Note: Przybylak_Frontmatter -- Anchor 1 -- Anchor 2 -- Anchor 3 -- Anchor 4 -- Anchor 5 -- Anchor 6 -- Anchor 7 -- Anchor 8 -- Anchor 9 -- Anchor 10 -- Anchor 11 -- Anchor 12 -- Anchor 13 -- Anchor 14 -- Anchor 15 -- Anchor 16 -- Anchor 17 -- Anchor 18 -- Anchor 19 -- Anchor 20 -- Anchor 21 -- Anchor 22 -- Anchor 23 -- Anchor 24 -- Anchor 25 -- Anchor 26 -- Anchor 27 -- Anchor 28 -- Anchor 29 -- Anchor 30 -- Anchor 31 -- Anchor 32 -- Anchor 33 -- Anchor 34 -- Anchor 35 -- Anchor 36 -- Anchor 37 -- Anchor 38 -- Anchor 40 -- Anchor 41 -- Anchor 42 -- Anchor 43 -- Anchor 44 -- Anchor 45 -- Anchor 46 -- Anchor 47 -- Anchor 48 -- Anchor 49 -- Anchor 50 -- Anchor 51 -- Anchor 52 -- Przybylak_Ch01 -- Chapter 1 -- Climate Change in Poland in the Past Centuries and its Relationship to European Climate: Evidence from Reconstructions and Coup -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Data -- 1.2.1 Instrumental and Reconstructed Data -- 1.2.1.1 North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) -- 1.2.1.2 East Atlantic/Western Russia Pattern (EA/WRUS) -- 1.2.1.3 Scandinavian Pattern (SCAND) -- 1.2.2 Model Data -- 1.2.2.1 ECHO-G Temperature and Precipitation Data -- 1.2.2.2 HadCM3 Temperature and Precipitation Data -- 1.3 Methods -- 1.3.1 Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) -- 1.4 Results and Discussions -- 1.4.1 Comparing Winter Temperature and Precipitation Over Poland and European Land Areas in Reconstructions and in the Model -- 1.4.2 Spatial Correlation Analysis Between Polish Winter Precipitation and Temperature with Teleconnection Indices -- 1.4.3 CCA Between Winter Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation and Winter Climate Variability in Poland Back to 1750 Using Reco -- 1.4.3.1 CCA SLP-Polish Winter Temperature -- 1.4.3.2 CCA SLP-Polish Winter Precipitation -- 1.5 Discussions and Conclusions -- References -- Przybylak_Ch02 -- Chapter 2. , Historical Climate in Central Europe During the Last 500 Years -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Instrumental and Proxy Climatological Data -- 2.3 Methods of Climate Reconstruction -- 2.4 Temperature and Precipitation Series Based on Documentary Evidence in Central Europe for the Last 500 Years -- 2.5 Temperature and Precipitation in Central Europe Since AD 1500 - Discussion -- 2.5.1 Air Temperature -- 2.5.2 Precipitation -- 2.5.3 Caveats for Temperature/Precipitation Reconstruction -- 2.5.3.1 Deriving Index Series -- 2.5.3.2 Reconstruction Methods -- 2.5.3.3 High- and Low-Frequency Signals -- 2.6 Perspectives on Further Research in Central Europe -- References -- Przybylak_Ch03 -- Chapter 3 -- Climatic Variations in the East European Plain During the Last Millennium: State of the Art -- 3.1 Introduction: Climate of the East European Plain -- 3.2 Materials and Methods -- 3.3 Instrumental Data -- 3.3.1 Mean Annual Temperature -- 3.3.2 Annual Precipitation -- 3.4 Historical Data -- 3.4.1 Documentary Evidence of Climate Changes in the East European Plain -- 3.4.2 Quantitative Estimate of Climate Changes in the East European Plain Using Historical Data -- 3.5 Tree-Ring Data -- 3.5.1 Summer Temperature Reconstructions -- 3.5.2 Precipitation and Runoff Reconstructions -- 3.6 Borehole Temperatures -- 3.7 Palynological Data -- 3.8 Hydrological Data -- 3.9 Multi-proxy Reconstruction -- 3.10 Discussion -- 3.11 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Przybylak_Ch04 -- Chapter 4 -- The Climate of Europe in Recent Centuries in the Context of the Climate of Mid to High Latitude Northern Hemisphere from Boreh -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Method -- 4.2.1 Ramp Model -- 4.2.2 Inversion Methods -- 4.2.3 Comparison with Temperature Variations from GCM -- 4.3 Variability of GST Warming -- 4.4 Polish and European Recent GST Warming -- References -- Chapter 5. , Instrumental Observations -- 5.1 History of Early-Instrumental Observations -- 5.2 History of Some Long-Term Continuous Meteorological Series -- 5.2.1 Air Temperature -- 5.2.2 Atmospheric Precipitation -- 5.2.3 Atmospheric Pressure -- 5.2.4 Other Meteorological Variables -- 5.3 Climate Changes in the Instrumental Period -- 5.3.1 Air Temperature -- 5.3.2 Atmospheric Precipitation -- 5.3.3 Other Variables -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 -- Documentary Evidence -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Documentary Sources - Kinds and Quality -- 6.2.1 The Middle Ages -- 6.2.2 The Sixteenth Century -- 6.2.3 The Seventeenth Century -- 6.2.4 The Eighteenth Century -- 6.2.5 A Concise Typology of Sources for the Period from the Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries -- 6.2.6 Territorial Distribution of Records -- 6.2.7 Chronological Distribution of Records -- 6.3 History of Poland's Climate in the Last Millennium -- 6.3.1 Air Temperature -- 6.3.2 Precipitation -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- Przybylak_Ch07 -- Chapter 7 -- Dendrochronological Data -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Material and Methods -- 7.2.1 Sampling -- 7.2.2 Material -- 7.2.3 Methods -- 7.2.3.1 Measurement and Basic Statistical Methods -- 7.2.3.2 Signature Years -- 7.2.3.3 Reconstruction -- 7.2.3.4 Others -- 7.3 Results and Discussion -- 7.4 Conclusions -- References -- Przybylak_Ch08 -- Chapter 8 -- Geophysical Data -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Review of GST Reconstruction in Poland Using Geothermal Data -- 8.3 GST History from Joint Inversion -- 8.