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  • 1
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    In:  EPIC32012 AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, 2012-12-03-2012-12-07
    Publication Date: 2014-08-11
    Description: Recent publications on the ventilation-history of the SW-Pacific indicate very high ventilation-ages for the last glacial. This stands in contrast to benthic δ13C-data from this area which show that the ventilation difference for the last glacial, indicated by a pronounced chemocline in a depth of 3000 m, diminishes from the Atlantic, over the Australian Sector to the SW-Pacific. Our investigation will shed new light on this paleoceanographic problem, using a unique transect of sediment records through the Bounty Trough off New Zealand. This transect comprises all water masses between 5000 and 500 mbsl. We will reconstruct the ventilation history for the LCDW, UCDW, AAIW and SAW, using 14C-radiocarbon dating’s as well as δ13C-reconstructions on planktonic and benthic foraminifera. With our data we will be able to assess if the ventilation-gradient of the Southern Ocean diminishes from West to East or if it is still pronounced in the New Zealand Sector. All cores were tuned to the existing age-model of the sediment-core MD97-2120, using high resolution XRF-scans. These correlations enabled us to define different but isochronous climatic intervals for each core, which correspond to Northern and Southern Hemisphere climatic events, known as the Holocene, the Younger Dryas, the Antarctic Cold Reversal, Heinrich 1, the Last Glacial Maximum as well as Heinrich 2. The advantage of our core-locations, besides their coverage of several water masses, is also their relative close proximity to each other. Due to that, all cores should record changes in the frontal systems over time in a similar way, so that their reservoir-ages should differ only slightly if at all. To get a better understanding of the reservoir-ages two different assessment methods are applied. On the one hand we will use tephra layers, contained in our sediment cores, to compare their known ages with the 14C-ages of planktonic foraminifera, embedded within the ash layers, like G. bulloides or N. pachyderma. On the other hand paleomagnetic analyses will provide reliable ages for certain intervals that we can compare to our microfossil ages as well. Especially the Kawakawa tephra with an age of 26.17 ky falls in the crucial time interval for our analyses and provides an important time marker. The temporal resolution of all sediment cores chosen is so high that not only all climatic intervals mentioned above are found within each core, but in case a sample is lacking a sufficient amount of foraminifers, we are able to skip to the neighboring sample without missing the aimed climatic interval. This enables us to determine and reconstruct the water mass ventilation variability of the Southern Ocean in great detail.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2014-09-03
    Description: Throughout the transition from the last Glacial to the current Interglacial, rising atmospheric CO2 levels were accompanied by declining atmospheric Δ14C values. A likely mechanism, influencing both components is the deglacial release of CO2, stored for millennia in the deep Ocean, to the atmosphere. Due to its long residence time within the oceans interior this CO2 rich water mass was considerably depleted in radiocarbon. Although a large number of studies address this topic, the extent, location and pathways of the glacial carbon pool are still subjects of an ongoing debate. As deep water masses are upwelled and new intermediate waters are formed around Antarctica, the Southern Ocean is a potential area for the deglacial release of stored CO2. Here we present radiocarbon and carbonate ion data from a transect of sediment cores off New Zealand that covers the major water masses in this area, from the AAIW down to the AABW. During the Glacial, our data locate a significantly 14C depleted pool in a water depth between 2000 and 4500 m. The combination of Δ14C and [CO32-] records provides new insights into the process of oceanic-atmospheric CO2 exchange in the Southern Ocean. In addition, our results yield new implications for contradicting Δ14C records from the Southern Ocean and lower latitudes.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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  • 3
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    In:  EPIC32014 AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, 2014-12-15-2014-12-19
    Publication Date: 2014-12-18
