Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Part I: What is an Urban Bat? Morphological, Physiological, Behavioural, and Genetic Adaptations -- Chapter 1: Stress Physiology, Foraging, and Ecophysiology of Bats in Urban Environments -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Stress Physiology -- 3 Extrinsic Factors that Affect the Stress Response in Bats -- 3.1 Stress and Light Pollution -- 3.2 Stress and Noise Pollution -- 4 Intrinsic Factors That Affect the Stress Response in Bats -- 4.1 Mobility -- 4.2 Sociality -- 4.3 Diet and Foraging Behaviour -- 5 Ecophysiology of Bats in Urban Environments -- 5.1 Roosts and Energetics -- 5.2 Water Balance -- 6 Conclusions -- Literature Cited -- Chapter 2: Genetic Impoverishment in the Anthropocene: A Tale from Bats -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Temporal Genomic Data Reveal Drastic Population Genetic Diversity Decline in a Tropical Fruit Bat -- 2.1 Decline in Genetic Diversity -- 2.2 Drastic Population Bottleneck Coinciding with Urbanisation -- 2.3 Common Species Are Not Immune to the Effects of Fragmentation -- 3 Conclusion -- 4 Acknowledgements -- 5 Data Availability -- Literature Cited -- Chapter 3: Are Molossid Bats Behaviourally Preadapted to Urban Environments? Insights from Foraging, Echolocation, Social, and Roosting Behaviour -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Foraging Behaviour -- 3 Echolocation Behaviour -- 4 Social Behaviour -- 5 Roosting Behaviour -- 6 Conclusions -- Literature Cited -- Chapter 4: Urban Bats and their Parasites -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Ectoparasites -- 2.1 What Are the Parasitological Consequences of Altered Roosting Behaviours By Urban Bats? -- 2.2 Does Urbanisation Have Linked Fitness and Parasitological Implications for Bats? -- 2.3 Do Urban Abiotic Changes Modulate Bat-Ectoparasite Relationships? -- 2.4 Could Urban Changes in Ectoparasite Loads Alter the Risk of Disease? -- 3 Endoparasites. , 3.1 Protozoan Parasites and Host-Vector Contact Rates -- 3.2 Helminths Provide Insights into Host Foraging -- 4 Concluding Perspectives -- Literature Cited -- Chapter 5: Bat Societies across Habitat Types: Insights from a Commonly Occurring Fruit Bat Cynopterus sphinx -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Societies of the Short-Nosed Fruit Bat Cynopterus sphinx Across Urban and Rural Landscapes -- 3 Discussion -- 3.1 Potential Impact of Urbanisation on Cynopterus sphinx -- 3.2 Urban Areas as Ecological Traps -- Literature Cited -- Part II: How do Bats Inhabit Urban Environments? Uses of Artificial Roosts, Aerial Habitats, and Green Spaces -- Chapter 6: Bat Boxes as Roosting Habitat in Urban Centres: 'Thinking Outside the Box' -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Bat Roosting Behaviours in Light of Roost Availability -- 3 Providing a New Space to Roost: Bat Box Design -- 4 Bat Boxes Are Not a Universal Solution or 'Panacea' -- 4.1 Successfully Replacing an Eliminated Roost Post-eviction -- 4.2 How a Bat Box Might Become an 'Ecological Trap' -- 4.3 Supplementing Existing Habitat: Environmental Context, Bat Assemblages, and Box Design -- 4.4 How Hot Is Too Hot? -- 5 Thinking Outside the Box: Recommendations for the Installation and Use of Bat Boxes and Other Complementary Roost Structures -- 5.1 What to Recommend for the Installation and Proposed Use of Bat Boxes -- 5.2 Beyond the Box: Installing Other Artificial Roost Structures to Diversify Available Roost Space -- 6 Conclusion: Urban Planning for Bats -- Literature Cited -- Chapter 7: Aerial Habitats for Urban Bats -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Urban Modifications to Aerial Habitats -- 2.1 Roads and Vehicle Traffic -- 2.2 Urban Noise -- 2.3 Urban Light Pollution -- 2.4 Urban Heat Islands -- 2.5 Urban Canyons -- 2.6 Windows -- 3 Bat-Friendly Stewardship of Urban, Aerial Habitats -- Literature Cited. , Chapter 8: City Trees, Parks, and Ponds: Green and Blue Spaces as Life Supports to Urban Bats -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Use of Green Spaces by Urban Bats -- 2.1 Roosting Habitat -- 2.2 Foraging Habitat -- 2.3 Corridors for Commuting and Refuge from Disturbances -- 3 Blue Spaces in and around Urban Green Spaces -- 4 Spatial Considerations for Green and Blue Spaces in the Urban Landscape -- 5 The Study of Urban Green and Blue Spaces -- 6 Recommendations for Green and Blue Space Design and Management to Support Urban Bats -- 7 Future Research Directions -- Literature Cited -- Chapter 9: Assessing the Effects of Urbanisation on Bats in Recife Area, Atlantic Forest of Brazil -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Bat Species Richness and Activity in Green Spaces and Urban Areas in Recife -- 3 Impact of Artificial Illumination on Bat Activity -- 4 Molossid Activity and Behaviour in Urban vs. Non-urban Areas -- 5 Discussion and Conclusions -- Literature Cited -- Part III: How do Bats and Humans Interact in Urban Environments? Human Perceptions, Public Health, and Ecosystem Services of Bats -- Chapter 10: Human Dimensions of Bats in the City -- 1 Introduction -- 2 A Brief Theoretical Framework -- 3 Disentangling Values, Attitudes, and Behaviours -- 4 Encounters Between Bats and Urbanites: A Change of Attitude? -- 5 New Challenges -- Literature Cited -- Chapter 11: Urban Bats, Public Health, and Human-Wildlife Conflict -- 1 Urban Bats and Zoonotic Diseases -- 2 Health Risks of Bat-Human Cohabitation: To Humans and to Bats -- 3 Nuisance Wildlife or Welcome Guest? -- 4 Reducing Risk of Zoonotic Spillovers from Urban Bats -- Literature Cited -- Chapter 12: Ecosystem Services by Bats in Urban Areas -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Insectivory -- 1.2 Pollination and Seed Dispersal -- 1.3 Bat Tourism -- 2 Conclusions -- Appendices -- Appendix 1 -- Appendix 2 -- Appendix 3 -- Literature Cited. , Chapter 13: The Big Picture and Future Directions for Urban Bat Conservation and Research -- 1 Urban Bats: Adaptation or Tolerance? -- 2 How Do Bats Compare to Other Mammals in Their Response to Urbanisation? -- 3 Impacts of Urban Environments on Hibernation and Migration -- 4 How Can We Support Urban Bats? -- 5 Future Directions for Research and Defining Urban Environments -- Literature Cited -- Index.