Note: Intro -- CONTENTS -- The Road to Hydrogenosomes -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Story -- 1.3 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Mitochondria: Key to Complexity -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Size -- 2.3 Compartments -- 2.4 Dynamics of Gene Gain and Gene Loss in Bacteria -- 2.5 ATP Regulation of Bacterial Replication -- 2.6 Redox Poise Across Bioenergetic Membranes -- 2.7 Allometric Scaling of Metabolic Rate and Complexity -- 2.8 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Origin, Function, and Transmission of Mitochondria -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Origins of Mitochondria -- 3.3 Mitochondrial Genomes -- 3.4 The Mitochondrial Theory of Ageing -- 3.5 Why Are There Genes in Mitochondria? -- 3.6 Co-location of Gene and Gene Product Permits Redox Regulation of Gene Expression -- 3.7 Maternal Inheritance of Mitochondria -- 3.8 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Mitochondria and Their Host: Morphology to Molecular Phylogeny -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Alternative Visions -- 4.3 Before the Word -- 4.4 Les Symbiotes -- 4.5 Symbionticism and the Origin of Species -- 4.6 Against the Current -- 4.7 Infective Heredity -- 4.8 The Tipping Point -- 4.9 The Birth of Bacterial Phylogenetics -- 4.10 Just-So Stories -- 4.11 Kingdom Come, Kingdom Go -- 4.12 A Chimeric Paradigm -- 4.13 Recapitulation -- References -- 5 Anaerobic Mitochondria: Properties and Origins -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Possible Variants in Anaerobic Metabolism -- 5.3 Cytosolic Adaptations to an Anaerobic Energy Metabolism -- 5.4 Anaerobically Functioning ATP-Generating Organelles -- 5.5 Energy Metabolism in Anaerobically Functioning Mitochondria -- 5.6 Adaptations in Electron-Transport Chains in Anaerobic Mitochondria -- 5.7 Structural Aspects of Anaerobically Functioning Electron- Transport Chains -- 5.8 Evolutionary Origin of Anaerobic Mitochondria -- 5.9 Conclusion -- References. , 6 Iron-Sulfur Proteins and Iron-Sulfur Cluster Assembly in Organisms with Hydrogenosomes and Mitosomes -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Mitochondrion-Related Organelles in "Amitochondriate" Eukaryotes -- 6.3 Iron-Sulfur Cluster, an Ancient Indispensable Prosthetic Group -- 6.4 Iron-Sulfur Proteins in Mitochondria and Other Cell Compartments -- 6.5 Iron-Sulfur Proteins in Organisms Harboring Hydrogenosomes and Mitosomes -- 6.6 Iron-Sulfur Cluster Assembly Machineries -- 6.7 Iron-Sulfur Cluster Biosynthesis and the Evolution of Mitochondria -- References -- 7 Hydrogenosomes (and Related Organelles, Either) Are Not the Same -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Hydrogenosomes and Mitochondrial-Remnant Organelles Evolved Repeatedly: Evidence from ADP/ATP Carriers -- 7.3 Functional Differences Between Mitochondrial and Alternative ADP/ATP Transporters -- 7.4 Evolutionary Tinkering in the Evolution of Hydrogenosomes -- 7.5 Why an [Fe]-Only Hydrogenase? -- 7.6 Conclusions -- References -- 8 The Chimaeric Origin of Mitochondria: Photosynthetic Cell Enslavement, Gene-Transfer Pressure, and Compartmentation Efficiency -- 8.1 Key Early Ideas -- 8.2 The Host Was a Protoeukaryote Not an Archaebacterium -- 8.3 Was the Slave Initially Photosynthetic? -- 8.4 Three Phases of α-proteobacterial Enslavement -- 8.5 Did Syntrophy or Endosymbiosis Precede Enslavement? -- 8.6 The Chimaeric Origin of Mitochondrial Protein Import and Targeting -- 8.7 Stage 2: Recovery from Massive Organelle-Host Gene Transfer -- 8.8 Mitochondrial Diversification -- 8.9 Conceptual Aspects of Megaevolution -- 8.10 Relative Genomic Contributions of the Two Partners -- 8.11 Genic Scale, Tempo, and Timing of Mitochondrial Enslavement and Eukaryote Origin -- References -- 9 Constantin Merezhkowsky and the Endokaryotic Hypothesis -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Modern Hypotheses of Eukaryotic Origin. , 9.3 Chimeric Nature of a Pro-eukaryote -- 9.4 Mitochondrial Origin and Eukaryogenesis -- 9.5 Conclusions -- References -- 10 The Diversity of Mitochondrion-Related Organelles Amongst Eukaryotic Microbes -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Diversity of Anaerobic Protists with Mitochondrion-Related Organelles -- 10.3 The Origins of Mitochondria, Mitosomes and Hydrogenosomes -- 10.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 11 Mitosomes of Parasitic Protozoa: Biology and Evolutionary Significance -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Discovery of Mitosomes: a Brief History -- 11.3 Mitosome Biology -- 11.4 Protein Import -- 11.5 Evolutionary Considerations -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- Index.