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Przybylak_Ch09 -- Chapter 9 -- Concluding Remarks to Part II -- References -- Przybylak_Ch10 -- Chapter 10 -- Long-Term Changes of Bioclimatic Conditions in Cracow (Poland) -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Materials and Methods -- 10.3 Bioclimatic Indices Used -- 10.4 Results. , 10.4.1 Reconstruction of Bioclimatic Conditions for the Years 1826-1900 -- 10.4.2 Fluctuations of Bioclimatic Conditions -- 10.5 Discussion -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- Przybylak_Ch11 -- Chapter 11 -- Climate Warming in the Czech Republic: Evidence Stored in Shallow Subsurface -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Rationale -- 11.3 Subsurface Temperature Monitoring -- 11.4 Monitoring Temperatures -- 11.5 Surface and Near Surface Effects -- 11.5.1 Snow Cover and Ground Freezing -- 11.5.2 Rain Precipitation -- 11.6 Meteorological Data and Regional Warming Pattern -- 11.7 Conclusions -- References -- Przybylak_Ch12 -- Chapter 12 -- History of the Gdańsk Pre-Instrumental and Instrumental Record of Meteorological Observations and Analysis of Selected Air Pr -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 We Have Known About This for Years -- 12.3 That Was the Beginning According to New Findings -- 12.4 The Gdańsk Air Pressure Series - Evaluation of Metadata -- 12.4.1 Reinick Series -- 12.4.2 Kleefeld Series -- 12.4.3 Neufahrwasser Series -- 12.5 Reduction of the Pressure -- 12.6 Selected Statistical Analyses of the Pressure Series -- 12.7 Summary -- References -- Przybylak_Ch13 -- Chapter 13 -- A Composite Reconstruction of the Russian Arctic Climate Back to A.D. 1435 -- References -- Przybylak_Ch14 -- Chapter 14 -- Growth/Climate Relationships in Tree-Ring Widths of Picea Abies in Lithuania and Poland -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.1.1 Aim of Study -- 14.1.2 Climate of Study Area -- 14.2 Material and Methods -- 14.2.1 Tree Sites and Sampling Method -- 14.2.2 Local Chronologies -- 14.2.3 Regionalisation -- 14.2.4 Dendroclimatological Analysis -- 14.3 Results and Discussion -- 14.3.1 Dendroclimatological Regionalisation -- 14.3.2 Growth/Climate Relationships -- 14.4 Conclusions -- References -- Przybylak_Ch15 -- Chapter 15. , Multi-Annual Variability of Cloudiness and Sunshine Duration in Cracow Between 1826 and 2005 -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Cloudiness -- 15.3 Clear and Overcast Days -- 15.4 Sunshine Duration -- 15.5 Results and Conclusions -- References -- Przybylak_Ch16 -- Chapter 16 -- Changes in Sea Surface Temperature of the South Baltic Sea (1854-2005) -- 16.1 Stating the Problem -- 16.2 Data -- 16.3 The Course of Mean Annual Value of SST of the Baltic Sea -- 16.4 Correlation Between Sea Surface Temperatures with NAO -- 16.5 Correlations of SST with the Frequency of Occurrence of Synoptic Situations of a Certain Type -- 16.6 Relations of Air Temperature Over Coastal Areas with SST -- 16.7 The Problem of Climatic Signal in Series of Values of Mean Annual SST of the Baltic Sea -- References -- Przybylak_Ch17 -- Chapter 17 -- Ground Surface Temperature Histories Reconstructed from Boreholes in Poland: Implications for Spatial Variability -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Inverse Method -- 17.2.1 Forward Model -- 17.2.2 Inverse Technique -- 17.2.3 Regularizing Operators -- 17.2.4 Data Preparation -- 17.3 Results and Discussion -- 17.4 Conclusions -- References -- Przybylak_Ch18 -- Chapter 18 -- Precipitation Extremes and Disastrous Floods in Central Europe in July 1897 -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Precipitation Extremes -- 18.3 Floods and Their Impacts -- 18.4 Conclusion -- References -- Przybylak_Ch19 -- Chapter 19 -- Summer Temperatures in the Tatra Mountains During the Maunder Minimum (1645-1715) -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Summer Temperatures During the Maunder Minimum and During the Adjacent Periods -- 19.2.1 Relatively Cool Period Preceding the Maunder Minimum (1576-1675) -- 19.2.2 The First Phase of the Maunder Minimum (1645-1675) -- 19.3 The Late Maunder Minimum (1676-1715) -- 19.3.1 The Warm Phase of the Late Maunder Minimum (1676-1688). , 19.3.2 The Cool Phase of the Late Maunder Minimum (1689-1699).