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001755
    RVK:
    XA 53770
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Microbiology Society
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2007065-2
    SSG: 12
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Identification of Human and Animal Adenoviruses and Polyomaviruses for Determination of Sources of Fecal Contamination in the Environment
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2006
    In:  Applied and Environmental Microbiology Vol. 72, No. 12 ( 2006-12), p. 7886-7893
    Details
    In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 72, No. 12 ( 2006-12), p. 7886-7893
    Abstract: The Adenoviridae and Polyomaviridae families comprise a wide diversity of viruses which may be excreted for long periods in feces or urine. In this study, a preliminary analysis of the prevalence in the environment and the potential usefulness as source-tracking tools of human and animal adenoviruses and polyomaviruses has been developed. Molecular assays based on PCR specifically targeting human adenoviruses (HAdV), porcine adenoviruses (PAdV), bovine adenoviruses (BAdV), and bovine polyomaviruses (BPyV) were applied to environmental samples including urban sewage, slaughterhouse, and river water samples. PAdV and BPyV were detected in a very high percentage of samples potentially affected by either porcine or bovine fecal contamination, respectively. However, BAdV were detected in only one sample, showing a lower prevalence than BPyV in the wastewater samples analyzed. The 22 slaughterhouse samples with fecal contamination of animal origin showed negative results for the presence of HAdV. The river water samples analyzed were positive for the presence of both human and animal adenoviruses and polyomaviruses, indicating the existence of diverse sources of contamination. The identities of the viruses detected were confirmed by analyses of the amplified sequences. All BPyV isolates showed a 97% similarity in nucleotide sequences. This is the first time that PAdV5, BAdV6, and BPyV have been reported to occur in environmental samples. Human and porcine adenoviruses and human and bovine polyomaviruses are proposed as tools for evaluating the presence of viral contamination and for tracking the origin of fecal/urine contamination in environmental samples.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0099-2240 , 1098-5336
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01090-06
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 223011-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1478346-0
    SSG: 12
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Development of a quantitative PCR assay for the quantitation of bovine polyomavirus as a microbial source-tracking tool
    Elsevier BV ; 2010
    In:  Journal of Virological Methods Vol. 163, No. 2 ( 2010-2), p. 385-389
    Details
    In: Journal of Virological Methods, Elsevier BV, Vol. 163, No. 2 ( 2010-2), p. 385-389
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0166-0934
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.10.029
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2007929-1
    SSG: 12
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