    Description: The Intermediate Mode Waters formed in the Southern Ocean are critical for the lower thermocline ventilation process in the Southern Hemisphere Gyres. They also might have served as the most relevant pathways transporting climatic signals from high to low latitudes via the “oceanic tunneling” on glacial/interglacial time scales. Despite the importance of the Southern Ocean Intermediate Waters (SOIWs), our understanding on the long–term evolution, exact advection paths, and impact on the South Pacific Gyre’s thermocline is still fragmentary. Here, we present a 200 kyr record of paired Mg/Ca ratios and stable oxygen isotope from surface dweller and deep dwelling planktonic foraminifera, from the South Pacific Gyre (SPG). On average, the Mg/Ca–derived sea Surface Temperatures (Globigerina bulloides) show similar conditions during the LGM and Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 6 (9.4 °C versus 9.9 °C). In contrast, our Mg/Ca–derived subsurface temperatures (Globorotalia inflata and Globorotalia truncatulinoides) suggest LGM from ~3 to ~2 °C colder than MIS 6. The reconstructed subsurface ice volume corrected stable oxygen isotope ratio of seawater (δ18Osw-ivc, proxy for local salinity changes) suggests opposing glacial subsurface conditions, i.e., slightly saltier–than–Holocene during MIS 6 to fresher–than–Holocene during MIS 2. Considering that subsurface hydrography at the core site is plausibly driven by the formation and/or advection of SOIWs from the South East Pacific, our results provide further support on the relevance of subsurface processes in the Southern Ocean transferring climatic signals (temperature and salinity) to the SPG. Furthermore, the contrasting subsurface glacial scenarios at the SPG’s thermocline imply that the advection of SOIWs during glacial stages could be highly variable during different glacial stages.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2014-12-18
    Description: Geomagnetic excursions are short-lived deviations of the geomagnetic field from the normal range of secular variation. Despite significant advances in geomagnetic excursion research over the past 20 years, fundamental questions remain concerning the typical duration and global morphology of excursional geomagnetic fields. To answer such questions, more high-resolution, chronologically well-constrained excursion records are required, particularly from the Southern Hemisphere. We present preliminary paleomagnetic records of the Laschamp (~41 ka) and Mono Lake (~35 ka) excursions from three marine sediment cores from the Bounty Trough, New Zealand margin, and complementary volcanic records of the Laschamp excursion from lavas of Mt Ruapehu, New Zealand. Relatively high sedimentation rates of 12 – 26 cm/kyr in the Bounty Trough during glacial periods allow identification of excursional field behavior at each of the studied core locations. Each core displays one or two excursional events, with rapid directional swings between stable normal polarity and reversed excursional directions, each associated with coincident relative paleointensity minima. These anomalous paleomagnetic directions are interpreted to represent the Laschamp and Mono Lake excursions, based on a combination of tephrochronology, radiocarbon dating, and cyclostratigraphy (defined from core-scanning X-ray fluorescence and magnetic susceptibility records). Beside these records, we present results from fourteen lava flows, on Mt Ruapehu, for which 40Ar-39Ar dating indicates ages of between 39 and 45 ka. The step heating 40Ar-39Ar experiments produced particularly flat age plateaus, with corresponding 2 s.d. errors mostly approaching 1 kyr. The youngest and oldest flows carry normal polarity magnetization, however six flows, dated between 41 and 43 ka, display transitional field characteristics. Three of these flows display a declination swing of around 180o, which coincides with a previously published result from the Auckland Basalt Field. Together, these data provide rare excursion records from the southern hemisphere, which will provide an improved view of geomagnetic field morphology during these excursions.