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  • transdermal administration  (1)
  • varying coefficient models  (1)
Document type
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Two-Step Smoothing Method for Varying-Coefficient Models with Repeated Measurements (2000)
    Springer
    Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics 52 (2000), S. 519-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9052
    Keywords: Bandwidth ; kernel ; longitudinal data ; mean squared error ; ultrasound measurement ; varying coefficient models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Datasets involving repeated measurements over time are common in medical trials and epidemiological cohort studies. The outcomes and covariates are usually observed from randomly selected subjects, each at a set of possibly unequally spaced time design points. One useful approach for evaluating the effects of covariates is to consider linear models at a specific time, but the coefficients are smooth curves over time. We show that kernel estimators of the coefficients that are based on ordinary local least squares may be subject to large biases when the covariates are time-dependent. As a modification, we propose a two-step kernel method that first centers the covariates and then estimates the curves based on some local least squares criteria and the centered covariates. The practical superiority of the two-step kernel method over the ordinary least squares kernel method is shown through a fetal growth study and simulations. Theoretical properties of both the two-step and ordinary least squares kernel estimators are developed through their large sample mean squared risks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004125621021
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transdermal Controlled Administration of Indomethacin. I. Enhancement of Skin Permeability (1988)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 5 (1988), S. 103-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: indomethacin ; transdermal administration ; enhanced skin permeability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract It was observed experimentally that indomethacin delivered in an aqueous suspension has a greater skin permeation rate in an ionized form than in a nonionized form. In this investigation, a matrix-type transdermal drug delivery system was developed to deliver indomethacin molecules in nonionized form. The skin permeation rate of nonionized indomethacin molecules from this system could be substantially improved by incorporating skin permeation enhancers, such as straight-chained alkanols, alkanoic acids, and esters. These enhancers form microreservoirs with indomethacin in the lipophilic silicone polymer matrix. By varying the alkyl chain length of alkanol, alkanoic acid, and its ester, the concentration of permeation enhancer, or the loading dose of indomethacin in the polymer matrix, the skin permeation rate of nonionized indomethacin molecules can be enhanced by as much as 30 times, which is almost sevenfold greater than the rate for ionized indomethacin molecules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015940201659
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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