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  • Articles  (286)
  • Physics  (276)
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  • Articles  (286)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response linearity of Nb tunnel junction detectors for photon energies from 1.5 to 6.4 keV (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 2490-2493 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Recent experimental results show a linear energy response in high quality Nb-Al-AlOx-Nb superconducting tunnel junction detectors for photon energies between 1.5 and 6.4 keV. The experimental data are based on both direct x-ray illumination and on the escape and re-absorption of fluorescent photons created in the junction electrodes and in the silicon substrate. The observed linearity of the energy response raises questions on the validity of some theoretical models which describe the relaxation process occurring in a superconducting thin film after x-ray photoabsorption. Such models generally predict nonlinear effects due to large quasiparticle number densities and short recombination times.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.357607
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Theory of nonlinear magneto-optics (invited) : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 6177-6180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Nonlinear magneto-optics is a very sensitive fingerprint of the electronic, magnetic, and atomic structure of surfaces, interfaces, and thin ferromagnetic films. Analyzing theoretically the nonlinear magneto-optical Kerr effect for thin films of Fe(001) and at Fe surfaces we demonstrate exemplarily how various electronic material properties of ferromagnets, such as the d-bandwidth, the magnetization, the substrate lattice constant, and the film-thickness dependence can be extracted from the calculated nonlinear Kerr spectra. Furthermore, we show how the substrate d electrons [Cu(001)] affect the nonlinear Kerr spectra even without being themselves spin-polarized and without film-substrate hybridization. We show that the Kerr rotation angle in second-harmonic generation is enhanced by one to two orders of magnitude compared to the linear Kerr angle and how symmetry can be used to obtain the direction of magnetization in thin films and at buried interfaces from nonlinear magneto-optics. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.362065
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Homogeneous nucleation rates of supercooled water measured in single levitated microdroplets (1999)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 111 (1999), S. 6521-6527 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Homogeneous nucleation rates are determined for micrometer sized water droplets levitated inside an electrodynamic Paul-trap. The size of a single droplet is continuously measured by analyzing the angle-resolved light scattering pattern of the droplets with classical Mie theory. The freezing process is detected by a pronounced increase in the depolarization of the scattered light. By statistical analysis of the freezing process of some thousand individual droplets, we obtained the homogeneous nucleation rate of water between 236 and 237 K. The values are in agreement with former expansion cloud chamber measurements but could be determined with considerably higher precision. The measurements are discussed in the light of classical nucleation theory in order to obtain the size and the formation energy of the critical nucleus. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.479946
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous real-time measurement of fluorescence lifetimes (2002)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 73 (2002), S. 3122-3124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We report on the continuous measurement of fluorescence lifetimes at low light levels. Fluorescence photons following pulsed excitation generate a pulse sequence with exponentially distributed amplitudes and interphoton times at the output of a time-to-amplitude converter. This sequence is turned into a continuous step function and is time averaged with an adjustable bandwidth. For a single-exponential decay, our approach yields identical results as would be obtained from fitting fluorescence decays, while being a real-time technique. The proposed technique performs especially well at low count rates. We demonstrate the applicability of the method at the example of confocal fluorescence lifetime imaging of single molecules. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1488676
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neutron yield measurements by use of activation techniques on TEXTOR-94 : Proceedings of the 12th topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 1190-1193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The time integrated neutron yield on TEXTOR is measured with an activation system which pneumatically sends the samples near to and from the plasma edge. After irradiation the samples are counted by an absolutely calibrated high purity germanium (HPGe) detector. The uncertainty in the calibration of the HPGe detector is less than 2%. By using threshold reactions for indium and silicon samples it is possible to distinguish between the 2.5 and 14 MeV neutron emission. MCNP code simulations have been performed in order to determine the neutron fluence and energy distribution at the irradiation position. This allows calculation of an activation coefficient which relates the activation of the sample to the total yield from the TEXTOR plasma. For the 2.5 MeV neutron emission the corresponding error is less than 15%. Details on the measuring procedure as well as on the calibration method of the HPGe detector are provided. Results of calibration monitoring of the neutron source strength measurements and the triton burnup measurements are presented. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149466
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Integrated optical measurement system for fluorescence spectroscopy in microfluidic channels (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 72 (2001), S. 229-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A transportable miniaturized fiber-pigtailed measurement system is presented which allows quantitative fluorescence detection in microliquid handling systems. The microliquid handling chips are made in silica on silicon technology and the optical functionality is monolithically integrated with the microfluidic channel system. This results in inherent stability and photolithographic alignment precision. Permanently attached optical fibers provide a rugged connection to the light source, detection, and data processing unit, which potentially allows field use of such systems. Fluorescence measurements with two dyes, fluorescein, and Bodipy 650/665 X, showed good linear behavior over a wide range of concentrations. Minimally detected concentrations were 250 pM for fluorescein and 100 nM for Bodipy. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1326929
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Femtosecond spin dynamics in the time domain (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 5657-5659 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Recently magnetization dynamics on the time scale of 100 fs has been observed. In this article, we explain this ultrafast spin dynamics by a microscopic many-body theory. Our theory yields a speed limit of the order of 10 fs for the spin dynamics in Ni. The fundamental mechanism is the dephasing of the initial excited states. We investigate the dephasing effects in detail as a function of the number of electronic states and K points. We also calculate the density of states as a crosscheck of our theory, where the typical satellite structure of nickel is present. Moreover, the magnetic moment of the monolayer is found to be 0.88μB, which is also consistent with the experimental results. Finally, based on our Hamiltonian, we briefly discuss the origin of ferromagnetism in our model. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.369831
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response to "Comment on ‘Mixed electron emission from lead zirconate–titanate ceramics' " [J. Appl. Phys. 85, 8495 (1999)] (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 8497-8498 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Understanding the mechanism of electron emission from ferroelectrics is in deed crucial for the application of ferroelectric cathodes. We appreciated the comments of Dorfman et al. on our recent article [J. Appl. Phys. 85, 6055 (1998)]. We believe the original proposed model is consistent and reasonable, i.e., the coexistence of ferroelectric and plasma emission from the same sample. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.370633
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct observation of the triplet lifetime quenching of single dye molecules by molecular oxygen (2001)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 115 (2001), S. 9619-9622 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The influence of oxygen on the photophysical properties of individual DiI18 molecules has been investigated by means of both wide field and confocal scanning optical fluorescence microscopy. Excited close to saturation intensity, single-molecule fluorescence detected in wide field by a charge-coupled device camera showed a dramatic increase at exposure to air compared to the fluorescence when the sample was protected from oxygen by nitrogen flush. The change of the triplet lifetime of individual dye molecules due to oxygen quenching was measured in real time by means of time resolved single photon counting. In the presence of oxygen, the triplet state lifetime decreases from several tens of milliseconds down to fractions of a millisecond, whereas no changes of the intersystem crossing quantum yield and the fluorescence lifetime are observed. The triplet lifetimes in the presence and absence of oxygen, respectively, are anti-correlated indicative of heterogeneity of the polymer surrounding the dye molecules. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1421382
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Double differential cross sections for K–Hg collisions in the 100 eV range. II. Particle-photon-coincidence measurements (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 85 (1986), S. 2751-2759 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The angular dependence of cross sections with state analysis has been measured for the K–Hg interaction with collision energies of 100 and 200 eV. Two experiments have been performed: one with particle-photon coincidence to yield fine structure resolution of the K(42P) inelastic channel and one to resolve the P3/2 component with respect to the absolute value of mj.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.451031
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