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Description: Die Wassermassenzirkulation des Südozeans ist von enormer Bedeutung für den globalen Kohlenstoffzyklus im Hinblick auf die Dynamik des Klimas in Gegenwart und Vergangenheit, da hier alte, nährstoffreiche Wassermassen an die Oberfläche gelangen und neues Zwischen- und Tiefenwasser gebildet wird. Der Südozean ist die bedeutendste Schaltzentrale für den Austausch und die Verbreitung von Wassermassen in den Weltozeanen. Obwohl der pazifische Sektor den größten Teil des Südozeans darstellt, ist der Bereich zwischen Chile und Neuseeland bisher nur unzureichend untersucht. Um diesen weißen Fleck auf unseren paläozeanographischen Karten zu füllen, fand die Ausfahrt SO213 vom 27.12.2010 bis zum 06.03.2011 im Rahmen des BMBF finanzierten Projektes SOPATRA (South Pacific Paleoceanografic Transects) statt. Unterteilt wurde die Expedition in zwei Fahrtabschnitte (Abb. 1A) und führte von Valparaíso, Chile nach Wellington, Neuseeland. Insgesamt konzentrierten sich die Untersuchungen auf fünf Arbeitsgebiete: die Challenger Fracture Zone (CFZ), den Chile Rücken (ChiRi), den Ostpazifischen Rücken (EPR), das Südwestpazifische Becken (SWB) und den Neuseeländischen Kontinentalrand (NZM) südlich des Chatham Rise (Abb. 1B). Das wissenschaftliche Programm an Board setzte sich aus paläozeanographischen, geophysikalischen und vulkanologischen Untersuchungen zusammen. Zielsetzung der Vulkanologie war es, zu untersuchen, wie Hotspots mit Spreizungszonen interagieren und ob Hotspots durch Prozesse in den Kontinentalplatten oder durch aufsteigende Mantelplumes verursacht werden. Mit Hilfe der geophysikalischen Untersuchungen sollten potentielle Kernlokationen für das Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) identifiziert werden. Des Weiteren sollten die aufgezeichneten Seismikprofile Hintergrundinformationen für den IODP Antrag CESOP (Cenozoic Southern Ocean Pacific) liefern. Die meisten Ziele konnten wie geplant umgesetzt werden. Dies beinhaltete die Beprobung und Gewinnung von Sedimentoberflächen und –kernen, Vulkaniten und Seismikprofilen. Insgesammt wurden 14 Dredge-Profile, 10 Vulkanitstoßrohr Stationen, sieben CTD Stationen, 44 Stationen zur Entnahme von Sedimentproben durchgeführt sowie 1131 km Reflektionsseismik gefahren. Die Sedimentkerne der CFZ, des ChiRi, des EPR und SWB zeichnen sich durch sehr geringe Sedimentationsraten von weniger als 3cm/1000 Jahre aus. Dies ermöglicht Einblicke in die Klima- und Ozeanvariabilität des späten Neogens (letzte 5.5 Ma). Die paläozeanographischen Zielsetzungen auf die hier im spezielleren eingegangen werden soll, umfassten die Rekonstruktion der Lage und Ausdehnung ozeanischer Frontsysteme (Subantarktische-, Subtropische Front & Südpazifische Gyre), des Humboldtstromes sowie der Westwindzone mit ihrer Auswirkung auf die Entstehungsgebiete des Antarktischen Zwischenwassers (Abb. 2). An Sedimentkernen im Gebiet des „Chile Rückens“, des „Ostpazifischen Rückens“ sowie im „Bounty Trog“ wird das Mg/Ca-Verhältnis an planktischen Foraminiferen gemessen (GEOMAR). Die Messung dieses Temperaturproxies an tief und flach lebenden, planktischen Foraminiferen lässt Rückschlüsse auf die Veränderung des vertikalen Temperaturgradienten in der ozeanischen Deckschicht zu. Durch den Vergleich von planktischen Mg/Ca-Kurven aus unterschiedlichen Regionen, lassen sich auch geographische Veränderungen von ozeanischen Fronten und daran gekoppelte Änderungen in der Thermoklinentiefe nachvollziehen. Während SO213/1 konnten im Gebiet des „Chile Rückens“ Sedimentkerne gezogen werden, die bis in das Pliozän reichen. An diesen Kernen wurde begonnen, die langzeitliche Veränderung der Fronten und Thermoklinen zu rekonstruieren und in Zusammenhang mit klimatischen und tektonischen Ereignissen zu deuten (s. Poster D. Poggemann et al.). Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt der Sedimentbeprobung konzentriert sich auf zeitliche Veränderungen der Ventilation des Zwischen- und Tiefenwassers im Südpazifik (AWI). Zur Bestimmung der Ventilationsalter unterschiedlicher Wassermassen wenden wir die Radiokarbon-Methode (δ14C), sowie die Analyse stabiler Isotope (δ13C) an planktischen und benthischen Foraminiferen an. Dazu steht uns ein einzigartiger Sedimentkerntransekt zur Verfügung, der größtenteils während der Ausfahrt SO213/2 gewonnen wurde und durch weitere Kerne der Ausfahrt ANT26/2 ergänzt wird. Die Besonderheit dieses Transektes durch den „Bounty Trog“ vor Neuseeland ist, dass alle Wassermassen zwischen 500 und 5000 m Wassertiefe durch die hochauflösenden Sedimentkerne erfasst werden (Abb. 3). Die Rekonstruktion der Wassermassenventilation während unterschiedlicher klimatischer Intervalle soll Rückschlüsse auf die Zirkulationsmuster und den Durchlüftungsgrad der Wassermassen ermöglichen. Diese Faktoren helfen die Rolle des Südozeans für den atmosphärisch-ozeanischen CO2-Austausch für den Zeitraum der letzten Deglaziation zu entschlüsseln.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2019-08-19
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019-08-19
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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